Free-listing Technique Research Articles

Acute Care Pediatric Nurse Practitioners as Leaders: Perceptions, Self-Identity, and Role Congruity.

This study aimed to gain an understanding of practicing acute care pediatric nurse practitioners' (AC-PNPs') perceptions of themselves as leaders in both clinical and professional contexts. This qualitative study was conducted at a midwestern quaternary care children's hospital. Cultural domain analysis, semistructured interviews, and free listing techniques were employed to identify areas of consensus and variation among a convenience sample of AC-PNPs. Findings demonstrated the AC-PNPs have a limited self-view of leadership. Nurse practitioners need additional leadership capacity and capability building during graduate education, the transition to practice, and throughout their careers.

Does Climatic Seasonality of the Caatinga Influence the Composition of the Free lists of Medicinal Plants? A Case Study

The free list is a key data collection tool in ethnobotanical studies. For this reason, it is currently receiving a great deal of attention regarding possible methodological limitations. To this end, we aim to investigate the influence of climatic seasonality of the Caatinga ecosystem on the composition of free lists of medicinal plants provided by people from a rural community located in the northeast region of Brazil. People were asked the same trigger question (which medicinal plants do you know?), during the rainy and dry seasons. Comparing the plant lists described during both periods (68 plants), respondent salience in the rainy period was significantly higher than the dry period. However, similarities can be observed between the two lists, especially with respect to their composition and the continued importance of hortelã (Mentha sp.) and alecrim (Lippia sp.), which maintained prominent positions during the rainy and dry seasons. The general analysis of the free lists revealed that there were no significant differences due to temporality, especially in relation to plants with a higher salience value. Since these plants are found mainly in homegardens, it is possible to deduce that the daily conduct of activities in these environments is stimulating and keeping plants in homegardens active in people’s memory. However, much still needs to be investigated about the free list technique in ethnobotanical data collection, especially with regard to the influence of seasonality on stimulating seasonal diseases.

Vaccine Resistance-Vantage Point from Health Professionals of South India

Background: Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases. Early success brought widespread acceptance and mass vaccination campaigns have greatly reduced the incidence of many diseases in numerous geographic regions.
 Objectives: To study the perspective of health professionals regard to barriers and solution for vaccination program in a district of South Kerala.
 Materials and Methods: A qualitative study design was done using free listing technique for both barriers and solutions. The data was entered into notepad and was transferred to Visual Anthropac software trial version. The software helped to generate ten important free lists of barriers and solutions with percentage, rank and Smith S value.
 Results: The present study had discussed regarding trust of western countries promoting vaccination and conspiracy theories related to them. The work of antivaccine lobby globally was debated. The controversy of MMR Autism and political will of different countries were deliberated. The role of media especially impact social media and internet had paved pathway for swift spread of contents.
 Conclusion: Major interventions should be planned systematically by the government to address barriers for immunization. Strengthening Information education and communication (IEC) over digital media using appropriate technology should be engrossed for sustaining vaccine coverage.

Do socioeconomic variables explain medicinal plant knowledge and the diseases they treat? A case study in the Boa Vista community, Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil

Abstract Local medicinal plants knowledge varies in relation to factors as age, gender, education, and income. Understanding this variation enables the identification of weaknesses in local medical systems, since access to knowledge is well distributed in different social classes. Socioeconomic variables can influence the quantity of known medicinal plants, and therefore, there may be a qualitative variation in the plant and disease repertoire of different social groups. Thus, we aimed to identify if socioeconomic variables influence the set of known medicinal plants and diseases by people in the Boa Vista community, São José of Tapera, Alagoas. A total of 33 semi-structured interviews were conducted, using the free-listing technique for data collection. There were no significant differences between the knowledge of men and women from a quantitative point of view. We observed that older interviewees knew more medicinal plants than younger, and there was a significant difference between the medicinal plants known to older and younger people. In terms of cited diseases, there was no difference between gender or age. Therefore, making inferences about qualitative-quantitative aspects of medicinal plant and disease knowledge requires understanding the social structure of the studied community, since people with similar social roles tend to have homogeneous knowledge.

