Basketball Free Throw Shooting Research Articles

Analysis of the Trajectory of Free-throws

This research paper delves into the intricate realm of free-throw shooting in basketball, combining advanced dataanalytics and artificial intelligence to dissect the trajectory of human-generated free-throws and induce the theoretically“perfect shot” by AI. This study aims to introduce the sport of basketball, provide valuable insights into the science ofbasketball shooting, and ultimately contribute to developing the skill of free-throw shooting. I used a real-life exampleof a free-throw shot to achieve this goal. Using the model, I molded a horizontal and vertical distance-time graph onthe coordinate plane to estimate the velocity at each second. By utilizing some physics kinematics, I was able to drawa free-body diagram of the basketball in motion and analyze the possible factors affecting its trajectory. Finally, as allmy research points toward the same goal, I hope to mathematically optimize the perfect trajectory to maximize thelikelihood of a perfect shot by an AI.

The Impact of Different Attentional Focus Strategies During Modeling on the Acquisition and Retention of Free Throws in Basketball

Background: In recent years, coaches and athletes have increasingly used observation as a tool for teaching and learning sports skills. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of modeling, using internal and external attentional focus strategies, on the acquisition and retention of free throw shooting in basketball. Methods: Forty-five female beginner basketball players (aged 21.62 ± 3.08 years, with a BMI of 23.48 ± 0.99 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this study. Based on their pre-test scores using the ABBA method, they were divided into three groups: One group received modeling with an internal attention focus strategy, another group received modeling with an external attention focus strategy, and a control group. A video demonstrating the correct throwing technique was used to teach the attention-focusing strategies, and the groups did not receive any physical training. After watching the video, participants performed their own throwing attempts. Following group allocation, the participants entered the acquisition phase, which consisted of six sessions, with each session including two sets of ten attempts and a 2-minute rest period between sets. One-way analysis of variance was used for both immediate and delayed recall tests, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS 20 software.” Results: The study found a significant difference in free throw performance between the three modeling groups (internal attention focus, external attention focus, and control) during both the acquisition and delayed retention stages (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference in basketball free throw performance between the three modeling groups during the recall test (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Overall, the results suggest that observational learning, combined with attentional focus strategies, is an effective method for improving skill acquisition and retention in basketball.

Examining duration in the imagery dose-response relationship

Abstract Objectives Imagery training is an effective technique in sport psychology for skill development and enhancement at various levels of skill performance. Despite its application, there is limited evidence to inform decisions around the appropriate doses of imagery duration for performance enhancement of movement in sport and physical activity. The aim of the present study was to experimentally determine whether different imagery durations (8, 13, and 18 min durations in a session) have differential effects on the performance of free-throw shooting (FTS) in the sport of basketball. We applied a dose-response imagery protocol, in which one imagery variable was varied systematically, while other key dose variables were held constant. Methods We recruited 36 male basketball players (M age=25.17 years SD=4.26) and allocated them to one of three imagery training conditions or a control condition. Participants in the control condition had no imagery training sessions. Imagery repetitions were held constant at 20 repetitions per imagery session with a frequency of 3 imagery sessions per week over four weeks. Results The results showed that the 13- and 18-min imagery durations were more effective than the 8-min duration condition for the basketball free-throw shooting. The 13-min condition was significantly higher at post- and retention-test than at pre-test, indicating it was most effective in this study. Conclusions The findings of the present study highlight the importance of imagery duration in imagery training design and may inform coaches, sport psychologists, and athletes in designing effective programs for individual athletes.

