Freestream Research Articles

Swing and reverse swing of a cricket ball: laminar separation bubble, secondary vortex and wing-tip-like vortices

Large eddy simulation of flow past a cricket ball with its seam at $30^\circ$ to the free stream is carried out for $5 \times 10^4 \le Re \le 4.5 \times 10^5$ . Three regimes of flow are identified on the basis of the time-averaged swing force coefficient ( $\bar {C}_Z$ ) – no swing (NS), conventional swing (CS, $\bar {C}_Z>0$ ) and reverse swing (RS, $\bar {C}_Z<0$ ). The effect of seam on the boundary layer is investigated. Contrary to the popular belief, the boundary layer does not transition to a turbulent state in the initial stages of CS. The seam energizes the laminar boundary layer and delays its separation. The delay is significantly larger in a region near the poles, whose extent increases with an increase in $Re$ causing $\bar {C}_Z$ to increase. Here $\bar {C}_Z$ assumes a near constant value in the later stage of CS. The boundary layer transitions to a turbulent state via formation of a laminar separation bubble (LSB) in the equatorial region and directly, without a LSB, in the polar region. The extent of the LSB shrinks while the region of direct transition near the poles increases with an increase in $Re$ . A LSB forms on the non-seam side of the ball in the RS regime. A secondary vortex is observed in the wake bubble. While it exists on the non-seam side for the entire range of $Re$ considered, the mixing in the flow introduced by the seam causes it to disappear beyond a certain $Re$ on the seam side. The pressure difference between the seam and non-seam sides sets up wing-tip-like vortices. Their polarity reverses with the switch from the CS to RS regime.

Thermal Analysis of a Casson Boundary Layer Flow over a Penetrable Stretching Porous Wedge

This work aims to analyze the Casson thermal boundary layer flow over an expanding wedge in a porous medium with convective boundary conditions and ohmic heating. Moreover, the effects of porosity and viscous dissipation are studied in detail and included in the analysis. The importance of this study is due to its applications in biomedical engineering where the analysis of behavior of non-Newtonian blood flow in arteries and veins is desired. Within the context of blood flow, it is also applicable to many other fields, for instance, radiative therapy, MHD generators, soil machines, melt-spinning, and insulation processes. The modeled problem is a set of PDEs, which is nondimensionalized to derive a nonlinear boundary value problem (BVP). The obtained BVP is solved using the shooting technique, endowed with the order four Runge-Kutta and Newton methods. The impact of different parameters on the momentum and temperature fields is investigated along with two important parameters of physical significance, i.e., the Nusselt number and the surface drag force. Results are validated, and an excellent agreement is seen for the parameters of interest using MATLAB built-in function bvp4c. A significant finding is that by increasing the Casson liquid parameter, the velocity decreases as the wedge expands quicker than the free stream velocity at R=2. However, the velocity increases for the case when R=0.1. A decrease in the Darcy number increases the temperature profile. Furthermore, the convective parameter accelerated the heat transmission rate, and a rise in the Prandtl number thickens the thermal boundary layer. The findings of this investigation contribute to problems in fluid dynamics and heat transfer that involve studying the behavior of a non-Newtonian fluid with Casson rheological properties near a solid porous wedge surface.

