Free Radical Scavenging Method Research Articles

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of <i>Pseudocedrela kotschyi</i> Schweinf Harms (Meliaceae) and <i>Strophanthus sarmentosus</i> DC (Apocynaceae)

Medicinal plants often have secondary metabolites that possess some antioxidant properties, which could provide protection for living organisms from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), with concomitant lipid peroxidation, and DNA strand breaking because of their redox properties. The aim of this work was the phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant activity of Pseudocedrela kotschyi (PK) Schweinf Harms and Strophanthus sarmentosus (SS) DC. Plants were collected, identified and authenticated using standard procedures. The phytochemical screening of the medicinal plants was carried out using the standard official methods. The antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method as described by Brand-Williams and co-workers with a slight modification. The probit analysis graph pad prism 7 software was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that flavonoids, tannins and saponins are more abundant in PK-L (leaf) than PK-B (bark) whereas alkaloids and cardiac glycosides are more in SS-R (root) and SS-L. The IC 50 of the extracts were 7.94, 14.96, 50.11 and 251.20 μg/ml for (PK-B > PK-L>SS-L>SS-R) respectively, thus indicating activity resides more in the bark and leaf of Pseudocedrela kotschyi than the Strophanthus sarmentosus . Furthermore, the IC 50 of PK-B (7.94 μg/ml) has a higher activity compared to the standard, rutin (10.00 μg/ml). Thus, Pseudocedrela kotschyi is a potential source of active constituents that could be used in further drug development. Keywords: Medicinal plants; Phytochemicals screening; Antioxidant; Free radical scavenging; Tarok people

Subcritical hydrolysis of ice-cream wastewater: Modeling and functional properties of hydrolysate

The hydrolysis kinetics of ice-cream wastewater was studied under subcritical conditions (130–230°C and 20–60bar) in a continuous stirred-tank reactor. The kinetic was monitored by measuring the degree of hydrolysis (DH, %) at different time intervals (up to 240min). Samples of ice-cream wastewater were collected from the university dairy plant after a typical clean-in-place protocol. Overall, the reaction time and temperature significantly increased the DH, reaching a maximum value of 40.99±0.81, 34.44±0.47, 20.61±0.42, and 5.74±0.36% after 200–240min at 130, 170, 200 and 230°C, respectively. The experimental data were modeled using the Weibull distribution model showing a satisfactory correlation between experimental data and predicted values (R2=0.971). The apparent activation energy for subcritical hydrolysis was 37.53±5.21kJmol−1. After 240min of reaction, the hydrolyzates were recovered, and their antiradical ability was measured through free radical scavenging (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Additionally, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory ability was determined. The inhibition of a free radical was found to increase linearly with the DH (R2=0.991). The hydrolysate recovered at 230°C showed the highest ACE-inhibitory ability (98.0±1.6%). The study outcomes present an opportunity for utilizing subcritical hydrolysis to convert wastewater into valuable materials.

Biopolymer from Adenanthera pavonina L. Seeds: Characterization, Photostability, Antioxidant Activity, and Biotoxicity Evaluation

Plant polysaccharides have been increasingly employed in the pharmaceutical, industrial, and food environments due to their versatile functional properties. In the present investigation, a heteropolysaccharide galactomannan (GAP) was extracted from Adenanthera pavonina L. seeds and characterized by physicochemical analyses to determine its thermal properties, photostability, antioxidant activity, and acute toxicity. GAP was characterized by FTIR, DSC, and TG. The photostability of GAP submitted to artificial UV irradiation was analyzed. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical-scavenging method, while a bioassay method was carried out to study acute toxicity in Artemia salina L. Physical-chemical and functional characteristics of GAP support its potential role in the food and pharmaceutical industries. GAP was photostable under UV irradiation. In vitro GAP antioxidant evaluation showed that it bears free radical-scavenging activity for DPPH radicals. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of GAP was 239.4 mg∙mL−1, indicating that this biopolymer is nontoxic. Such results indicate that this biopolymer presents characteristics of neutrality, photostability, and nontoxicity that are commercially attractive.

