Free Radical Scavenging Method Research Articles

Improved Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn) Fruit Juice Quality with Carboxymethyl Cellulose Extracted from Cassava Peel (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The utilization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) from cassava peel (Manihot esculenta Crantz) through the quality of Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn) juice was carried out through three stages. The first stage is α-cellulose isolation from cassava peel powder using an acid method and then comparing it with commercial cellulose using FTIR analysis. The second stage is an α-cellulose conversion into CMC by alkalization (using isopropanol and NaOH), carboxymethylation (using NaMCA), neutralization (using CH3COOH 90% and ethanol), purification (using distilled water followed by centrifugation and the addition of acetone which produces CMC with positive results), and then comparing isolated CMC with commercial CMC by using FTIR analysis. The last stage is Tamarillo fruit juice preparation with and without CMC addition. At this stage, the concentration of CMC was carried from 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, and 1.25%. The resultant juice was analyzed for its quality by stability (letting it stand for 24 hours), pH (with a pH meter), viscosity (with an Ostwald viscometer), vitamin C content (using the iodimetry method), antioxidant activity (using the free radical scavenging method with a solution and using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer), and organoleptic (tests on 30 untrained panellists). The best results were obtained from Tamarillo juice containing 1.25% CMC, which has 73% stability, pH 4.49, viscosity of 77.79 cP, vitamin C content of 25.32 mg/100 g and antioxidant activity of 59%. Organoleptic test results showed that fruit juice with the addition of 0.75% CMC was the most preferred result by panellists based on aroma, taste, texture, and color.

Chemical profile and biological properties of the essential oil of Rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)

Rosemary leaf essential oil (RoEO) is extracted using steam distillation. The aim of study is to determine physicochemical characteristics of essential oil (EO), such as acid/saponification/esterification index, relative/absolute density, freezing point, and fragrance retention. The chemical composition of EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method and identified 50 volatile compounds, of which α-Pinene (33.76%), 1,8-Cineole (18.47%), and Levoverbenone (6.11%) constituted the highest proportions in EO. The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the EO was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 425.473 mg/mL. In particular, antibacterial activity (AA) by the paper plate diffusion method for susceptibility testing to essential oil showed that RoEO strongly inhibited the growth of four tested bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli). Perhaps, it is possible to apply RoEO in the food industry and other fields owing to the good properties of RoEO.

Development of Coriander Honey loaded CeO2 for cyclic voltammetry, chemical sensor, dye purification, and antioxidant properties

BackgroundThe present study was involved the CH-doped CeO2 NPs using low-cost and environmental friendly like coriander honey (CH). Besides, CH-doped/CeO2 NPs was employed as sensor, electrochemical, and water treatment activities of the synthesized NPs. MethodsThe coriander honey was used as a supporting materials to synthsized CH-doped/CeO2 NPs by simple reflux method. Various spectroscopic techniques were used to analysed including UV-Vis, XRD, IR, SEM, and EDAX. Significant FindingsIt is exposed that was employed as the electrochemical analysis was performed using cyclic voltammetry with 3M KOH, which yielded a specific capacitance of 155.7 Fg−1 and proton diffusion coefficient results of about 1.89×10−4. The study also examined the composite material's sensing properties using some chemicals like mercury chloride, lead nitrate, and cow urine (gomutra) is an eco-friendly liquid, and found them to perform well within the oxidation and reduction potential range. Photocatalytic studies were conducted using methyl violet (MV) and Congo red (CR) dye, which showed a high degradation rate of 95.1 and 78.7%, respectively, demonstrating first-order kinetics with the coriander honey/CeO2 NPs composite. Finally, the antioxidant property of the composite material was tested using the free radical scavenging method with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), yielding an activity of 79.37% and an IC50 value of 5581.157mg/mL.

Valorization of Prunus Seed Oils: Fatty Acids Composition and Oxidative Stability.