PARAMETRIC STUDY OF SUCTION OR BLOWINGEFFECTS ON TURBULENT FLOW OVER A FLATPLATE

The two-dimensional, incompressible, and turbulent boundary layer flow over a flat plate with suction or blowing from a spanwise slot is examined numerically. The mathematical modeling involves the derivation of the governing partial differential equations of the problems. These are the continuity, the momentum, the energy and the (K-ε) turbulence model. Besides, the perfect gas law is also used. A numerical solution of the governing equations is approximated by using a finite volume method, with staggered grid and modified SIMPLE algorithm. A computer program in FORTRAN 90 is built to perform the numerical solution.The developed computational algorithm is tested for the flow over a flat plate (4m) long with uniform suction or blowing velocity ratios of (V/U∞ =± 0.0185, ± 0.0463 and ±0.0925 m/s) are imposed on the slot for Reynolds number of (1.36 x 107 ), based on the plate length. The position of the slot change in the range of (X/L=1/4, 1/2 and 3/4) from leading edge and also, change width of slot in the value equal (0.12, 0.2 and 0.28m).The plate temperature is (70 °C), with the free stream velocity and temperature are (8.6m/s) and (25 °C) respectively. In addition, the effects of pitch angles on the flow field are investigated in the range of (30о   150о).The numerical results show that, for a uniform blowing, location of slot equal (X/L=1/4) from leading edge, a significant reduction of skin friction coefficient, wall shear stress and boundary layer thickness [displacement and momentum] to occur. While, an increase in boundary layer shape factor. Reynolds stress (uv) is more decreased than [(uu) and (vv)], mean velocity profiles in wall coordinates and dimensionless distance (U+, y+) decreases. When slot location is moved downstream to locations (X/L=1/2 or 3/4) a similar behavior can be said and most effective slot is obtained as (slot at X/L= 3m) from leading edge. While width of slot equal (0.28m) is better than values equal (0.12m and 0.2m). An opposite observations for the case of suction. The numerical results are compared with available numerical results and experimental data and a satisfactory results are obtained.

Enhancing efficiency and propulsion in bio-mimetic robotic fish through end-to-end deep reinforcement learning

Aquatic organisms are known for their ability to generate efficient propulsion with low energy expenditure. While existing research has sought to leverage bio-inspired structures to reduce energy costs in underwater robotics, the crucial role of control policies in enhancing efficiency has often been overlooked. In this study, we optimize the motion of a bio-mimetic robotic fish using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to maximize propulsion efficiency and minimize energy consumption. Our novel DRL approach incorporates extended pressure perception, a transformer model processing sequences of observations, and a policy transfer scheme. Notably, significantly improved training stability and speed within our approach allow for end-to-end training of the robotic fish. This enables agiler responses to hydrodynamic environments and possesses greater optimization potential compared to pre-defined motion pattern controls. Our experiments are conducted on a serially connected rigid robotic fish in a free stream with a Reynolds number of 6000 using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The DRL-trained policies yield impressive results, demonstrating both high efficiency and propulsion. The policies also showcase the agent's embodiment, skillfully utilizing its body structure and engaging with surrounding fluid dynamics, as revealed through flow analysis. This study provides valuable insights into the bio-mimetic underwater robots optimization through DRL training, capitalizing on their structural advantages, and ultimately contributing to more efficient underwater propulsion systems.

Computational optimization of trailing-edge designs to reduce airfoil self-noise

This paper presents an investigation and optimization of Trailing Edge (TE) design to reduce airfoil self-noise using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The case for study is a NACA0012 airfoil with a chord length (C) of 0.2286 m, a varying Angle of Attack (AoA) between 0° and 15°, and free stream velocity between 35 and 70 m/s. The flow domain consists of a c-type domain with a length and height of 18C and 9C, respectively. The parametric mesh maintains a structured mesh on the entire domain for different designs and TE shapes. Simulations employ a hybrid Stress-Blended Embedded Large-Eddy Simulations (SB-ELES) model to calculate the flow properties. Different turbulence models are tested to address their performance in determining pressure fluctuations. A correlation length also accounts for spanwise effects in the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy approach to forecasting the far-field noise. Furthermore, multi-objective optimization is employed to determine the optimum airfoil TE configuration for different flow velocities and AoAs. The optimum designs generate the lowest Sound Pressure Level (SPL) without significantly sacrificing the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil within specified parameters.