In-vitro evaluation of cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of drugs solubilized in EO-PO star block copolymer micelles.

Self-assembly of a biocompatible, nontoxic, commercially available star shaped polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide block copolymer, Tetronics®1107 (mol. wt. = 15000, % ethylene oxide = 70, and HLB 18-23) in aqueous solution was examined using surface tension, fluorescence, viscosity, cloud point and dynamic light scattering. The copolymer being very hydrophilic shows poor surface activity and forms thermo-, pH and salt responsive nanosize core-shell micelles above critical micellization temperatures. These micelles showed markedly enhanced solubilization of hydrophobic drugs curcumin and quercetin. In vitro antioxidant activities (by free radical scavenging, reducing capacity and superoxide anion radical scavenging methods) and cytotoxicity (against CHO-K1 cell line) showed desirable properties in micellar drugs as compared to free one and similar cytotoxic effects were observed for free as well as micellar drugs. This suggests T1107 as promising tool for drug delivery.

Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of the extract from pigment-producing fungi isolated from Brazilian caves

Abstract Few studies have been carried out on the biotechnological potential of microorganisms growing inside caves. Fungi are found in several environments and are sources of metabolites that present biological activities and can be used for industrial purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of extract from pigment-producing fungi isolated from Brazilian caves. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the free radical scavenging methods 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS•+) assays and the β-carotene-linoleic acid system, while the content of total phenolic compounds was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Eight fungal isolates were selected based on their pigment production in solid culture media. The ethyl acetate extract of the Penicillium flavigenum CML2965 was highlighted among the analyzed extracts, exhibiting 98.2%, 47.1%, and 72.2% of antioxidant activity according to the DPPH and ABTS•+ methods and β-carotene system assay, respectively. In addition, the total phenolic compound content in the extract was 201 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g. The phenolic compounds gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and vanillin were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The high concentration of phenolic compounds, especially gallic acid (11.9 g/L), contributed to the antioxidant activity observed in the extract of P. flavigenum (CML2965). Therefore, this fungus shows biotechnological potential for the synthesis of gallic acid, which has several applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Screening of the most consumed beverages and spices for their bioactive non-nutrient contents

The present research emphasizes on the bioactive non-nutrient components of the frequently consumed food products daily. The most popular beverages (instant, filter and Turkish coffee, green, black, sage, apple, rosehip, linden and fennel tea infusions) and herbal spices (cinnamon thyme, cumin, mint, sweet pepper, chili pepper, sumac, black pepper and clove) were investigated to evaluate the antioxidant capacities of the samples. Amount of total biophenols (TB) and total flavonoids (TF) were measured by Folin–Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. CUPRAC (The cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay and DPPH (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method were applied to determine the antioxidant activity (AA) of the products. Antimicrobial analyses of the samples were also conducted based on in vitro study. Furthermore, the main biophenol of each sample was identified through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The outcome of the present study will be a useful guidance for the researchers looking for the health benefits of these daily consumed food products.

Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Adipogenic Potential of Quercetin Rich Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Prunus persica

Background: Diabetes mellitus is enfeebling threatening diseases with continuously increasing rates of incidence and mortality and it may rise tremendously by 2025. Objective: Quercetin rich ethyl acetate fraction (PP-EtOA) of leaves of Prunus persica was evaluated for antidiabetic, anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic activities. Material and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and normalglycemic rat models were investigated at the doseof 100 and 200 mg/kg,p.o. of PP-EtOA. Results: At 200 mg/kg, significant anti-hyperglycaemic activity(p<0.05) was observed in all the rat models. In STZ induced diabetic rat model, improvement in body weight and lipid profile was also observed.DPPH (2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method showed dose dependent scavenging. Preadipocyte differentiation assay (3T3-L1) showed significant inhibition of differentiation. HPLC fingerprinting analysis of fraction was also performed. Conclusion: PP-EtOA possesses potent free radical scavenging property. Its antihyperglycemic and antiadipogenic activities may be due to quercetin (flavonoid) and may prove to be effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and diabetes driven dyslipidemic conditions.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN SIFAT ORGANOLEPTIK TEH HERBAL CAMPURAN DAGING BUAH PARE (MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L.) DAN KULIT BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus Lemairei (HOOK.) BRITTON &amp; ROSE)