Prunus fruit seeds are one of the main types of agri-food waste generated worldwide during the processing of fruits to produce jams, juices and preserves. To valorize this by-product, the aim of this work was the nutritional analysis of peach, apricot, plum and cherry seeds using the official AOAC methods, together with the extraction and characterization of the lipid profile of seed oils using GC-FID, as well as the measurement of the antioxidant activity and oxidative stability using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging method. Chemometric tools were required for data evaluation and the obtained results indicated that the main component of seeds were oils (30-38%, w). All seed oils were rich in oleic (C18:1n9c) and linoleic (C18:2n6c) acids and presented heart-healthy lipid indexes. Oil antioxidant activity was estimated in the range IC50 = 20-35 mg·mL-1, and high oxidative stability was observed for all evaluated oils during 1-22 storage days, with the plum seed oil being the most antioxidant and stable over time. Oxidative stability was also positively correlated with oleic acid content and negatively correlated with linoleic acid content. Therefore, this research showed that the four Prunus seed oils present interesting healthy characteristics for their use and potential application in the cosmetic and nutraceutical industries.

Dandelion flower-fabricated Ag nanoparticles versus synthetic ones with characterization and determination of photocatalytic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities

In the present work, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were fabricated through the dandelion flower hydroalcoholic extract, and their properties were characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV visible, SEM, and EDX. The results demonstrated that the average diameter of the green fabricated AgNPs is 45–55 nm (G-AgNPs). The antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and photocatalytic properties of G-AgNPs were compared with two commercially available different diameter sizes (20 and 80–100 nm) of AgNPs (C-AgNPs1- and C-AgNPs2, respectively). The sample's capacity for antioxidants was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging method. The consequences showed that G-AgNPs have higher radical scavenging activity (47.8%) than C-AgNPs2 (39.49%) and C-AgNPs1 (33.91%). To investigate the photocatalytic property, methylene blue dye was used. The results displayed that G-AgNPs is an effective photo-catalyst compared to C-AgNPs2 and C-AgNPs1, which respectively have an inhibition potential of 75.22, 51.94, and 56.65%. Also, the antimicrobial capacity of nanoparticles was assayed against, the gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results indicated that G-AgNPs could effectively inhibit the growth of both bacteria, compared to C-AgNPs1 and C-AgNPs2. Finally, G-AgNPs exhibited a considerable α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory effect (88.37%) in comparison with C-AgNPs1 (61.7%) and C-AgNPs2 (50.5%).

Cobalt oxide-chitosan based nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and their potential pharmaceutical applications

This research aimed to prepare, characterize, and investigate the biological efficacy of chitosan‑cobalt (II) oxide hybrid nanocomposites against a variety of micrograms. Analytical methods, FTIR, SEM, XRD, and EDX, were utilized to thoroughly characterize the produced CS-CoO nanocomposite. In FTIR spectra, the presence of the chitosan peaks in addition to that of CoO at 681 and 558 cm−1 confirmed that CoO molecules interact with the chitosan backbone. Moreover, in the XRD measurements, significantly less chitosan crystallinity was observed. Due to the incorporation of a larger amount of cobalt oxide within the polymer matrix. Applying the Debye-Sherrer calculation, the crystallite size was obviously reduced from 48.24 nm (5 wt %) to 19.27 nm (20 wt %) for the obtained nanocomposites. Furthermore, SEM measurements showed a transformation in the chitosan surface with the physical adsorption of CoO molecules on the surface active sites of chitosan that were visible in SEM graphs. Additionally, EDX determined the amount of Co element within the chitosan, with the sample of 20 wt % weight being found to be 19.26 wt %. The variable dose well-diffusion method was utilized to assess the efficacy of the CS-Co nanocomposite against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. CS − CoO nanocomposite is more effective than chitosan alone as an antibacterial agent against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the MTT approach was employed to measure the cytotoxicity based on the cell viability of different cancer cell lines under different UV expositions. The proportion of the destroyed cells elevated due to the easy diffusion of CS − CoO nanocomposite into cancer cells as UV-free anticancer activity. UV exposition has stimulated the anticancer activity, which was attributed to an increase in ROS generation caused by the increased dose of the chitosan and its CS − CoO nanocomposites. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacities of the prepared nano-composites thin films were validated using the DPPH free radical scavenging method and showed good antioxidant activities with the DPPH radical compared with standard vitamin C. It has been noticed that by increasing the content of CoO nanoparticles from 5 to 20 wt %, the biological activity of the prepared nanocomposites was enhanced.

Indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C): Inhibition Effect on Monoamine Oxidase A (MAO‐A), Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO‐B) and Cholinesterase Enzymes, Antioxidant Capacity and Molecular Docking Study

AbstractMonoamine oxidase A and B (MAO‐A and MAO‐B) isoenzymes play key roles in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), arising from dopamine metabolism defects. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalyzes acetylcholine (ACh) metabolism, linked to AD. This study investigated indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C) for in vitro inhibition on AChE, BChE, MAO‐A, and MAO‐B. In inhibition studies, I3C showed potent inhibitory potential against AChE and BChE enzymes (IC50 values of 239.29 μM and 21.51 μM, respectively). Corresponding Ki values were 243.52 μM for AChE and 2.78 μM for BChE, indicating significant inhibitory activity. Additionally, I3C effectively inhibited MAO‐A and MAO‐B enzymes (IC50 values of 19.52 μM and 40.05 μM, respectively). Its antioxidant and radical scavenging capabilities were assessed using various methods, including Fe3+‐Fe2+ reducing capacity, cupric ion (Cu2+) reduction by Cuprac method, reducing capacity by FRAP method, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl free radical (DPPH⋅) scavenging method, and 2,2'‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS⋅+) scavenging. I3C showed potent inhibitory effects on AChE, BChE, MAO‐A, and MAO‐B enzymes. Additionally, I3C displayed a strong antioxidant capacity, suggesting its therapeutic potential as an antioxidant agent. Molecular docking simulations provided insights into I3C′s interactions with the target enzymes, informing the design of novel therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases.

Metabolomic and antioxidant potential analyses of the rhizome and leaves of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle: A comparative account

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (Berberidaceae), a high valued medicinal plant with Podophyllotoxin as a pharmacologically active compound. The present study aimed to understand the variability in metabolomic and antioxidant potential of the rhizome and leaves extracts of P. hexandrum. The secondary metabolites from the rhizome and leaves were extracted, quantified and identified using various methods viz. soxhlet reflux extraction method, Folin–Ciocalteu method (λmax 765 nm), Aluminum chloride-colorimetric method (λmax 415 nm), GC-MS and LC-QTOF-HRMS techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, hydroxyl radical scavenging method, superoxide anion scavenging method, hydrogen peroxide scavenging method and reducing power method. Among the different solvent extracts, the methanolic extract of the rhizome exhibited the highest total phenolic content (164.39 ± 2.92 μg/mL), while the hexane extract showed the lowest content (69.4 ± 2.8 μg/mL). The total flavonoid content was highest in all rhizome extracts compared to the leaf extracts. The GC-MS analysis reported various therapeutic important compound and most of the compound were reported in the rhizome extract. The pharmacologically active compound Podophyllotoxin was only reported in the rhizome extract. Similar to GC-MS analysis, the LC-QTOF-HRMS also reported maximum number of compounds in the rhizome extract. The methanolic extract demonstrated the best antioxidant activity in all the assays conducted. Furthermore, the rhizome displayed the highest antioxidant activity, which can be attributed to its higher polyphenolic content.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of different parts of Prunella vulgaris by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and UPLC