Natural convective and Cattaneo–Christov model for couple stress nanofluid at the middle of the squeezed channel with sensor surface

The aim of this work is to present a natural convective and squeezing flow model of two-dimensional couple stress nanofluid which is flowing on the sensory surface with variable fluid viscosity. The fluid flowing on a microcantilever sensory surface and squeezing is happening at free stream. The sensor is also useful to detect the movement of fluid and the variations in thermal and solutal rates. The Cattaneo–Christov model is adopted along with nanoparticle and chemical reaction to explore the transmission of heat and mass rates. The analysis of heat transmission in non-Newtonian couple stress fluid flowing on squeezed sensory surface by using the Cattaneo–Christov heat conduction model has various industrial and scientific applications including the polymer processing, wastewater treatment, chemical reactors, biomedical flows, cooling and heating processes in industries, heat exchangers, microfluidics, oil and gas industries. All the assumptions are applied in the basic governing laws laws and then we get the model of the partial differential equations. The governing model of equations is transmuted into ordinary differential equations form via the transformations and then the numerical results of these ODE’s are examined with a well-defined numerical technique “Shooting Method”. For higher inputs of couple stress, squeezing index and permeability velocity, the fluid’s internal velocity decreases. Because of the Prandtl number and thermal relaxation coefficient, the heat transfer mechanism slows down. Mass transfer increases for greater inputs of the thermal diffusivity coefficient and decreases due to concentration relaxation. Further, the numerical dependency of emerging parameters on the skin friction is illustrated in tabular form. The parametric effects on the model (velocity, temperature and concentration) are introduced using numerical values shown in the table.

Soret and dufour effects on unsteady non-linear mixed convection flow past a stretching sheet influenced by non-linear thermal radiation

This article presents a novel mathematical model to analyze the behavior of a time-dependent, incompressible, non-linear (quadratic) mixed convection flow across a stretching surface heated by convection. The model takes into account the influence of non-linear thermal radiation, along with the Soret and Dufour effects. The equations governing the flow characteristics in the boundary layer approximation are derived and transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity variables. The second-order ODEs are transformed into an initial value problem, which is then numerically solved using the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. The novel findings of the study have been presented using graphs and tables. The intensification of non-linear convection parameters has been shown to lead to the development of velocity near the sheet while simultaneously reducing velocity toward the free stream. The non-linear convection parameters reduce the temperature distribution, while the temperature ratio and the non-linear thermal radiation parameters enhance it. The non-linear convection parameters ( 0.5 ≤ α 1 , α 2 ≤ 2.0 ) , temperature ratio ( 1.2 ≤ θ w ≤ 1.5 ) , and non-linear thermal radiation ( 1.0 ≤ Rd ≤ 1.5 ) , parameters are influential factors in decreasing the surface drag force (by about 15.4%, 28.5%, 4.4%, and 4.3%) and increasing the cooling rate (by about 0.4%, 0.5%, 19.5%, and 23%), respectively. The Biot ( 0.5 ≤ Bi ≤ 1.0 ) number is also found to significantly contribute toward enhancing the cooling rate of the system by about 51.6%.

Bi-global stability of supersonic backward-facing step flow

Supersonic backward-facing step (BFS) flow is numerically studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS) and global stability analysis (GSA) with a free stream Mach number of 2.16 and a Reynolds number of 7.938 × 105 based on the flat-plate length L and free stream conditions. Two-dimensional BFS flow becomes unstable to three-dimensional perturbations as the step height h exceeds a certain value, while no two-dimensionally unstable mode is found. Global instability occurs with the fragmentation of the primary separation vortex downstream of the step. Two stationary modes and one oscillatory unstable mode are obtained at a supercritical ratio of L/h = 32.14, among which the two stationary modes originate from the coalescence of a pair of conjugate modes. The most unstable mode manifests itself as streamwise streaks in the reattached boundary layer, which is similar to that in shock-induced separated flow, although the flow separation mechanisms are different. Without introducing any external disturbances, the DNS captures the preferred perturbations and produces a growth rate in agreement with the GSA prediction in the linear growth stage. In the quasi-steady stage, the secondary separation vortex breaks up into several small bubbles, and the number of streamwise streaks is doubled. A low-frequency unsteadiness that may be associated with the oscillatory mode is also present.