Herbal tea is a herbal mixture made from flowers, leaves, seeds and or roots of various plants. Some of herbal tea consumed for adds energizing, help relaxation, overcome digestive problems and also strengthen the immune system. Research on antioxidant activity and organoleptic characteristic mixflesh of bitter melon fruit (Momordica charantia L.) and red dragon fruit skin (Hylocereus lemairei (Hook.) britton &amp; rose) herbal tea has been done. The objective of this research was to make a herbal tea formulation that has a high antioxidant activity and is preferred from a mixture of bitter melon fruitand red dragon fruit skin that has been dried at 50-60°C. The antioxidant activity were measured by free radical scavenging method with DPPH; whereas organoleptic test was measured by hedonik method. The results of 5 formulas indicate that antioxidant activity is the highest in FIII formula that has the most content of bitter melon fruit. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey method at 99% confidence level. The herbal tea formulation of a coarse powder mixture of 1.75 g of bitter melon fruit and a coarse powder of 0.25 g red dragon fruit showed the highest antioxidant activity with percent inhibition of 98,249% and preferably with the likes after adding 30 mL of honey.

UHPLC-MS Metabolome Fingerprinting: The Isolation of Main Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of the Andean Species Tetraglochin ameghinoi (Speg.) Speg.

The seriated extracts of petroleum ether (PE-E), dichloromethane (DCM-E) and methanol extracts (MeOH-E) from the aerial parts of the native South American plant Tetraglochin ameghinoi (Rosaceae), were evaluated regarding their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by free radical scavenging methods (DPPH and TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and lipoperoxidation in erythrocytes (LP), while the antibacterial activity was performed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The chemical and biological analyses of this plant are very important since this bush is currently used in traditional medicine as a cholagogue and digestive. The polar MeOH-E showed the highest antioxidant activities (17.70 µg/mL in the DPPH assay, 381.43 ± 22.38 mM TE/g extract in the FRAP assay, 387.76 ± 91.93 mg TE/g extract in the TEAC assay and 93.23 + 6.77% in the LP assay) and it was selected for chromatographic isolation of its components. These components were found to be four acetophenones, including the new phloracetophenone glucoside: 4′,6′,-dihydroxy-2′-O-(6″-acetyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylacetophenone or IUPAC name: (6-(2-acetyl-3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl acetate, whose structure was elucidated by NMR and MS methods. In addition, twenty-six compounds, including five of these acetophenone derivatives, two sugars, six flavonoids, eleven phenolic acids and two triterpenes, were identified based on UHPLC-OT-MS and PDA analysis on the MeOH-E. The results support the medicinal use of the plant.

Evaluation of in Vitro Anti-Oxidant Activity and Phytochemical Studies Carried out for Melia Azedarach Leaf Extracts

Investigation of phytochemical and biological activities was performed by Antioxidant (DPPH, H2O2, Nitric oxide) free radical scavenging methods against three gradient polarity solvents extracts of leaves of Melia azaradach Linn with different concentrations. MA species of three different assay (DPPH, H2O2, Nitric oxide) of anti-oxidant activity were showed to be IC50 values of 20.14, 35.98, 36.43 with methanolic extract of leaves were have higher concentration possess more antioxidant potential than MALEoC IC50 42.85, 54.18, 30.56 and MALEoH IC50 values of 44.68, 52.71, 48.05 when compare to reference standard ascorbic acid IC50 values of 17.87, 18.91, 25.83. They exhibited strong antioxidant DPPH, H2O2, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activities with IC50 value reference ascorbic acid, MALoME, MALoCE and MALoHE respectively. Phytoconstituents like carbohydrates, flavonoids, proteins, saponins and tannins etc. An antioxidant activity of methanol extract could be due to the presence of flavonoids and phenols. The results suggest that methanol and chloroform extracts from leaf melia azedarach tree have strong antioxidant potential.