Error-based and reinforcement learning in basketball free throw shooting

This study investigates the effects of error-based and reinforcement training on the acquisition and long-term retention of free throw accuracy in basketball. Sixty participants were divided into four groups (n = 15 per group): (i) the error-based group (sensory feedback), (ii) the reinforcement group (binary feedback including success or failure), (iii) the mixed group (sensory feedback followed by binary feedback), and (iv) the control group (without training). Free throws success was recorded before training (PreT), immediately after (Postd0), one day later (Postd1), and seven days later (Postd7). The error-based group, but not the reinforcement group, showed a significant immediate improvement in free throw accuracy (PreT vs Postd0). Interestingly, over time (Postd0 vs Postd1 vs Postd7), the reinforcement group significantly improved its accuracy, while the error-based group decreased it, returning to the PreT level (PreT vs Post7). The mixed group showed the advantage of both training methods, i.e., fast acquisition and retention on a long-term scale. Error-based learning leads to better acquisition, while reinforcement learning leads to better retention. Therefore, the combination of both types of learning is more efficient for both acquisition and retention processes. These findings provide new insight into the acquisition and retention of a fundamental basketball skill in free throw shooting.

The Impact of Different Attentional Focus Strategies During Modeling on the Acquisition and Retention of Free Throws in Basketball

Background: In recent years, coaches and athletes have increasingly used observation as a tool for teaching and learning sports skills. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of modeling, using internal and external attentional focus strategies, on the acquisition and retention of free throw shooting in basketball. Methods: Forty-five female beginner basketball players (aged 21.62 ± 3.08 years, with a BMI of 23.48 ± 0.99 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this study. Based on their pre-test scores using the ABBA method, they were divided into three groups: One group received modeling with an internal attention focus strategy, another group received modeling with an external attention focus strategy, and a control group. A video demonstrating the correct throwing technique was used to teach the attention-focusing strategies, and the groups did not receive any physical training. After watching the video, participants performed their own throwing attempts. Following group allocation, the participants entered the acquisition phase, which consisted of six sessions, with each session including two sets of ten attempts and a 2-minute rest period between sets. One-way analysis of variance was used for both immediate and delayed recall tests, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS 20 software.” Results: The study found a significant difference in free throw performance between the three modeling groups (internal attention focus, external attention focus, and control) during both the acquisition and delayed retention stages (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference in basketball free throw performance between the three modeling groups during the recall test (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Overall, the results suggest that observational learning, combined with attentional focus strategies, is an effective method for improving skill acquisition and retention in basketball.

Muscle synergy during free throw shooting in basketball is different between scored and missed shots.

The current study investigated the differences in synergy during a free throw in basketball and compared synergies between scored and missed shots. A total of six men's college basketball players participated in this study. A wireless electromyographic system was used to measure the activity of 16 trunk, and upper and lower extremity muscles while completing the free throw. In total, three scored and missed shots each were analyzed to extract the synergies using non-negative matrix factorization. Overall, four synergies were extracted from the successfully made shots, and three synergies were extracted for the missed shot; two synergies were shared between scored and missed shots. The one synergy that contributes to the shoulder flexion was used to set the ball and activate the initial stage of the free throw. Another synergy that contributes the palmar flexion was used to release the ball and activate the final stage of the free throw. The other two synergies in scored shot contribute to lower and upper limb extension in sequence to promote the energy transfer in the middle to the final stage of the free throw. On the other hand, there was only a synergy that corresponded to the middle to the final stage of the free throw extracted from the missed shot. Since the movements of the lower and upper extremity extensions are performed even on a missed shot, we believe that working the from the lower to the upper limb “in sequence,” rather than working the lower and upper limbs “simultaneously,” may influence the success of the shot.

The effect of a strategy (think - pair - share) in teaching the skill of free-throw shooting in basketball among fourth-grade students of science