Traditional Knowledge and Usage of Edible Plants amongTemuan Community in Gunung Ledang Johor National Park, Malaysia

Edible plants are important for their nutrient values as part of human diet and as food resources that are essential in times of food shortage. Due to the lower utilization of edible plants, loss of traditional knowledge and food security issues have caused the urgent need to document and safeguard the edibles knowledge especially among indigenous people. The objectives of this study were to document edible plant species used by Temuans in Gunung Ledang Johor National Park and to determine the relative value of different edible plants usage, and cultural importance. The data were collected through a semi-structured interview and free listing technique that were applied to all 85 informants from Tanah Gembur village. Frequency Citation (FC), Utilization of Frequency(f), Cultural Importance Index (CI), and Cultural Food Significance Index (CFSI) were used to evaluate the relative importance of the different edible plants. A total of 43 edible plant species belonging to 22 families and 33 genera were recorded in the study. Based on the result, Manihot esculenta Crantz scored the highest FC and CFSI while Carica papayahad the highest CI value. These crucial knowledges suggest a potential approach toward conserving the vast traditional knowledge from Temuan community.

Local perceptions of mental health in Iran, Semnan Province

IntroductionUnderstanding local perceptions of mental health in different cultures and contexts is crucial for designing and implementing appropriate mental healthcare services.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted to investigate local perceptions of mental health in two highly populated provincial districts in Iran. Data were collected using the free list technique and interviews. A two‐phase training workshop was held with the research team at a local health center, followed by a pilot study with the participation of six subjects. All the interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed, and then analyzed by the third and fourth authors in DEDOOSE.ResultsA total of 30 individuals (20 in the free list and 10 as key informants in the interviews) took part in the study. Based on the study findings and the key informants' ideas, mental health problems were categorized into three categories of depression, anxiety, and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).ConclusionsMental health problems appear to be expressed in different ways and with different symptoms in different cultures, and there is a distinct need for examining mental disorders in each culture and nationality separately using culturally appropriate tools for disease screening.

Can medicinal use protect plant species from wood uses? Evidence from Northeastern Brazil

Several ethnobotanical studies have attempted to understand the criteria for the differential use of plant resources. However, we need more effort to understand the interaction between local uses: how using a species for a given purpose may affect its use for another purpose. Thus, we hypothesize that high importance species in a more specialized category of use may have their use reduced for other categories with a more generalist nature. We have conducted the study in three rural communities in northeastern Brazil, set in seasonally dry tropical forest areas. We applied the free-list technique to identify woody species used for medicinal and/or wood purposes (fuelwood, construction and technology). Respondents rated the species according to their efficiency for wood purposes and their local availability. We performed a multiple regression to assess the effects of medicinal popularity, perceived availability, and perceived efficiency for wood uses over the species popularity for wood uses. Our results showed that medicinal use has a significant protective effect against wood uses. Perceived availability and efficiency were significant explanatory variables for wood use. Maintaining the medicinal importance of certain species can be a powerful tool in protecting their populations against more harmful uses.

Food Intake and the Significance of Feeding in Qom Children of Northern Argentina.

ABSTRACTBackgroundAs part of the ubiquitous nutritional transition indigenous are experiencing, the typical diet of most indigenous communities is being substituted by one with high-fat and high-energy-density foods. Domestic feeding transmits cultural factors through meaning and symbolism influential in food, preparation, and meal experiences, which in turn influence children's eating habits differently among social groups.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to explore the food consumption patterns of Qom preschoolers and to describe cultural domains about the significance of feeding in this indigenous population in northern Argentina.MethodsThis cross-sectional and mixed-methods study was conducted in 2016–2017 and focused on 160 preschoolers and their mothers in the village of Namqom. It used a closed questionnaire, three 24-h recalls, and free listing techniques.ResultsQom preschoolers had a high prevalence of excess weight (25%) and stunting (16%). Mothers reported only 38 food items consumed by preschoolers. Almost all of the children (96%) consumed white bread, whereas 89% consumed milk, 87.5% sweet cookies, 84.7% some sort of stew, 72% fried dough, and 63.1% soup. In addition, it was found that preschoolers consumed neither fresh and varied vegetables, nor available fruits. They did not consume fresh fish and other meats, either. Caregivers related the term “feeding” with “having to eat,” which might be associated with the context of poverty in which they live. Caregivers also mentioned “eating right” to get healthy or grow up strong.ConclusionsThe present study revealed a relatively elevated consumption of high-energy but nutritionally poor food, and malnutrition, which reflects the impacts of poverty. We found that the cultural domain of food is linked to survival and depletion ideas.

