Freedom Of Trade Research Articles

Kebebasan Berdagang Di Tengah PPKM Darurat Ditinjau Dari Sudut Pandang Sosiological Jurisprudence Dan Konsep Keadilan

The government has implemented a Policy for the Imposition of Restrictions on Emergency Community Activities that have an impact on the trade sector, one of which is micro, small and medium enterprises. These business actors, in addition to experiencing a decrease in turnover, also received criminal sanctions in the midst of the imposition of this emergency Community Activity Restriction by the local government. The formulation of the problem in this study is how freedom of trade in the midst of the Imposition of Restrictions on Emergency Community Activities is viewed from the point of view of sociological jurisprudence and justice. The approach method used in this study is a normative juridical approach, with secondary data collection. Data collection in this research is by literature study. The results obtained were analyzed qualitatively. From the results of the study, it shows that in sociological jurisprudence, trading in the midst of the Imposition of Restrictions on Emergency Community Activities is a community right that becomes a public reality that should still be monitored and controlled without imposing fines even though the Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto principle is the basis for implementing these sanctions. However, at least the legal ideals must still be considered in order to change social values in the community. In the concept of justice, trading in the midst of the Imposition of Restrictions on Emergency Community Activities is the right of everyone to defend their life and life which has been formulated by law in the form of rights and obligations. This emphasizes that the Government must still pay attention to justice by considering economic and social factors, which of course must be relevant to public order where a scale of justice is recognized.

SYSTEM COMPETITION: CONCEPT, PROBLEMS AND LIMITS

Features of competition between jurisdictions (states, municipalities, regions) for mobile factors (labor, investment, human capital) in the integrated world economy are con­sidered, in which there are four freedoms (freedom of trade (mobility of goods), freedom (mobility) of services, free movement of capital) and free movement of people) are guaran­teed. The main features of international rivalry in a globalized world are analyzed. Pro­spects for the development of states in the conditions of constitutional competition in the existing integration structures are established.

From Disorder to “the Normality”: Food Provisioning in Western, Central, and Southeast Europe, 1914–1924

Abstract This article deals with the legal context and institutional features of a system of state-imposed constraints in wholesale and retail trade in foodstuffs in Western, Central, and Southeast European countries and regions. It introduces an innovative developmental typology of state intervention in this domain based on a sequence of implemented stages and intensity of state involvement with private ownership and freedom of trade. The typology is instrumental in enabling cross-country and cross-regional comparisons in the period under study. The regions under study are represented by doublet countries: France and UK for the Western European (WE) region, Germany and Austria for the Central European (CE) region, and Bulgaria and Yugoslavia (including its legal predecessors) for the Southeast European (SEE) region.

Investment, Financial, Trade Freedom and Risk-taking: Empirical Evidence from USA‎

This study aims to explore investment, financial, and trade freedom impact on banks’ risk-taking. A unique dataset of large commercial banks of the USA covering the period 2002-2018 is used. The findings prove that financial freedom reduces the bank’s risk-taking whereas investment and trade freedom increase the risk-taking of large commercial banks in the observed period. The behavior of risk-taking due to financial, trade and investment freedom of under-capitalized and low-liquid banks seems to be marginally less impacted as compared to well-capitalized and high-liquid banks. The findings are robust using loan loss reserves as a risk measure and subclassification of a sample. The results suggest that the intervention of the government is decisive in developing the degree of economic freedom for the stability of the financial system.

The Impact of Institutional Dimensions on Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students—International Evidence

Acknowledging the role of different forms of entrepreneurship to continued economic prosper-ity and the role of institutional dimensions on entrepreneurship, this paper investigates if and to what extent a selected number of institutional dimensions influence students’ intentions to ei-ther start a company or take over an existing one. Based on a Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey (GUESS) dataset and international country-level databases, evidence shows that both entrepreneurship options are hampered by corruption and limited business freedom while promoted through favourable labour regulations and trade freedom. Property rights, fiscal freedom, government spending, monetary freedom, and investment freedom only affect start-ups, while financial freedom adversely affects both options. The study provides new insight into the impact of institutional dimensions on different types of entrepreneurship. Thus, in contrast to extant research in this area, it goes beyond the typical focus on start-ups. Evidence also suggests that male students prefer starting a new company, while female students seem to prefer a takeover. This improved understanding could help in not only designing more targeted entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial financing policies but also in improving entrepreneurship education.