Italian Opuntia ficus-indica Cladodes as Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds with Health-Promoting Properties.

Natural by-products, especially phenolic compounds, are in great demand by the nutra-pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. An analytical study was performed to investigate, for the first time, the presence of antioxidant constituents and the corresponding in vitro antioxidant activity in the extract of cladodes from Ficodindia di San Cono (Opuntia ficus-indica) protected designation of origin (PDO). The cladode extracts were analysed for target determination of selected constituents, i.e., β-polysaccharides and total phenolic content. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts was assessed by means of two different methods: α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. An untargeted UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS profiling approach was used to depict the phenolic profile of hydro-alcoholic cladode extracts. Interestingly, over 2 g/kg of polyphenols were detected in this matrix, and these compounds were mainly responsible for the antioxidant properties, as shown by the strong correlation between phenolic classes and antioxidant scores. Finally, this study provides basic information on the presence of bioactive compounds and in vitro antioxidant activities in cladode extracts from cactus that might recommend their novel applications at the industrial level in the field of nutraceutical products.

Chemical composition and in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia L. leaves grown in Eastern Oman.

ObjectivesThis study investigated the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil isolated from the aerial parts of Citrus aurantifolia L.MethodsFresh Citrus aurantifolia L. leaves were collected from farms in Sur city, located in the Al-Sharqia (Eastern) region of the Sultanate of Oman, during June–July of 2015. The essential oil was isolated using hydrodistillation. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to identify and quantify the chemical constituents of the oil. An in-vitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method was used to determine the antioxidant activity of the isolated oil from the lime leaves while a disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.ResultsThirty-three chemical compounds were identified, with d-limonene (63.35%) forming the major constituent. Other prominent constituents include 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol (7.07%), geraniol (6.23%), E-citral (4.35%), Z-citral (3.29%), and β-ocimene (2.25%). The essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia L. leaves showed excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and moderate activity against pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. The oil exhibited promising in-vitro antioxidant activity (IC50 value = 21.57 μg/mL) but showed moderate antibacterial activities.ConclusionsThe essential oil from Omani lime leaves is characterized by a high d-limonene content, making it useful for food, pharmaceutical, and perfumery industries.

Chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of Heracleum persicum essential oil

ABSTRACT In this study essential oil of the aerial parts of Heracleum persicum a spice widely used in Iran was isolated by conventional hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) techniques. The extraction yield was determined and the chemical compositions of essential oils were identified by the application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was determined by two different methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and oven test methods. Although the main compounds of essential oils by the both extraction methods were similar, the essential oil extracted by HD with lower extraction efficiency showed more diverse compounds. The evaluation of antioxidant activity of the essential oil measured by delay in sunflower oil oxidation indicated that the antioxidant activity was dependent on the concentration which increased when higher concentrations of the essential oils were applied. The results of DPPH radical assay also indicated that the percentage of inhibition increased with increasing of essential oil concentration and IC50 value for essential oil extracted by MAHD method was obtained 1.25 mg/mL. Therefore the Heracleum persicum essential oil might be recommended for use as a flavoring agent and a source of natural antioxidants in functional foods, formulation of the supplements and in medicinal due to numerous pharmacological activities.

Mycorrhizal fungi and microalgae modulate antioxidant capacity of basil plants

Abstract Mycorrhizal fungi, algae and cyanobacteria are some of the most important soil microorganisms and major components of a sustainable soil-plant system. This study presents for the first time evidence of the impact of green alga and cyanobacterium solely and in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant-antioxidant capacity. In order to provide a better understanding of the impact of AMF and soil microalgae on Ocimum basilicum L. performance, changes in the pattern and activity of the main antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), esterases and non-enzymatic antioxidants including phenols, flavonoids, ascorbate, and α-tocopherols were evaluated. The targeted inoculation of O. basilicum with AMF or algae (alone and in combination) enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the plants and the degree of stimulation varied depending on the treatment. Plants in symbiosis with AMF exhibited the highest antioxidant potential as was indicated by the enhanced functions of all studied leaf AOEs: 1.5-, 2- and more than 10-fold rises of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), respectively. The greatest increase in the total esterase activity and concentration of phenols, flavonoids and ascorbate was marked in the plants with simultaneous inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi and the green algae. 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycril-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay proved the increased plant antioxidant capacity after co-colonization of green algae and mycorrhizae.