The rapid changes in the educational fields are among the features of this era that we must work to encourage, move them in the right direction and adapt to them. The educational field has witnessed great scientific and technological development in most areas of life, through the use of modern and advanced educational methods and methods, in order to confront The challenges and pressures facing the educational process, and the successful teacher is the one who can apply the appropriate method that raises the learners’ motivation to learn, taking into account the learners’ tendencies and attitudes to learn, as (Ahmed and Abu Shiha, 1988) indicates that the appropriate teaching method is the one that creates An atmosphere of mutually supportive human relations between the students themselves on the one hand, and the teaching member on the other hand, and at the same time enjoys communicating ideas to students. It also encourages creativity and the ability to solve problems, generates students’ self-confidence and stimulates their learning and thinking.” The discussion in the style of small groups is consistent with the educational view Modern, which is the student's focal point on which all educational activities must focus, and this method also contributes to the development of the world Collective passion and love of cooperation with others in order to achieve goals, and take responsibility, and this method plays an effective role in providing students with the subject and influencing their behavior in order to become effective in society. The problem of the research is that the teaching methods are many and varied, and through the application through the experience of researchers in the field of work in middle schools, I found that many physical education teachers study motor skills in the imperative style because they find difficulty and lack of knowledge of the types of teaching methods that have appeared widely, especially any method that is consistent with With the skill to be taught correctly, and this topic was chosen because it combines individual thinking and discussion between groups, so the researchers decided to rely on the think-pair-share strategy to teach the skill of shooting in the free throw basketball to see the extent of the progress achieved by students in teaching This skill is compared to the commanding method currently used in schools. The current research aims to reveal: The effect of the strategy (think-pair-share) in teaching the skill of free-throw shooting in basketball for fourth-grade students. The difference between the strategy (think - pair - share) and the imperative method in teaching the skill of free-throw shooting for fourth-grade students. The researchers assumed the following: That there are significant differences between the pre and post tests of the two research groups in teaching the skill of free shooting in basketball. There are significant differences in the post-test between the two research groups in teaching the skill of free-throw shooting in basketball. The research community consisted of the students of a preparatory school in Bashiqa for girls in Bashiqa district, who numbered (589). The sample of the research consisted of students of the fourth scientific grade divided into two divisions (A - B) and their number was 65 students. This school was deliberately chosen, due to the presence of an arena and the cooperation of the administration. After the lottery was conducted in a random manner, Division A was chosen to be the experimental group to which the (think-pair-share strategy) is applied, and Division B to which the imperative method is applied. A group of female students were excluded due to absence from the training round, and some of them were excluded due to failing for the sake of stability, as the research sample consisted of 40 students, with 20 students per group. The researchers used the spss program. In light of the research objectives and hypotheses within the limits of the research method and the user approach, the researchers reached a conclusion. - Showing statistically significant differences between the pre and post tests in the two research groups. - The experimental group that implemented the strategy (think-pair-share) outperformed the control group that implemented the imperative method in the post test of the skill of shooting with a free throw basketball. Recommendations - The necessity of applying the strategy (think - pair - share) in middle schools, because it showed the positive quality of teaching the skill of shooting with a free throw with basketball. - Covering a qualifying study for schools to see the teaching methods for all academic levels and to test the actual method of the skill being taught.

The Effect of Visualization Exercise through Video Media on Increasing Basketball Free Throw Shooting

This study aims to determine the effect of visualization exercises through video media on the increase in basketball free-throw shooting. This type of research is a pseudo-experimental study with the design of "The One Group Pretest Posttest Design". The population in this study was a 24-person male basketball extracurricular participant who was taken with a total sampling technique. The instrument used is a free throw shot test. The analysis of the data used a 5% significance test. Research results show a significant effect of visualization exercise over video media on the increase in basketball free throw shooting, with a count value of 9.859 ± t table of 2.069, and a significance value of 0.000 ± 0.05.

The Effect of Visualization Exercise through Video Media on Increasing Basketball Free Throw Shooting

The Effect of Visualization Exercise through Video Media on Increasing Basketball Free Throw Shooting

Effects of Time Constraints and Goal Setting on Basketball Shooting.

In sport, numerous high-pressure situations require athletes to perform motor tasks under temporally constrained circumstances. The present study investigated the effects of time constraints on anxiety, attention, performance, and mechanics of basketball free-throw shooting. Additionally, the potential benefits of goal setting were examined in relation to performance in time-constrained situations. Forty undergraduates (n = 10 elite basketball players, n = 15 experienced, n = 15 inexperienced) attempted free throws in timed, untimed, and goal-oriented conditions. In the timed condition, participants attempted to make as many field goals as possible in 30 s. In the untimed condition, participants attempted the same number of field goals as they did in the timed trial but without a time constraint. In the goal-oriented condition, participants attempted to surpass their highest number of successful field goals while once again under a 30-s time constraint. Participants in the timed condition had the worst field goal percentage (M = 45.20%, SD = 21.96%), while the untimed (M = 55.76%, SD = 21.12%, p < 0.05, d = 0.49) and goal-oriented conditions (M = 55.79%, SD = 22.92%, p < 0.05, d = 0.47) had similar field goal percentages. In addition, joint consistency in the elbow and knee increased during the untimed condition compared to both timed and goal-oriented conditions. Results indicate that a goal-oriented focus may prevent performance declines present in time-constrained situations.