Property Rights, Economic Freedom, and International Tourism: Evidence from Three Panel Data Models

This study examines the dynamic relationship between international tourism and various economic freedom measures for 154 destination countries during the period 2002–2019. Three complementary panel data techniques are employed—fixed and random effects, dynamic panel data estimators, and panel Granger causality tests. It was found that property rights security has the most significant impact on tourism industry performance, followed by investment and trade freedom. Evidence from the causality tests reveals that strengthening property rights also affects the GDP growth in a Granger causal way. By estimating short- and long-run effects, tourism receipts and expenditure respond faster to an institutional change in economic freedom than the number of international arrivals.

Impacts of Political Stability on Shadow Economy: Evidence from Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation Countries

The issue of political stability and the shadow economy is the most vital concern for sustainable development. However, the relationship between them is yet to be explored. Particularly, in the context of Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation Countries (BIMSTEC) countries, there are no studies that have examined the influence of political stability on shadow economy. This study fills these gaps. Using panel data from 1998 to 2015, this study empirically investigated whether and how political stability affects shadow economy. Findings indicate that political stability has significant negative effects on the size of shadow economy. We also observed that regulation freedom, fiscal freedom, business freedom, trade freedom, government integrity, government spending and gross domestic product (GDP) growth have significant negative effects, while unemployment has significant positive effects on the shadow economy. Findings of this study imply that governments and policymakers should make efforts to ensure greater political stability in their countries, which will lessen the size of shadow economy that, in turn, will accelerate economic growth. The present study adds to empirical literature of the analogous issue by confirming (or else) the findings of past studies carried out across the world. The findings indicate that there exists a positive association between the extent of political stability and the shadow economy for BIMSTEC countries.

Carbon dioxide emissions and institutional factors in developing nations: An application of the GMM technique

Thirty-seven (37) industrialized countries are committed to cut greenhouse gases by 5.2% over a period since 2008-2012. However, understanding the needs of developing countries and their commitment towards social and economic development goals, UNFCCC has somehow adopted a principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities Economic activities are fundamentally linked to economic growth which is much needed in these nations, thus the parties allow them to grow to meet their ends. But this does not mean the countries should not be responsible for their action. These nations signatory to the Kyoto Protocol has also demanded them to put effort to cut carbon emissions. This study employed a dynamic panel data model that based on the Arellano and Bond Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique to investigate the impact of the Kyoto Protocol and four institutional factors political stability, property rights, corruption and freedom of trade on per capita CO2 emissions in 126-developing nations. Three determinants i.e. Kyoto Commitment, Kyoto Clean Development Mechanism and freedom of trade were found to have negative significant effect on CO2 emissions. Thus, the empirical findings confirm that the three institutional factors are relevant in cutting the CO2 emission.

NEO-PROTECTIONISM AND TRADE WARS

Background. Ukraine is integrating closer into international economic processes and at this stage it is important to work out a mechanism of relationship formation ratio between freedom of trade and protectionism, which would smooth the effects of the global market slump and use maximally the benefits that can be obtained abroad. The aim of the article is to reveal the problems of neo-protectionism in the modern period of global economic development and the related deployment of trade wars between the count­ries of the world with the analysis of their consequences for the global economies and Ukraine. Materialsandmethods. The information base of the study is the publications of do­mestic and foreign scholars on the protectionism problems and certain trade wars mani­festations in trade policy; official data of the statistical office of the USA, the WTO and other international organizations. Methods of systematization, analysis and synthesis, graphic, tabular, etc. have been used in the research. Results. In the arsenal of trade and political struggle of countries, along with trade­tional forms of import restrictions, there are effective measures of foreign trade regulation such as administrative, financial, credit, technical, etc., which are gaining strength and greatly complicate free movement of goods across borders. Analysis and identification of modern protection forms of national markets have shown that the expansion of protectionist forms and methods is carried out as the result of the application of non-tariff trade restrictions, which are particularly active in developed industrialized countries, including the USA, although they are demonstrative free trade supporters. The consequences of the confrontation of "big" economies are manifested in the form of "trade wars". Their escalation can significantly influence the world economy and trade and negatively affect the economies of developing countries. Conclusion. The development of international trade can be characterized as a combi­nation of neo-free trade and neo-protectionism at the present stage. It has been established that neo-protectionist measures can give impulse to the development of national production and stimulate domestic demand for developing countries, although a significant number of such measures may create significant risks in long-term perspective. The results of the confrontation between the "big"economies are revealed in the form of "trade wars", which intensification can significantly affect the world economy and trade and negatively influence the economies of developing countries. Neo-protectionism measures which can be useful for Ukraine’s economy development in modern conditions are offered. Keywords: protectionism, neo-protectionism,international economic policy, "trade war", foreign trade, tariffs, non-tariff measures.