Influence of convective heat transfer coefficients on thermal behaviour of a lithium-ion cell: a numerical study.

In the current study, the impact of C-ratio, convective heat transfer coefficient, and free stream temperature on the maximal cell temperature and temperature uniformity was computationally and statistically examined. Results revealed that the free stream temperature was the main influential factor for the maximal cell temperature for both natural and forced convection conditions while the C-ratio was the most effective parameter for the temperature uniformity for both natural and forced convections. On the other hand, the contribution of the free stream temperature to the maximum battery temperature increased from 63% to 94% when the conditions were changed from natural convection to forced convection. Moreover, the contribution of the C-rate to the temperature uniformity decreased from 89% to 79% when the conditions were changed from natural convection to forced convection. The results obtained from this study are significant in terms of determining which factor should be given more importance under natural and forced convection conditions.

On the maximum velocity profile of wave boundary layer flows in the very rough turbulent regime

The maximum velocity profile in turbulent wave boundary layer flows has been experimentally investigated under both regular and irregular wave conditions. Four types of seabed models are adopted, i.e., smooth, sand-covered, uniform-sphere-covered and nonuniform-stone covered. The results show that the maximum overshoot increases with the decreasing A/ks (A is the semi-excursion of fluid particles in the free stream and ks is the bottom roughness), but it is not notably influenced by the irregularity of the waves nor the nonuniformity of bottom roughness elements. Two-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out to reveal the physics behind the large overshoot behavior. It is found that the gap flow accelerates around roughness elements and subsequently contributes to the overshoot. A three-parameter defect function is proposed that well describes the maximum velocity profile, and all three model parameters are correlated with the governing flow parameter A/ks.

Numerical Investigation of Three-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Flow of Ag 􀀀 H2O Nanofluid Over an Oscillating Surface in a Rotating Porous Medium

Objective: To investigate the three-dimensional flow of a nanofluid (Ag-water) over a stretchable vertical oscillatory sheet. This study involves considering fluctuating temperatures on the sheet and comparing them to the free stream temperature. The formulation of the unsteady boundary layer equations leading to the flow of nanofluid also takes into consideration the occurrence of the heterogeneous-homogeneous chemical reaction and thermal radiation. Method: The governing equations and the boundary conditions have been derived in a dimensionless form by using the appropriate transformations, and they are then solved using an EFDS (Explicit Finite Difference Scheme) in Matlab software. The Von-Neumann stability analysis is used to determine the method’s stability requirements for constant sizes of the grid. Findings: The physical factors impact on the concentration fields, temperature distribution, and velocity distribution were obtained and are studied by graphs and described in extensive detail. Convergence and stability requirements are attained in order to achieve accurate solutions. Novelty: In this study fluctuations in the temperature and stretching velocity of sheet on three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow of Ag − H2O nanofluid over an oscillating surface through rotating porous are taken into account. Impacts of porous media permeability, velocity slip, magnetic fields, nanoparticle volume fraction, heat radiation, rotation, and homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reaction parameters had all been attempted to be determined. Keywords: Oscillatory Surface, Heat transmission, Nonlinear PDE, Explicit Finite Difference Scheme, Nanoparticle