Quilombola ethnobotany: a case study in a community of slave descendants from the center of the Cerrado biome

Current Quilombola communities are remnants of Brazilian slave communities. The community of Cedro, municipality of Mineiros – GO, uses botanical resources from the Cerrado biome to compose herb-based remedies, that constitute an important source of income for residents. The aim of this work was to evaluate this slave tradition considering i. the pattern of plant use; ii. the relationship between origin and compound taxonomic richness; and iii. the consensus on plant use X pharmacological actions proposed in local medicine. Data were obtained using free listing and snowball techniques, semistructured interviews and guided tours. The results indicated that the community presents a wide pattern of species use; in 380 ethno-references, 166 species were mentioned. The families Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were richer in species and ethno-references; most of the plants are native and were collected in backyards or a typical Cerrado. Infused and decocted teas were the most diverse preparation methods (H' = 2.6201), and they were primarily used to address diseases of the digestive and metabolic system. The species with higher use values (UV) were Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus limon, Hymenaea courbaril, Dysphania ambrosioides and Baccharis trimera (UV>1). This work constitutes an important survey about the ethnobotanical knowledge of descendants of slaves and demonstrates the importance of the resources of the Cerrado biome for therapy in Quilombola communities that developed in the center of this biome.

Conflicts among humans and wild animals in Apa Costa de Itacaré/Serra Grande (Bahia): an ethnozoological approach

Conflicts among humans and wildlife have been considered as a huge obstacle to management and conservation of fauna, and also lead to negative impacts for local populations. For this reason, from an ethnozoological perspective, the present work aimed to identify and analyze conflicts among farmers and the wild fauna in four communities of the Costa de Itacaré-Serra Grande Environmental Protection Area, Bahia - Brazil. In addition to diagnose the control measures used. The choice of participants was performed using the snow ball technique, and data collection was realized from semi-structured interviews, complemented by free listing techniques, nonspecific prompting and reading back. Thirty-eight farmers were interviewed, reporting 45 species of wild animals, among which 23 were mammals, 17 birds and 05 reptiles. Conflicts were classified in five categories, in which animal-cultivation and animal-livestock interactions presented the highest number of reported species. Farmers applied different control measures, including defensive methods, which are the most used in the communities, offensive methods and superstitious rituals. Positive interactions were also identified, in which some species are considered as charismatic or recognized by its ecological role. Conflicts with wild fauna are recurrent in these communities, thus, it is necessary to guarantee social participation in the construction of effective strategies of conflict mitigation and fauna conservation.

Influencia de la imagen corporal en la práctica excesiva de ejercicios físicos en adolescentes de Estelí, Nicaragua

La influencia que tiene la imagen corporal en la población de adolescentes, es una temática poco indagada, a pesar de ser esta relevante ante la sociedad, abarca distintas áreas de conocimiento especialmente desde la psicología. El presente escrito, se enmarca en una investigación realizada con 32 adolescentes entre las edades de 14 y 17 años, siendo escogidos 8 adolescentes por cada 4 gimnasios con mayor afluencia en Estelí período 2017. El propósito fue analizar cómo influye la percepción de la imagen corporal en la práctica de ejercicios físicos excesivos, en adolescentes. El enfoque metodológico fue mixto con prevalencia cualitativa. Las técnicas utilizadas para la recolección de la información fueron: Entrevista, técnica de listado libre, test de autoestima y escala de Likert. Los principales hallazgos muestran que los adolescentes se ven influidos por la percepción de su propia imagen corporal, realizando excesivamente ejercicios físicos, siendo afectados por factores como: la sociedad, autoestima, estereotipos de género que se difunden erróneamente, dedicando más de 2 horas a la práctica de ejercicios donde descuidan otras actividades que solían hacer. A partir de los resultados de esta investigación se realizó como sugerencia un plan de intervención psicológica que pueda ser utilizado por siguientes investigadores para trabajar con entrenadores y adolescentes practicantes del ejercicio físico excesivo para prevenir el trastorno dismórfico corporal o también conocido popularmente como vigorexia.

Árboles útiles del bosque tropical caducifolio secundario en la Reserva Forestal Villa Allende, Chiapas, México