The MENA region's need for more democracy and less bureaucracy: A gravity model controlling for aspects of governance and trade freedom in MENA

AbstractThis paper considers a domain of governance and trade freedom indicators in order to reveal some of the dimensions along which the MENA region's intra‐regional trade and export intensity might be fostered. Historically, conflicts, crises and oil interests have impeded intra‐MENA integration efforts and kept trade‐flow intensities between the region's countries below those of its trade with RoW. But it seems evident that similarities in the governance and trade freedom indicators of MENA countries would promote such trade flows. Our empirical methodology here is to use a classical trade gravity model with augmented variables to measure intra‐regional trade and export flows for MENA countries and compare them with flows for MENA_E.U. and MENA_RoW. We develop three sets of scenarios to capture the impact of governance and trade freedom indicators accordingly: First, we introduce a standardised polity index to measure its impact on accelerating intra MENA's export flows compared with MENA_EU and MENA_RoW. Second, we introduce a range‐based Polity IV index and trade freedom index to test whether similarity in the governance indicators of MENA countries leads to significant intra‐regional trade flows. We also test the interaction between both. Finally, to check the robustness of export flows, we include World Governance Indicators (WGI) and their sub‐components in the estimations. The main result is that when two MENA trade partners are both classified as mixed regimes under the Polity IV index ranges, the coefficient becomes highly significant and bilateral trade flows increase by 1.25%. Components of (WGI) specifying government effectiveness, rule of law and control of corruption increase exports for MENA's origin exporter countries. Finally, the interaction term (Polity IV and Trade freedom ranges) captures continuous improvement in the quality of governance and self‐regulated systems implemented by governing executives and authorities as they shift away from pressure and interest groups. This leads to higher degrees of mutual understanding and benefits to the region's trade flows and policies.

Granger Causality Analysi̇s of Forei̇gn Trade İmpact on Economi̇c Growth and Some Socioeconomic Indicators: Case of Azerbaijan

The main purpose of the investigation is to define the existence of the causality relationship between foreign trade and some macroeconomic indicators in Azerbaijan. There was used OLS and cointegration methods, as well as Granger causality between these indicators. The main conclusion is that there is not a causality effect between import and GDP. As well as there is a causality effect between GDP and export. But there is not a strong causality effect between foreign trade openness, foreign trade freedom, and GDP. As well as the paper investigates the impact of import, export, and their annual changing on household income. For this purpose, the Dickey-Fuller test and Granger causality tests were applied. The authors come to the conclusion that there is no causal relationship between foreign trade indicators and poverty rate, but there is such a relationship between foreign trade indicators and household income.

Impact of Economic Freedom on Corruption Revisited in ASEAN Countries: A Bayesian Hierarchical Mixed-Effects Analysis

Conceptual and applied studies assessing the linkage between economic freedom and corruption expect that economic freedom boosts economic growth, improves income, and reduces levels of corruption. However, most of them have concentrated on developed and developing groups, while the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries have drawn much less attention. Empirical findings are most often conflicting. Moreover, previous studies performed rather simple frequentist techniques regressing one or some freedom indices on corruption that do not allow for grasping all the aspects of economic freedom as well as capturing variations across countries. The study aims to investigate the effects of ten components of economic freedom index on the level of corruption in ten ASEAN countries from 1999 to 2018. By applying a Bayesian hierarchical mixed-effects regression via a Monte Carlo technique combined with the Gibbs sampler, the obtained results suggest several findings as follows: (i) In view of probability, the predictors property rights, government integrity, tax burden, business freedom, labor freedom, and investment freedom have a strongly positive impact on the response perceived corruption index; (ii) Government spending, trade freedom, and financial freedom exert a strongly negative effect, while the influence of monetary freedom is ambiguous; and (iii) There is an existence of not only random intercepts but also random coefficients at the country level impacting the model outcome. The empirical outcome could be of major importance for more efficient corruption controlling in emerging countries, including ASEAN nations.