Flow and aerodynamic noise control of a circular cylinder by local blowing

In this experimental study, the impact of symmetric local blowing on suppressing the vortex-induced noise of a circular cylinder was investigated. A highly instrumented cylinder with pressure taps and a series of blowing chambers was used to inject air along the span (seven times the cylinder diameter) at circumferential angles $\theta _{b}={\pm }41^{\circ }$ , ${\pm }90^{\circ }$ and ${\pm }131^{\circ }$ corresponding to the boundary layer, shear layers on the cylinder and separated shear layers, respectively. The investigation aimed to understand the noise reduction mechanism of local blowing by conducting near-field pressure and far-field noise measurements in synchronisation with flow field velocity measurements. Near-field pressure was measured around the circumference of the cylinder using a remote-sensing technique and planar particle image velocimetry was implemented to measure the velocity of the wake flow field at a diameter-based Reynolds number of $Re=7\times 10^{4}$ . The results revealed that the interaction of the rolling up separated shear layers, under the influence of high-momentum fluid travelling from the free stream to the wake, induced significant vertical flow movement in the vortex-formation region. This movement led to strong alternating surface pressure fluctuations at the cylinder's shoulders, contributing to the scattering of noise. It was demonstrated that local blowing delayed vortex shedding for all cases, except at $\theta _{b}={\pm }90^{\circ }$ , which elongated the shear layers and pushed the high-momentum transfer area farther downstream. The application of local blowing at $\theta _{b}={\pm }41^{\circ }$ was particularly effective in increasing the vortex formation size due to reduced entrainment of fluid-bearing vorticity.

Group theoretic thermal analysis (GTTA) of Powell-Eyring fluid flow with Identical free stream (FS) and heated stretched porous (HSP) boundaries: AI Decisions

Artificial intelligence (AI) is used to study the thermal flow field for Powell-Eyring fluid model when free stream condition is the same as stretching at the surface. The temperature and concentration flow aspects are considered simultaneously. Both injection and suction processes are taken at surface. A mathematical model is constructed in terms of partial differential equations (PDEs). The theory of Lie symmetry is used to develop a scaling group of transformations (SGT). Later, SGT is used to reduce order of PDEs. The reduced equations are solved numerically by using shooting methodology. A neural networking model is constructed to predict skin friction coefficient (SFC) as a targeted value when Powell-Eyring and suction parameters are used as inputs. The SFC sample of 90 outcomes is separated into three bands namely training, validation, and testing with values 70% (62), 15% (14), and 15% (14), respectively. Ten neurons are taken in hidden layer. The neural networking model is trained by using Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation. In line with regression (R) and mean square error (MSE) analysis, it is observed that SFC shows higher magnitude for positive values of Powell-Eyring and suction parameters. For both the suction and injection parameters, the fluid velocity admits a direct relation.

The power-extraction regime of a figure-eight trajectory flapping-foil turbine

At specified Reynolds numbers Re=ρvc/μ=5×105, this study investigates the power-extraction regime of a flapping-foil turbine executing a figure-eight trajectory. This study thoroughly explored the impacts of trajectory shape, heave and pitch amplitudes, phase difference, and pitch axis location on the power-extraction regime of a flapping turbine. A figure-eight trajectory substantially bolsters the energy harvesting capacity, achieving a peak efficiency of up to 50%. This trajectory capitalizes on the energy generated from the drag encountered by the flapping foil, thereby marking a significant efficiency breakthrough. This could denote a considerable progression for flapping foils tailored for heave and pitch motions since the free stream can be optimally harnessed by the trajectory we have established. In scenarios where the flapping foil undergoes the same maximum effective angle of attack, a wake diffusion spectrum aligns with the Betz limit threshold. Crucially, the closeness to this efficiency frontier suggests a universal maximum effective angle of attack—a consistent law that remains valid for the conventional flapping turbine design. It implies that selections for stroke and pitch amplitudes should be methodical rather than arbitrary. In addition, the positioning of the pitch axis ought to be modified in tandem with phase difference adjustments to bolster the synchronization between heaving motions and resultant lift. The ideal phase difference is variable, contingent on pitch amplitude and pitch axis position. Even with low pitch amplitudes, fine-tuning the phase difference guarantees that the energy harvesting efficiency does not fall below 30%. Such an enhancement would significantly broaden the operational envelope and the parameter space for flapping turbines.