Prunellae Spica is the dried spica of Prunella vulgaris belonging to Labiatae and it is widely used in pharmaceutical and general health fields. As a traditional Chinese medicine cultivated on a large scale, it produces a large amount of non-medicinal parts, which are discarded because they are not effectively used. To analyze the chemical constituents in the different samples from spica, seed, stem, and leaf of P. vulgaris, and explore the application value and development prospect of these parts, this study used ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupoles time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) to detect chemical constituents in different parts of P. vulgaris. As a result, 117 compounds were detected. Among them, 87 compounds were identified, including 32 phenolic acids, 8 flavonoids, and 45 triterpenoid saponins. Some new triterpenoid saponins containing the sugar chain with 4-6 sugar units were found. Further, multivariate statistical analysis was conducted on BPI chromatographic peaks of multiple batches of different parts, and the results showed that spica had the most abundant chemical constituents, including salviaflaside and linolenic acid highly contained in the seed and phenolic acids, flavonoids, and triterpenoid saponins in the stem and leaf. In general, the constituents in the spica were composed of those in the seed, stem, and leaf. UPLC was used to determine the content of 6 phenolic acids(danshensu, protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, caffeic acid, salviaflaside, and rosmarinic acid) in different parts. The content of other phenolic acids in the seed was generally lower than that in the spica except that of salviaflaside. The content of salviaflaside in the spica was higher than that in the stem and leaf, but the content of other phenolic acids in the spica was not significantly different from that in the stem. The content of protocatechuic aldehyde and caffeic acid in the spica was lower than that in the leaf. DPPH free radical scavenging method was used to detect the antioxidant activity of four parts, and there was no significant difference in the antioxidant activity between the spica and the stem and leaf, but that was significantly higher than the seed. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of these parts was correlated with the content of total phenolic acids. Based on the above findings, the stem and leaf of P. vulgaris have potential application value. Considering the traditional medication rule, it is feasible to use the whole plant as a medicine. Alternatively, salviaflaside, occurring in the seed, can be used as a marker compound for the quality evaluation of Prunellae Spica, if only using spica as the medicinal part of P. vulgaris, as described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition).

Designing of some novel Pd(II), Ni(II) and Fe(III) complexes: Synthesis, structural elucidation, biomedical applications, DFT and docking approaches against Covid-19

A new class of bio-active Pd(II), Ni(II) and Fe(III) complexes [Pd(L)(COOCH3)2](H2O)2, [Ni(L)2(NO3)2](H2O), and [Fe(L)2(NO3)2](NO3)(H2O)2 have been constituted by utilizing the guanidine-based ligand (BSG) = N-Benzothiazol-2-yl-guanidine. The micro-analytical results of the structural characteristics were validated by UV-Visible, FT-IR, 1H-13C NMR, elemental analysis, molar conductance, TGA, mass spectral, XRD data and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The Ni(II) and Fe(III) metal chelates depicted an octahedral geometry, while the Pd(II) metal chelate display an square planar geometry. The optimized molecular structures have been scrutinized by DFT method. In vitro anticancer activities of the BSG, Pd(II), Ni(II) and Fe(III) metal chelates were evaluated on HCT-116 colon cancer cells, HepG-2 hepatic cellular carcinoma cells, and MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells and biocompatibility characteristics were determined by using the Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. According to the findings of the study, Pd(II) metal chelates showed considerable anticancer properties in the breast carcinoma MCF-7 cancer cells. The antioxidant capacities of metal complexes were validated using the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The complexes have good antioxidant activities with the DPPH radical. Also, the synthesized products were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against bacterial organisms including (S. marcescence, M. luteus, and E. coli) in addition to fungi (A. flavus, C. candidum, and F. oxysporum). Among all the evaluated compounds, it was found that BSGPd possessed remarkable antibacterial activity toward M. luteus and antifungal activity toward G. candidum. The demonstrated acceptable bioactivities for several of these compounds support the basic design concept of integrating essential bioactive patterns for potential therapeutic benefit. Furthermore, a molecular docking (an in silico approach) study was performed with 7BQY to check the activity of the investigated compounds against COVID-19

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Thrombolytic and Membrane Stabilizing Activities of Canna indica L. Leaves (Family: Cannaceae)