Utilizing hierarchical redundancy for accurate throwing movement.

Understanding how athletes reduce motor variability in redundant tasks contributes to improving sports performance and elucidating human motor control mechanisms. This study aimed to clarify how experienced basketball players use two hierarchical redundancies, ball-level and body-level, for accurate free-throw shooting as no study has simultaneously examined how these hierarchical redundancies are used. Experienced basketball players (intermediate-level and top-level) participated in a free-throw shooting experiment using a motion capture system under two conditions: with feedback (FB) and no-feedback (NF) conditions. To quantify the coordination, the solution manifold and tolerance, noise, and covariation analysis were used for the ball-level redundancy, while uncontrolled manifold analysis and the covariation by randomization method were used for the body-level redundancy. The ball-level analysis revealed that the covariation and noise components were related to the performance, and that the noise component showed a larger contribution to performance than the covariation component, indicating that the reproducibility of the release parameters has a larger room for improvement than coordination. The coordination of release parameters was not significantly different between the FB and NF conditions, indicating that the effect of performance feedback on coordination is unclear. The body-level analysis revealed that interjoint coordination reduced the variability of the longitudinal positions of the hand and fingertip, showing that interjoint coordination improves the reproducibility of the ball-release position, especially in the direction that strongly affects the motor performance. In conclusion, interjoint coordination improved the reproducibility of ball-release parameters, which enhanced motor performance in basketball free-throw shooting.

The 'Quiet Eye' and motor performance in basketball free throw shooting

Background and Study Aim. This study investigates expert and amateur basketball players' visual tracking strategies accuracy and inaccuracy free throws.&#x0D; Material and Methods. A total of 22 university student, 11 of whom were experts (n = 5 females, n = 6 males) and 11 amateurs (n = 5 females, n = 6 males), without visual impairment, participated the study. Each athlete performed a total of 10 throws. The normal distribution of data recorded in both accurate and inaccurate throws was checked with the Shapiro-Wilk test. All of the data received on accurate and inaccurate throws were analyzed by independent samples t-test.&#x0D; Results. Expert basketball players were recorded to have an average of 78% accurate throws out of 10, and as for amateur basketball players, they were recorded to have 34%. During accurate throws, the quiet eye durations of expert basketball players were identified as ~886ms, and quiet eye durations during inaccurate throws were as ~570ms. During accurate throws, the quiet eye durations of amateur basketball players were identified as ~612ms, and quiet eye durations during inaccurate throws were as ~388ms. The study's findings reveal that expert basketball players develop statistically longer quiet eye and fixation durations than amateur basketball players.&#x0D; Conclusion. The study's findings have supported the phenomenon of longer quiet eye durations during expert athletes' specific motor skills. The knowledge obtained from the study's findings is thought to have the utmost significance in identifying the quiet eye durations of expert basketball players and teaching their visual strategies to amateur level athletes to improve their performance.

Getting a grip on the resilience to blur: The impact of simulated vision loss on a visually guided combat sports interaction