Anthocyanin, nutrient contents, and antioxidant activity of black rice bran of Oryza sativa L. ‘Cempo Ireng’ from Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The chemical contents and health benefits of black rice bran of some rice cultivars have been investigated. However, there has been little research on the ‘Cempo Ireng’ cultivar from Sleman, Yogyakarta. The aim of this present study was to determine the anthocyanin, antioxidant activity, and macro- and micronutrients contents of black rice bran from this local cultivar. The anthocyanin in the black rice bran was extracted using the maceration method with methanol as a solvent. The extract obtained was separated through a preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) of silica GF254 and a mobile phase composed of n-butanol, acetic acid, and water. Two fractions were collected and analyzed for the anthocyanin content. The preparative TLC spots were separated for further detection and measurement of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside using HPLC followed by LC-MS. The antioxidant activity of the fractions were measured using the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The results showed that the anthocyanin in fraction 1 was identified as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (66.1 ± 10.6 µg/g). The IC50 of fractions 1 and 2 were 200.96 and 218.36 µg/mL, respectively. Analysis of the macro- and micronutrients revealed that the black rice bran of ‘Cempo Ireng’ had nutrient contents comparable with other rice cultivars. Therefore, this local black rice bran can be used as a source of antioxidants and macro-- and micronutrients.

Spherical silica hybrid liposome particles with controlled release of citrus unshiu peel extracts

This paper reports the controlled release of citrus unshiu extract from spherical silica hybrid liposome (silicified liposomes) particles. Silicified liposome particles were synthesized by silicification through the sol-gel reaction with TEOS as a silica source of the hydrophilic region of lecithin. In addition, we achieved the various characterization analyses such as SEM-EDS, DLS, FT-IR, and TGA, respectively. The silicified liposomes particles effectively entrapped as much as 314.2 mg/L solution of the citrus unshiu peel extract. After the citrus unshiu peel extract was entrapped in the silicified liposomes, the controlled release profile was investigated and the results showed that the maximum release was 41.4%. The release kinetics were fitted to various kinetic models, such as pseudo-first, pseudo-second-order kinetic and intra-particle diffusion models. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model showed good matching with the experimental release results. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of citrus unshiu peel extract was measured by the DPPH free radical scavenging method.

The Antibacterial and Antioxidant Effect of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Salvadora persica&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; on Antibiotic Resistant Strains

Many efforts have been devoted to studying the inhibitory effect of Salvadora persica (Miswak) on oral microorganisms. However, information regarding its antibacterial activity against other human pathogens is rare. Particularly, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterobacter cloacae. The purpose of this piece of work was to evaluate the antioxidant power and in vitro antibacterial activities of Salvadora persica extract against the three bacterial clinical isolates mentioned above. Therefore, the action of Salvadora persica extract on the three germs, studied via the aromatograms method, has given an inhibition zone 20, 18 and 14 respectively on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterobacter cloacae. The methanol extract of Salvadora persica using Soxhlet has given an output of 19%. The antioxidant evaluation, which was performed using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), free radical scavenging method, indicated that the methanol extract showed good antioxidant efficiency (IC50 = 15.47 mg/ml) compared to ascorbic acid with (IC50 = 0.097 mg/ml).

Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic Properties, and Phytochemical Characterization of Stem Bark Extract and Fractions of Anthocleista nobilis.