Canna indica L., a perennial plant known as Indian shot and African arrowroot, is a member of the family Cannaceae. Historically, this plant was used to treat menstrual cramps, diarrhea and dysentery. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities of the methanol extract of C. indica leaf and its organic soluble fractions. The DPPH free radical scavenging method and the total phenolic content determination were utilized to evaluate the antioxidant capacity, whereas the brine shrimp lethality bioassay was implemented to study the cytotoxic potential. The ability of the extractives to prevent the hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) in response to the application of heat and hypotonic solutions was used to estimate of their membrane stabilizing potential. In all of these experiments, the methanolic leaf extract (ME) displayed moderate activity, while the petroleum ether soluble fraction (PSF) and the dichloromethane soluble fraction (DSF) demonstrated the most promising antioxidant and cytotoxic activities among the extractives. However, the strongest thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities were observed by the chloroform soluble fraction (CSF). Additional research may be necessary to determine which phytoconstituents are most likely to be responsible for the aforementioned qualities. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 26(2): 162-166, 2023 (July)

Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Chinese Petai Peel (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) Using DPPH (1,1-diphenil-2-picrylhydrazyl) Method

The Chinese petai plant (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) has been used in various systems of traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases in humans. The Chinese petai plant (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) contains antioxidant secondary metabolites that can inhibit oxidation reactions by binding to free radicals and highly reactive molecules. The purpose of this study was to determine the class of chemical compounds contained in the ethanol extract of Chinese petai peel and the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Chinese petai peel (EEKPC). The stages of this research included: collection and processing of simplicia; preparation of the extract by maceration with 70% ethanol; characterization test of simplicia powder; phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of petai cina; antioxidant activity test of EEKPC using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazyl) free radical scavenging method using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 516 nm. The results of the phytochemical screening examination of Chinese Petai Peel Ethanol Extract (EEKPC) contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids. The results of measuring the antioxidant activity of EEKPC showed strength in the "strong" category with an IC50 value of 91.0189 μg/ml.

Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant potential of Melia. Azedarach linn. and Psidium guajava linn. Leaf extracts

The present study is intended to evaluate and analyze in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidative activities of leaf extracts of Melia azedarach Linn (M. azedarach L.) and Psidium guajava Linn (P. guajava L.). In-vitro antibacterial activity was measured using agar well diffusion assay against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains. In-vitro antioxidant activity was estimated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. Among both plants high minimum inhibitory concentration values are observed with P. guajava L. ethanol extract at 47.6µg/ml for S. aureus and 43.7µg/ml for P. aeruginosa, respectively. The results revealed that 20µg/ml ethanol extracts of P. guajava L. exhibited the highest radical % scavenging activity (76.24%) succeeded by methanol extracts (72.78%), respectively indicating they are effective solvents to extract phenolic compounds. We demonstrated that for both bacterial strains, ethanol followed by methanol extracts showed significant antibacterial activity in P. guajava L.in dose dependent manner indicating the presence of high flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. Our results revealed that both plants are vital reservoirs of phytochemicals with both antibacterial and antioxidant capacities.

In vitro assessment of the antioxidative, toxicological and antimicrobial properties of battery of parabens

The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidative features using 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH•) scavenging method, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-binding properties with usage of spectrofluorimetric method, proliferative and cyto/genotoxic status by use of chromosome aberration test, and antimicrobial potential using broth microdilution method, followed by resazurin assay of benzyl-, isopropyl-, isobutyl and phenylparaben in vitro. Our results showed that all parabens had significant antiradical scavenger activity compared to p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) precursor. Higher mitotic index for benzyl-, isopropyl and isobutylparaben (250 µg/mL) in comparison with control was demonstrated. An increase in the frequency of acentric fragments in lymphocytes treated with benzylparaben and isopropylparaben (125 and 250 µg/mL), and isobutylparaben (250 µg/mL) was observed. Isobutylparaben (250 µg/mL) induced higher number of dicentric chromosomes. An increased number of minute fragments in lymphocytes exposed to benzylparaben (125 and 250 µg/mL) was found. A significant difference in the frequency of chromosome pulverization, between phenylparaben (250 µg/mL) and control, was detected. Benzylparaben (250 µg/mL) and phenylparaben (62.5 µg/mL) caused an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, while isopropylparaben (62.5, 125 and 250 µg/mL) and isobutylparaben (62.5 and 125 µg/mL) induced higher frequency of necrosis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tested parabens ranged 15.62–250 µg/mL for bacteria, and 125–500 µg/mL for the yeast. Minimum microbiocidal concentration ranged 31.25 to 500 µg/mL, and 250 to 1000 µg/mL in bacteria and fungi respectively. The lowest MICs for bacteria were observed for phenyl- (15.62 µg/mL) and isopropylparaben (31.25 µg/mL) against Enterococcus faecalis.