Separation-induced transition on a T106A blade under low and elevated free stream turbulence

The separation-induced transition on the suction surface of a T106A low pressure turbine blade is a complex phenomenon with implications for aerodynamic performance. In this numerical investigation, we explore an adverse pressure gradient-dominated flow subjected to varying levels of free stream excitation, as the underlying separation-induced transition is a critical factor in assessing blade profile loss. By comprehensively analyzing the effects of free stream turbulence (FST) on the transition process, we delve into the various mechanisms which govern the instabilities underlying bypass transition by studying the instantaneous enstrophy field. This involves solving the two-dimensional (2D) compressible Navier–Stokes equation through a series of numerical simulations, comparing a baseline flow to cases where FST with varying turbulent intensity (Tu=4% and 7%) is imposed at the inflow. Consistent with previous studies, the introduction of FST is observed to delay flow separation and trigger early transition. We explore the different stages of bypass transition, from the initial growth of disturbances (described by linear stability theory) to the emergence of unsteady separation bubbles that merge into turbulent spots (due to nonlinear interactions), by examining the vorticity dynamics. Utilizing the compressible enstrophy transport equation for the flow in a T106A blade passage, we highlight the various routes of bypass transition resulting from different levels of FST, emphasizing the relative contributions from baroclinicity, compressibility, and viscous terms.

Numerical implementation and verification of the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri cavitation model with the consideration of thermodynamic effect

In the world of pumps, turbopumps, and industrial applications, the absorption and release of latent heat in high-temperature zones play a pivotal role in the cavitation process. This phenomenon exerts a profound influence on system performance, especially when handling hot and cryogenic fluids, which are particularly susceptible to thermodynamic influences. The pressing need arises for a robust computational approach to address the intricacies of thermodynamic effects on cryogenic cavitation. The study at hand introduces a modification to the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri cavitation model, incorporating thermodynamic considerations to simulate quasi-steady cavitating flow around a NACA0015 hydrofoil. The SST k-ε turbulence model and homogeneous mass transfer cavitation model are employed to account for thermal effects, while the Clausius-Clapeyron equation is utilized to adjust the saturated vapor pressure within the cavitation model. Comparing the results with experimental data from Cervone et al. [1], especially in the thermal domain, reveals congruence in the estimated pressure and temperature drop (ΔT) within the cavity under varying free stream temperature conditions. Notably, thermodynamic effects exert a significant influence on cavitation dynamics during the phase-change process, potentially hindering or delaying cavitation in hot and cryogenic fluids. This enhanced cavitation model offers a marginally improved prediction of cavitation in water.

Film flow boiling of a magnetic fluid over a vertical plate exposed to a magnetic field under reduced gravity conditions

In this article, the film flow boiling over a vertical flat plate was studied numerically. The saturated liquid upward flow over a vertical flat plate with a uniform free stream velocity was considered. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) model was used for capturing the liquid-vapor interface. The effects of the wall superheat, the free stream velocity of hydrodynamics, and the heat transfer of the flow film boiling were studied in the absence and presence of a magnetic induction (MI). The results showed increased free stream velocity enhances the heat transfer coefficient (HTC). In addition, applying uniform MI results in a normal force at the liquid-vapor interface. This normal force enhances the local heat transfer coefficient (HTC) during film flow boiling on the heated vertical plate. Also, the percentage of HTC enhancement is higher when the magnetic field strength increases. Moreover, the heat transfer enhancement diminishes as the free stream velocity increases. Furthermore, an increase in the magnetic permeability ratios of the phases contributes to improving the HTC and increases the wall shear stress. The effect of the variation of the acceleration of gravity is also studied, revealing that a decrease in gravity’s acceleration actually slightly enhances HTC.