Research has shown that performance in highly visually demanding sports can be resilient to substantial levels of blur. This raises the question whether the need for high visual clarity might be reduced even more in less visually demanding sports such as combat sports, where athletes compete at relatively close distances. The aim of this study was to examine the resilience to blur in the grip fighting phase of judo as an exemplar of a visually guided combat sports task. The results were particularly relevant for the purposes of Paralympic judo for athletes with vision impairment (VI judo), because athletes are currently allowed to compete with a visual acuity (VA) of 1.0 logMAR or worse (i.e., 6/60 or 20/200 vision), suggesting this is the presumed level of impairment that decreases performance in able-sighted judo. We let 28 able-sighted judo athletes compete in pairs in a series of grip fighting tasks under increasing levels of simulated vision impairment. Visual function was tested in each condition by measuring VA and contrast sensitivity (CS). We found that VA was a better predictor than CS of grip fighting performance. VA needed to be reduced to at least 1.3 logMAR before a decrease in performance was found, with approximately twice as much blur needed to be applied when compared to visually demanding tasks such as cricket batting, but less than what has been found in static tasks such as basketball free-throw shooting and golf putting. These findings hold implications for VI judo regulations, suggesting that a more severe degree of impairment should be required to participate than is currently the case.

Key Kinematic Components for Optimal Basketball Free Throw Shooting Performance

Key Kinematic Components for Optimal Basketball Free Throw Shooting Performance

Effects of Upper-Limb, Lower-Limb, and Full-Body Compression Garments on Full Body Kinematics and Free-Throw Accuracy in Basketball Players

Compression garments can enhance performance and promote recovery in athletes. Different body coverage with compression garments may impose distinct effects on kinematic movement mechanics and thus basketball free-throw accuracy. The objective of this study was to examine basketball free-throw shooting accuracy, consistency and the range of motion of body joints while wearing upper-, lower- and full-body compression garments. Twenty male basketball players performed five blocks of 20 basketball free-throw shooting trials in each of the following five compression garment conditions: control-pre, top, bottom, full (top + bottom) and control-post. All conditions were randomized except pre- and post-control (the first and last conditions). Range of motion of was acquired by multiple inertial measurement units. Free-throw accuracy and the coefficient of variation were also analyzed. Players wearing upper-body or full-body compression garments had significantly improved accuracy by 4.2% and 5.9%, respectively (p &lt; 0.05), but this difference was not observed with shooting consistency. Smaller range of motion of head flexion and trunk lateral bending (p &lt; 0.05) was found in the upper- and full-body conditions compared to the control-pre condition. These findings suggest that an improvement in shooting accuracy could be achieved by constraining the range of motion through the use of upper-body and full-body compression garments.

Effect of imagery on freethrow shooting in basketball extraculicular

The purpose of this study was to find out differences in influence between internal imagery training and external training imagery on the results of free-throw shooting in extracurricular bola basketball, It used an experimental method. The sample was selected by random sampling technique which comprised three schools, SMPN 1 Bantul, SMPN 3 Bantul, SMPN 3 Jetis with a total of 42 bola basketball extracurricular students. An instrument measured the shooting free throw test to measure the free throw from Arianto B. The data were then analyzed using a two-track analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significant level of α = 0.05. The results show that there is a significant difference between internal and external imagery training on the results of free-throw extracurricular bola basketball, which is evident from the value sig = 0.010 &lt;0.05. External exercises imagery provides a better influence on the results of free shooting extracurricular bola basketball

Intraocular Pressure as an Indicator of the Level of Induced Anxiety in Basketball.

Our data demonstrate that intraocular pressure (IOP) is sensitive to anxiety manipulation in sport scenarios, specifically in a basketball free throw task. The present outcomes may be of special relevance because of its practical advantages for the objective control of athletes' anxiety levels. Athletes experience high levels of anxiety during sport competition, and IOP has demonstrated to reflect autonomous nervous system changes during mentally demanding situations. We tested whether different levels of induced anxiety during basketball free throw shooting alter IOP. We followed a repeated-measures design to test the effects of anxiety-induced manipulation during basketball free throw shooting on IOP, shooting performance, and perceived anxiety. Eighteen amateur basketball players performed three experimental sessions consisting of 100 free throws each. However, we gave three different instructions to participants regarding the score assigned to each free throw, allowing us to manipulate the level of induced anxiety (low, medium, and high). Confirming a successful anxiety manipulation, basketball players reported more perceived anxiety with higher levels of induced anxiety (P < .001, η = 0.37). Our data show that higher levels of induced anxiety provoke an acute IOP rise (P < .001, η = 0.44), with the low-, medium-, and high-anxiety-induced conditions promoting an average IOP rise of 0.21, 1.63, and 18.46%, respectively. Also, there was a linear IOP rise over time in the high-anxiety-induced condition (r = 0.82). Nevertheless, we found no effect of anxiety-induced manipulation on basketball free throw performance (P = .93). Intraocular pressure is sensitive to anxiety-induced manipulation during basketball free throw shooting, showing an increase in parallel with accumulated anxiety. Based on these findings, IOP may be considered a promising tool for the assessment of the level of anxiety in certain sport situations. Future studies are required to explore the generalizability of these results in other scenarios with different physical and mental demands.