Chemical Components and Antioxidant Activity of Geotrigona sp. and Tetragonisca fiebrigi Stingless Bee Cerumen Reduce Juglone-Induced Oxidative Stress in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Cerumen is a bee product produced exclusively by stingless bees, resulting from a mixture of beeswax and plant resins. The antioxidant activity of bee products has been investigated since oxidative stress is associated with the onset and progression of several diseases that can lead to death. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of cerumen produced by the Geotrigona sp. and Tetragonisca fiebrigi stingless bees, in vitro and in vivo. The chemical characterization of cerumen extracts was performed by HPLC, GC, and ICP OES analyses. The in vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH• and ABTS•+ free radical scavenging methods, and in human erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress with AAPH. In vivo, the antioxidant potential was evaluated in Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes subjected to oxidative stress with juglone. Both cerumen extracts presented phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and metallic minerals in their chemical constitution. The cerumen extracts showed antioxidant activity by capturing free radicals, reducing lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes, and reducing oxidative stress in C. elegans, observed by the increase in viability. The results obtained indicate that cerumen extracts from Geotrigona sp. and Tetragonisca fiebrigi stingless bees may be promising against oxidative stress and associated diseases.

Evaluation of Adulteration, Caffeine Content, and Antioxidant Activity in Different Black Tea Brands

Tea established as a refreshing stimulant beverage rich in caffeine, sugars, lipids, and aromatic substances demonstrates a wide variation in the quality depending on the type of brand. In this study, five different black tea market brand samples collected from the local market were evaluated for adulterants, caffeine content, and antioxidant activity. Based on the laboratory tests, artificial colors, azo colours, and sand was detected in 80% of tea samples. Caffeine content was determined by the chloroform method. The tea samples exhibited a wide range of antioxidant activity (3.29±1.03 to 15.96±1.2) assayed by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. These investigations could go a long way in promoting the production of quality foodstuff in the larger interest of consumers.

Study of specific activities of phenolic compounds produced from Fungi Pleurotus Ostreatus and Agaricus Bisporus

Specific activities of phenolic compounds produced from the fruiting bodies of the fungi PO and AB (the locally produced strain in Iraq) obtained from the Department of Plant Protection - Department of Organic Agriculture - Baghdad - Iraq were studied. Then, the phenolic compounds were determined after cleaning, drying and grinding the fruiting bodies. The alcoholic extract of the two fungi was prepared by adding 0.2 g of fruiting bodies powder per (1) ml of 98% ethyl alcohol, where the mixture was filtered, concentrated and kept in the refrigerator until use. The aqueous extract was prepared by adding 25 g of fruiting bodies powder per 500 ml of boiled distilled water. Similarly, the mixture was mixed, filtered and stored in the refrigerator until use. The study findings confirmed the existence of significant differences at the probability level (P ˂ 0.05) for the alcoholic and aqueous extracts and for the fungi in the content of phenolic compounds. Conversely, the reducing power was increased by increasing the concentrations prepared for the extracts prepared from the two fungi under study. The free radical scavenging method DPPH was used to estimate the antioxidant activity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts and of the fungi PO and AB. Thus, the results showed the superiority of ethyl acetate extract compared to the other used solvents. Keywords: Edible fungi, phenolic compounds, reducing power, free radical scavenging.