Turbulent heat flux and wall heat transfer in hypersonic turbulent boundary layers with wall disturbances

Hypersonic turbulence over disturbed walls can be encountered when the fuselage of the vehicles is ablated or installed with transpiration-cooling porous media, resulting in the variation of the wall heat transfer that complicates its accurate predictions. In this paper, we study the turbulent heat flux and wall heat transfer in hypersonic turbulent boundary layers at the free-stream Mach number of 6.0 subject to wall disturbances with different wall temperatures, with our focus on the compressibility effects. We found that the temperature fluctuation intensity and the turbulent heat flux are enhanced in the outer region, which is attributed to the higher mean temperature gradient induced by the wall disturbances. The solenoidal and dilatational components of the turbulent heat flux, obtained by the Helmholtz decomposition that splits the velocity fluctuations into the solenoidal and dilatational components, are of opposite signs, with the latter smaller in magnitude but showing the tendency of mitigating the former. The integration formula that decomposes the wall heat transfer into various physical processes reveals that the viscous dissipation generates the wall heat transfer, while the turbulent heat flux, work of pressure on dilatation and the mean flow convection transport it towards the free stream. The contribution of the dilatational motions to the viscous dissipation and turbulent heat flux is negligible compared with that of the solenoidal components.

Numerical Inspection of location, density ratio and turbulent kinetic energy of vortex generator in gas turbine blade film cooling application

Abstract Present numerical investigation proposes to mitigate the effects of Counter rotating vortex pair by employing vortex generator. The common-flow-down arrangement of delta winglet pair is preferred for this investigation. The investigation of suitable turbulence model has been studied. Numerical simulation has been carried out to investigate the effect of placement of vortex generator on the characteristics of film cooling effectiveness. Vortex generator located at upstream, downstream and both before, after and both before, after film cooling hole respectively. Result indicates that Vortex generator, located at up-stream of circular film cooling hole will yield better effectiveness. Reynolds number based on free stream velocity and film cooling-hole dimension is kept at 17000. Moreover consequence, in variation of blowing ratio (M = 0.5, 1, 1.5), density ratio (DR = 0.5, 1, 2), secondary flow velocity or jet velocity (uj) and T.K.E on cooling effectiveness has been investigated. Result shows that increment in M, uj and T.K.E responsible for decrement in cooling effectiveness. The results are compared with baseline case. It has been observed that numerical investigation implementing FLUENT commercial code adopting the k-omega SST turbulence model perform better.

Enhancing heat transfer in MHD Falkner's‐Skan flow with thermal radiation, free convection and dusty fluid between parallel plates

AbstractFalkner's‐Skan flows are one‐dimensional flows widely used in fluid dynamics and boundary layer theory. They optimize heat exchangers and cooling systems, enhance turbine and compressor blades in turbomachinery, and provide consistency and quality in semiconductor fabrication. Additionally, they assist in pollution management and environmental impact assessments. The variety of Falkner's‐Skan flows clarifies fluid flow phenomena and their practical applications. This article aims to explore the impact of surface temperature on the flow behavior of dusty fluid in Falkner's‐Skan flow. The study focuses on the flow of dust particles in a channel formed by two infinite parallel plates. The study assumes that the particles are round and uniformly dispersed in the fluid. Furthermore, the article takes into account the effect of radiation on the energy equation. With the findings of this study, we hope to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of Falkner's‐Skan flow and contribute to the development of effective strategies for managing the flow of dusty fluids. The right plate's movement at free stream velocity causes the fluid to flow. Partial differential equations are used to represent the behavior of the flow. The Poincare‐Light Hill Technique yields exact answers. Visual representations of the temperature and velocity curves show the effects of different factors. It is possible to create graphic pictures of the fluid and dust particles using Mathcad‐15. Furthermore, critical fluid characteristics for engineers, such as skin friction and heat transfer rate, are analyzed and tabulated. These evaluations include the heat transfer rate at the wedge surface and the influence of this enhancement on surface viscous drag forces.