Counter-Intentional Errors of Basketball Free Throw Shooting Under Elevated Pressure: An Educational Approach of Task Instruction

The aim of this experimental study was to test Wegner&amp;rsquo;s (1994) theory of ironic processes in a basketball free throw task under pressure. More specifically, Wegner (1994) predicts that when instructed not to perform in a certain manner performers&amp;rsquo; performance will break down where it is least desired way which is the main hypothesis of the current study. More specifically, it was hypothesized that when basketball players were instructed &amp;ldquo;not to throw the ball&amp;rsquo;&amp;rsquo; into the certain zone on the backboard would decrease their performance in ironic fashion especially under manipulated high-anxiety condition. The sample of the present study comprised 37 male (Mage=22.30,&amp;nbsp;SD=2.89) experienced university basketball players. Participants&amp;rsquo; anxiety was measured using MRF-3 (Krane, 1994). In a basketball free-throw task; the numbers of targets, non-target non-ironic balls and ironic error balls were counted and overall performance was also calculated in order to measure participants&amp;rsquo; performance. Based on the scoring system, participants gained +5 points for throwing into the target, scored -5 points making an ironic error and 0 points for throwing the ball to anywhere (except the target and non-target ironic error zone) on the backboard. Results revealed that when instructed not to throw in a certain zone, performers&amp;rsquo; overall performance changed in ironic fashion across anxiety conditions. Findings&amp;nbsp;suggest that understanding the mechanism of ironic processes of mental control theory may be a useful theoretical framework for examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in sport, physical education and motor control studies.

The Effects of Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors on Emotion, Attention, and Performance During a Competitive Basketball Task.

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether prosocial and antisocial teammate behaviors affect emotions (i.e.,happiness, anxiety, anger), attention, and performance. Undergraduate sport and exercise science students (N = 102) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: prosocial behavior, antisocial behavior, and control. They performed a basketball free-throw shooting task for 2min in baseline and experimental phases and completed measures of emotions and attention. Free-throw shooting performance was also recorded. A series of analyses of covariances controlling for baseline scores showed that the prosocial group reported more happiness than the antisocial and control groups. The antisocial group reported more anxiety than the prosocial group and more anger and lower attention than the other 2 groups. The prosocial and antisocial groups performed better than the control group. These findings suggest that prosocial and antisocial teammate behaviors may influence the recipient's emotions, attention, and performance during sport competition.

Effects of antisocial behaviour on opponent's anger, attention, and performance

ABSTRACTSledging, which is verbal antisocial behaviour in sport, aims to impair an opponent’s performance. Previously, variations in performance have been attributed to changes in emotion and cognition. To improve our understanding of sledging, the current experiment examined the effects of verbal antisocial behaviour on anger, attention and performance. Participants performed a competitive basketball free-throw shooting task under insult (verbal behaviour designed to offend and upset the performer), distraction (verbal behaviour designed to draw attention away from the task), or control (neutral verbal behaviour) conditions. Performance was assessed by the number of successful baskets and a points-based scoring system, while anger and attention were measured post-task. The insult condition provoked more anger than the control and distraction conditions, whereas the insult and distraction conditions increased distraction and reduced self-focus compared to the control condition. Although verbal antisocial behaviour had no overall direct effect on performance, mediation analysis showed that anger indirectly impaired performance via distraction. Implications for the antisocial behaviour-performance relationship are discussed.