Antecedentes y Objetivos: El bosque tropical caducifolio (BTC) destaca por su valor utilitario, pero la información sobre el uso de las plantas por la población mestiza es limitada. Este estudio describe el valor de uso e importancia ecológica de las especies arbóreas nativas del BTC secundario cercano a comunidades campesinas en la Reserva Forestal Villa Allende, Chiapas, México.Métodos: La información etnobotánica se obtuvo por la técnica de lista libre y se complementó con un inventario florístico a través del método de parcelas. Se calculó el índice de valor de uso como medida de la importancia cultural y se relacionó con la importancia ecológica de cada especie útil, usando valores relativos de frecuencia, densidad y dominancia.Resultados clave: Se registraron 103 especies útiles de angiospermas, 77% de ellas son de uso múltiple y corresponden a 10 categorías de uso, siendo los más destacados: combustible (73), postes (68) y construcción (63). Eysenhardtia adenostylis (1.36) y Acacia pennatula (1.29) fueron las especies con el valor de uso más alto, aunque la mayoría (84%) registró bajos valores de uso (≤0.3). Asimismo, las especies con mayor valor de uso poseen bajos valores de importancia ecológica (IVI ≤0.69). El valor de uso por especie no se relacionó con el valor de importancia ecológica, excepto porque la dominancia del bosque de 19 años de abandono se correlacionó positivamente con el valor de uso (rs=0.30, P=0.04) y la relación significativa entre la densidad con el valor de uso ornamental (rs=0.41, P=0.03). Con base en el valor de uso se recomendaron nueve especies potenciales para conservación y restauración del BTC en la zona estudiada.Conclusiones: El BTC secundario en la Reserva Forestal Villa Allende, Chiapas, provee de especies arbóreas útiles para satisfacer las necesidades básicas de las comunidades, aunque la importancia cultural de éstas no depende de su importancia ecológica.

Religiosity/Spirituality Matters on Plant-Based Local Medical System.

Religiosity/spirituality can affect health and quality of life in myriad ways. Religion has been present since the first moments of our evolutionary history, whether it is understood as a byproduct or as an adaptation of our cognitive evolution. We investigated how religion influences medicinal plant-based local medical systems (LMSs) and focuses on how individual variation in the degree of religiosity/spirituality affects the structure of LMSs. The knowledge of people about their medical systems was obtained through the free-listing technique, and level of religiosity/spirituality was calculated using the Brazilian version of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality. We employed a Generalized Linear Model to obtain the best model. Religiosity/spirituality is predictive of structural and functional aspects of medicinal plant-based LMSs. Our model encourages a discussion of the role of religion in the health of an individual as well as in the structure of an individual's support system. Religiosity/spirituality (and the dimensions of Commitment and Religious and Spiritual History, in particular) act to protect structural and functional elements of LMSs. By providing protection, the LMS benefits from greater resilience, at both the individual and population levels. We suggest that the socialization process resulting from the religious phenomenon has contributed to the complexity and maintenance of LMSs by means of the interaction of individuals as they engage in their religious observances, thus facilitating cultural transmission.

Happiness: Cultural Meaning of the Concept in Elderly People without Social Security

The goal of this investigation is to describe cultural meanings of the concept of happiness in the elderly without social security retirement benefits. Information was gathered by using the free listing technique. The analysis applied the cultural dominance model. The concept of happiness was defined by the word children in a mutual help relationship. The main component of happiness was health. Happiness practices were joy and love. The relevant attribute was being content. Satisfactions associated with happiness were achieving aspirations, peace, laughter, home, faith and God. Worries about happiness were seen in heaven, counting, siblings, lack of money and lack of medicine. It reached the conclusion that children are indispensable for the happiness of the elderly without social security retirement benefits. We propose designing and carrying out educational awareness programs so their children may become aware of the major role they play in the life of their elderly parents.

Using freelisting to identify community's felt needs and problems through measuring cultural salience

Identifying community's felt needs is a part of needs assessment exercise. This paper demonstrates the use of freelisting technique to systematically identify the felt needs in terms of general problems and health problems of an urban community from India. Community members generated lists of items in response to two questions on general problems and health problems of their locality during short and 'swift' semi-structured interviews. This free-listing information is computerised and analysed through Anthropac software. Salience was derived using Smith's salience index. The analysis indicated that unemployment is the main problem in this urban community with the highest salience index. Among health problems, common cold is the most common health problem with the Smith's salient index of 0.343. The study thus concluded that freelisting is a simple technique eliciting emic views of cultural domains and can be used rapidly in needs assessment activities.

Using freelisting to identify community's felt needs and problems through measuring cultural salience

Identifying community's felt needs is a part of needs assessment exercise. This paper demonstrates the use of freelisting technique to systematically identify the felt needs in terms of general problems and health problems of an urban community from India. Community members generated lists of items in response to two questions on general problems and health problems of their locality during short and 'swift' semi-structured interviews. This free-listing information is computerised and analysed through Anthropac software. Salience was derived using Smith's salience index. The analysis indicated that unemployment is the main problem in this urban community with the highest salience index. Among health problems, common cold is the most common health problem with the Smith's salient index of 0.343. The study thus concluded that freelisting is a simple technique eliciting emic views of cultural domains and can be used rapidly in needs assessment activities.

Hispanic Patient Perspectives of the Physician's Role in Obesity Management.