Access to venture capital in Africa: the role of public institutions and corporate governance

The venture capital market in Africa remains relatively undeveloped. But, over the last decade, Africa has received much interest from venture capitalists. It is one of the most attractive emerging markets. Investor confidence has increased due to the performance of venture capital firms. The objective of this study is to indicate the influence of public institutions and corporate governance on access to venture capital in Africa in 2019. Based on multiple regression analysis, the relationships between public institutions, corporate governance and access to venture capital are identified. The results show that the strength of auditing and accounting standards, business freedom, fiscal health and judicial effectiveness had significant and positive effects on access to venture capital. However, shareholder governance and trade freedom had significant and negative impacts on access to venture capital. The study underlines that policy-makers in Africa have a considerable interest in reinforcing the economic environment and corporate governance.

Does economic freedom affect entrepreneurship? Insights from Africa

Purpose - Literature suggests that entrepreneurship can serve as a veritable tool for providing decent employment and improving economic prosperity. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the impact of economic freedom on entrepreneurship in Africa. Design/methodology/approach - The study employs data of 18 African countries covering a period of 2007-2018. The analysis is based on the following techniques: Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE), generalized method of moments, Hausman–Taylor IV estimator and Driscoll-Kraay standard errors. Findings - Finding based on Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) technique reveals that economic freedom and its dimensions improve the level of entrepreneurship in Africa. This finding is robust to other alternative estimation techniques. Secured property right, relaxed tax burden , monetary freedom, trade freedom, freedom from corruption, investment freedom, financial freedom, business freedom and labor freedom have positive impact on African entrepreneurship. Practical implications - The study, hence, suggests that policy should be implemented to maximize the level of economic and fundamental freedom of citizens to encourage indigenous entrepreneurs in Africa. Quality of infrastructure should be improved as well as simplification of firms’ registration procedures. African government also needs to build effective and efficient institutional framework to maintain government integrity in Africa. Originality/value - The position of African countries in the nexus between economic freedom and entrepreneurship is rarely discussed in the literature. Hence, this study contributes in this respect and showcases how economic freedom influence the decision to engage in entrepreneurial venture in African perspectives

Access to venture capital in Africa: the role of public institutions and corporate governance

The venture capital market in Africa remains relatively undeveloped. But, over the last decade, Africa has received much interest from venture capitalists. It is one of the most attractive emerging markets. Investor confidence has increased due to the performance of venture capital firms. The objective of this study is to indicate the influence of public institutions and corporate governance on access to venture capital in Africa in 2019. Based on multiple regression analysis, the relationships between public institutions, corporate governance and access to venture capital are identified. The results show that the strength of auditing and accounting standards, business freedom, fiscal health and judicial effectiveness had significant and positive effects on access to venture capital. However, shareholder governance and trade freedom had significant and negative impacts on access to venture capital. The study underlines that policy-makers in Africa have a considerable interest in reinforcing the economic environment and corporate governance.

Determinants efficiency of Vietnam’s footwear export: A stochastic gravity analysis

This study was conducted to estimate the determinants as well as the efficiency of Vietnam’s footwear export to 50 trading partners by applying stochastic fronter gravity approach for the period 2001-2018. We found that Vietnam’s footwear export is positively affected by income measured by gross domestic product (GDP), border and landlock situation. The income elasticity of footwear export of Vietnam was about 1.2%. We also showed that the export efficiency of Vietnam’s footwear was not very high with the average ranges from 50.8% to 63.1%. The 10 most efficient countries were Cambodia, Panama, Slovakia, Belgium, Myanmar, Hongkong, Korea, Chile, the US and the Netherlands. We also found that 10 countries with the largest export potential were the US, China, Germany, Japan, Belgium, the UK, Netherlands, Korea, France, Canada. Regarding the determinants of export efficiency, the study provides evidence that trade freedom, financial freedom and importers’ population density positively contributed to efficiency. Our findings also support further integration of Vietnam since membership to many FTA enhances Vietnam’s footwear export efficiency. These FTAs include AFTA, Vietnam-Chile FTA, ASEAN-India FTA, ASEAN-Korean FTA, ASEAN-Japan FTA, ASEAN-China FTA, ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA. Finally, the study recommends a relevant market policy for Vietnam’s footwear export in the coming years. We have provided 4 types of markets with different levels of priorities that Vietnam’s footwear exporters should focus on. The top footwear market priority should be countries with high potential yet low efficiency such as China, Russia, Brazil, Thailand, Sweden, Singapore and Australia.