Background:Anthocleista nobilis (Loganiaceae) is used by Mbano people of Imo State, Nigeria, for the treatment of various ailmentsObjective:The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of the methanol extract, fractions, and subfractions of A. nobilis.Materials and Methods:The powdered stem bark was extracted with methanol and sequentially fractionated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions. The constituents of the fractions were analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the components were identified by dereplication. Antioxidant potential of the extracts and fractions was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging method. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the extract and fractions were also investigated using xylene-induced inflammation and acetic acid-induced writhing models, respectively.Results:A total of five compounds isovitexin (Rt = 18.77 min), isovitexin-2''-O-xyl (Rt = 19.68 min), p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Rt = 11.88 min), Sarasinoside L (Rt = 19.64 min), isovitexin (Rt = 18.77), and apigenin monoglycoside (Rt = 19.64 min) were identified by HPLC analysis and dereplication. The ethyl acetate fraction and subfraction elicited the best anti-inflammatory activity. The ethyl acetate subfraction also inhibited acetic acid-induced pain by 79% and 85.0% at the doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively, which was better than 71.1% and 81.3% observed for diclofenac at similar doses.Conclusion:A. nobilis could be a potential source of anti-inflammatory and analgesic lead compounds.SUMMARY The extract, fractions and subfractions of Anthocleista nobilis were screened or antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and Analgesic properties in vitro and in mice models. Some of the components were identified by dereplication after HPLC analysis. The results demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic property of the extracts and fractions. The dereplication analysis also identified vitexin and related compounds. Abbreviation used: HPLC: High performance Liquid Chromatography; VLC: Vacuum Liquid Chromatography; DPPH: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazine; SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species

Evaluation of antioxidant and gastroprotective activities of ethyl acetate extract of Avicennia schaueriana.

Introduction: Brazilian flora has a great biodiversity and some of these plants are used in folk medicine. Avicennia schaueriana, popularly known as black mangrove, is an endemic specie of mangrove vegetation belonging to the Acanthaceae family. The species of the genus Avicennia are widely used by traditional communities for the treatment of tumors, rheumatism, ulcers and wound healing. Objectives: To evaluate the antioxidant and gastroprotective properties of the ethyl acetate extract of Avicennia schaueriana. Methodology: The ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of A. schaueriana (As-AcEOt) was obtained by maceration, and afterwards the phytochemical prospecting was evaluated by thin layer chromatography (TCL). The antioxidant potential of the As-AcEOt was evaluated by free radical scavenging method ABTS+ (2,2-azobis – (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate). The gastroprotective activity of As-AcEOt (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) was analyzed by the ethanol-induced ulcer method in Wistar rats. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and histopathological analysis were evaluated in gastric mucosa of the animals treated with As-AcEOt submitted to the model of ulcer induced by ethanol. Results and Discussion: Through TCL was observed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids and tannins in the extract. The As-AcEOt exhibited antioxidant activity with 73.23% inhibition of the radical ABTS+. In the gastroprotective activity, the As-AcEOt reduced the ulcerative lesion index (ULI), with percentages of ULI of 83.8, 88.5 and 86.9% for the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. The histological analysis showed that As-AcEOt preserved the gastric pits and it did not present hemorrhage and edema. Conclusion: This research showed that As-AcEOt has gastroprotective property, which may be related to antioxidant capacity of the phenolic compounds present in the extract. These results corroborate with the indication of popular use of this species in the treatment of gastric ulcers.

Detection of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extract of Jasminum azoricum

Jasminum azoricum, which belongs to Oleaceae family1, was chosen for this study since there is no detailed research done on this plant for its medicinal properties. The presence of various phytochemicals like tannins, alkaloids, steroids, polyphenol, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, quinones and coumarines were examined using various extracts of Jasminum azoricum. The phytochemicals were further screened to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The F5 fraction obtained from column chromatography of the acetone extract was examined by DPPH free radical scavenging method which revealed effective antioxidant activity when compared to other fractions. The F5 fraction of acetone extract of J.azoricum was further tested for antimicrobial activity which showed a reasonable anti-microbial activity for B.cereus, S.aureus and Pseudomonas sp.. Hence this leaf extract can be used for the production of novel bioactive substance which can induce antioxidant and antimicrobial defence in humans and can thereby serve to eliminate human ailments.