BackgroundLittle is known concerning Hispanic patients’ perceptions about the role of the physician in obesity management. This study seeks to describe the perspectives of Hispanic patients toward weight loss, and what they believe their doctor’s role should be in the management of obesity.MethodsA cross-sectional study utilizing semi-structured interviews was conducted in a university-based family medicine clinic. Open-ended questions explored beliefs about the relationship between weight and health, previous weight loss experience, perceptions about the role of the physician in weight loss, past experiences with their physician, and preferences for how a physician could help facilitate weight loss. The free recall listing technique was used to elicit responses. Common themes were identified by a group coding process.ResultsPatients were open to discussion from physicians concerning weight loss but many had not been approached. They wanted assistance from their doctors in the form of dietician referrals, specific weight loss goals, and encouragement. Patients’ knowledge about the implications of excess weight on health was lacking.ConclusionHispanic patients want more help and advice from their doctors. General knowledge of the health implications of obesity was lacking, indicating a need for more health education by the healthcare team.

Contextualizing Afghan refugee views of depression through narratives of trauma, resettlement stress, and coping.

This qualitative study explored how Afghan refugees conceptualize frames of mind that may reflect depression in general and as it relates to trauma they experienced. We performed in-depth interviews with 18 Afghans residing in the San Diego area. Views regarding the causes, symptoms, and perceived treatments of depression were gathered through free-listing techniques, and supplemented with narratives relating to pre- and post-resettlement stressors and coping mechanisms. Data were analyzed with standard qualitative content analysis methods. Items endorsed with relation to depression causality included pre-migration war traumas, notably separation from family, and post-migration stressors including status dissonance and cultural conflicts that ranged from linguistic challenges to intergenerational problems. Depressive symptoms were viewed as highly debilitating, and included changes in temperament, altered cognitions, avoidance and dissociative behaviors, and somatic complaints. Relief was sought through family reunification and community support, reliance on prayer, and the academic success of their children in the US. The findings underscore the need for practitioners to take into account situational stressors, cultural aspects of mourning and symptomatology, and existing coping mechanisms in developing interventions that are based on refugees' articulated needs.

‘Fit-for-Purpose’ sustainability index: a simplified approach for U.S. water utility sustainability assessment

The theoretical framework presented in this paper proposes a method for determining which practices will inform a set of key indicators provide a ‘snapshot’ sustainability assessment of U.S. urban water utilities. It describes the method used to gather data via two qualitative research approaches to inform a sustainability index: semi-structured interviews with an external advisory committee of 12 U.S. urban water utility leaders, and online surveys of water professionals using the freelisting technique. The utility leader interviews revealed public education and communication as the most frequently cited sustainable practice, followed by asset management, community return on infrastructure investment, financial management, green infrastructure, and resource recovery practices. The water professionals survey revealed resource recovery as the most frequently cited sustainable practice, followed by water conservation, asset management and financial management, and energy efficiency. A consensus did not emerge about what is needed to drive more widespread adoption of sustainability indictors. The most frequently cited barriers to more widespread adoption were the absence of a definition of sustainability, lack of incentives, and resource requirements.

P04.31 Study among injectable drugs users (idus)

Background Afghanistan is a country of low HIV prevalence but high risk factors for a number of reasons: There is no information on the prevalence rates of HIV amongst general population- there are neither HIV sentinel surveillance sites nor case reporting system. There have also been no general population household studies of Behavioural surveillance in general population. Methodology Rapid Assessment techniques comprising qualitative methods were used, in the first instance, to elicit salient key themes to inform questionnaire design for the quantitative component of the study. Key information interview were conducted in each five research sites with administrator and services provides who had knowledge of injecting drug use. Secondly, the free list technique was employed with information in all five research area to elicit responses to thematically- focused question on injecting drug use and lifestyle. Blood sample were drawn from each 250 participants to test HIV, HCV, HBS and Syphilis Study aims Describe the range of characteristics of IDUs in major cities of Afghanistan. Examine the injecting –related HIV risk behaviours of IDUs. Suggest necessary intervention to prevent HIV transmission among IDUs and their family and sex partners. Conclusion Study of characteristics and drug user pattern of IDUs conducted through in- depth interview with 250 IDUs in five area: Herat; Kabul; Bamyan; Jalalabad and Mazar-e-Sharif by the criteria of: demographics; ethnicity; place of birth; time spent outside Afghanistan during the past ten years; length of time of return to Afghanistan; education and literacy level; marital status; income; drug availability; drugs use and injection; condom use; sexual history and practices; knowledge and attitudes about HIV; services use and satisfaction. Disclosure of interest statement I would like to clear that I was the principle investigator of this study, I have approval letter from ministry of Public Health of Afghanistan.