Phytochemical Profiling and Invitro Antioxidant Potential of Clitoria ternatea Linn seeds.

Clitoria ternatea commonly known as Butterfly pea is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is used in ayurvedic medicine because of its multipotent bioactive molecules. All parts of the plant have medicinal properties and are used for hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, antifungal, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The present study was aimed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening and invitro antioxidant potential of Clitoria ternatea seed extracts. For phytochemical profiling ethanol and aqueous solvents were used to detect the various compounds. In aqueous extract of C. ternatea Saponins, Qinines, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Cardiac Glycoside Phenols and Anthocyanin were present. In ethanolic extract Quinines, Flavonoids, Cardiac Glycoside, Terpenoids, Phenols, Coumarin and Betacyanin were present. The presence of different phytocompounds in the plant extracts are responsible for the various pharmacological properties. The antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method. The seed extracts of C.ternatea showed strong antioxidant activity. The presence of significant amount of phytochemicals, phenolic and flavonoid contents in the seeds are responsible for the in vitro antioxidant activity of Clitoria ternatea. The study concluded that the Clitoria ternatea seeds could be a potential source of natural antioxidants for pharmacological preparations which can be used to prevent the oxidative stress related degenerative diseases.

Phytochemical Characterization of Hydroponic Naked Barley, Analysis of Antioxidant Potential

Background: In the present quantitative and qualitative study, to compare the new variety of naked barley with other cereals (durum wheat, commun wheat, coated barley). Regarding the richness in phytonutrients including mainly flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins condensed in a hydroponic culture. Methods: The experiment was conducted in Laboratory of life sciences and techniques, Souk Ahras University in Algeria during 2019-2022. The antioxidant power was tested according to the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The results obtained from the quantitative study of methanolic extracts show that varieties rich in tannins and flavonoids have a significant antioxidant activity than a variety rich only in total polyphenols. Qualitative studies based on HPLC of these compounds allow us to visualize phenolic traces of our extracts, this analysis showed that our extracts mainly contain flavonoids of the flavone and flavonol type, potentially interesting for their biological properties. Result: The results reported the existence of a very highly significant difference (P less than 0.001) between IC50 of the new variety Chaiir Ennabi (Naked Barley) compared to ascorbic acid, which shows a lower antioxidant activity of this variety.Barley variety Barbarous (coated barley) had the highest antioxidant activities and the highest contents of phenolic compounds.

Physical properties and pharmacological applications of Co3O4, CuO, NiO and ZnO nanoparticles.

Nano materials have found developing interest in biogenic approaches in the present times. In this study, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as cobalt oxide (Co3O4), copper oxide (CuO), nickel oxide (NiO) and zinc oxide (ZnO), were synthesized using a convenient and rapid method. The structural features of synthesized metal oxide NPs were studied using various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR and EDX. The characterization results confirmed that the prepared NPs possess highly pure, unique and crystalline geometry with size ranging between 10 and 20nm. The synthesized nanoparticles were successfully employed for pharmacological applications. Enzyme inhibition potential of NPs was evaluated against the urease and tyrosinase enzymes. The percent inhibition for the urease enzyme was observed as 80 to 90% by using Co3O4, CuO, NiO and ZnO NPs while ZnO NPs were found to have best anti-urease and anti-tyrosinase activities. Moreover, effective inhibition was observed in the case of ZnO NPs at IC50 values of 0.0833 and 0.1732 for urease and tyrosinase enzymes which were comparable to reference drugs thiourea and kojic acid. The lower the IC50 value, higher the free radical scavenging power. Antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging method was found moderately high for the synthesized metal oxide NPs while best results were obtained for Co3O4 and ZnO NPs as compared to the standard ascorbic acid. Antimicrobial potential was also evaluated via the disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. CuO NPs show a better zone of inhibition at 20 and 27mm by using both methods. This study proves that the novel metal oxide NPs can compete with the standard materials used in the pharmacological studies nowadays.