Trade in Goods and Level Playing Field

The Trade in goods chapter of the TCA is meant to facilitate trade between the two parties by preventing the reestablishment of custom duties and quantitative restrictions. The new trade regime between EU and UK resembles to those typically established by other Free Trade Agreements, except that the TCA does not exclude cumbersome border controls, as operators have discovered at their costs immediately after 1st January 2021. These controls are necessitated by the absence of commitments by the UK to stick for the future to the EU regulation. The recovered ´freedom to regulate` by the UK could lead to imbalance in market conditions stemming from diverging domestic regulation as to competition rules and subsidies, labour and environmental standards. To guarantee that the enterprises of the two parties enjoy in all respects equal terms of access to, and treatment in, each other’s markets an innovative mechanism has been devised. The Level Playing Field provisions provide for multi-step procedures, allowing protective countermeasures by the party affected, including even custom duties, labelled as “rebalancing” tools. A complex system designed to dissuade a party from lowering its standards or unfairly subsidizing its enterprise by putting the relative freedom of trade between the parties under the TCA at risk of further back-sliding.

МЕТОДИКА ОЦІНКИ ЛІДЕРСТВА У МІЖНАРОДНІЙ ТОРГІВЛІ

The main objective of the paper is to find a universal, simple in calculation and comprehensive approach to measuring the state of economies in terms of their dominance at global goods and services market. The article proposes a method for assessing the global trade leadership of countries as a component of world economic leadership, based on the calculation of the complex indicator of global trade leadership (Global Trade Leadership Index). The importance of finding the approach to calculating the state of economies in global trade in goods and services is approved by the need for monitoring current changes in state of play at the global market especially with the growing role of Asian countries, and changes in positions of traditional leaders of global economy. Global trade leadership is seen as a component of global economic leadership, which characterizes the degree of economic dominance in the global market for goods and services. At the same time, special attention in assessing the positions of countries is drawn to key trends in world trade, such as the growing role of transnational corporations and high-tech exports in trade transactions. In addition, diversification of exports is considered as an indicator showing the state of the economy at the global market as it was previously revealed by foreign scholars. When choosing the subfactors based on which the index is calculated, the main criteria are their availability and comparability for different countries, as well as the index representation of both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of countries’ participation in international trade. The index is based on eight indicators that characterize the performance of trade, the degree of concentration of national exports, the position of national transnational corporations, and degree of freedom of trade and is calculated using benchmarking to analyze countries’ approach to world leadership in trade. Based on the proposed methodology, the index was calculated for the fifteen leading exporters of the world for 2019 and 2010, which allowed to determine the position of the world’s leading economies in world trade now and to conduct a retrospective assessment of global trade leadership.

The Nexus Between Economic Freedom and Tourist Arrivals: Evidence from Mediterranean Countries

Mediterranean countries are indispensable places of tourism with their world-famous shores, wonderful climate and impressive historical places. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between tourist arrivals and economic freedom indicators such as government integrity, tax burden, government spending, business freedom and trade freedom. For this purpose, the panel vector autoregression (PVAR) method was used for a Mediterranean countries sample covering the period from 1996 to 2016. The results of causality testing showed that the tourist arrivals have a bidirectional causality relationship with each explanatory variable, while the coefficient estimates showed that an increase in economic freedom indices affected tourist arrivals negatively in Mediterranean countries. That is, economic freedoms do not mean an advantage for tourists without supportive public policies for tourism. The test results suggest that policymakers should take into account the various aspects of the tourism sector, particularly natural resources and environmental factors, while making policies that increase economic freedom in Mediterranean countries.

Konstelasi Politik Pasca Perang Ngali di Bima

Sultanate of Bima faces various challenges, especially in the economic and political fields of government. Trade freedom had been the main pillar of the economy, threatened by the Dutch trade monopoly. Sovereignty and territorial integrity are threatened by the " Lange Contract " ( long contract ) which was imposed by the Dutch colonial government . The agreement " Lange Contract " ( long contract ) with the Netherlands has made people's anger overflowed. Anger was manifested by the resistance of the people of N g Ali against occupation of the Netherlands in the years 1908-1909. The purpose of writing this is to examine more deeply about the background behind the constellation of politics in the Sultanate of Bima so that the P groaned Ngali , and the impact of P groaned Ngali.