Free Amino Acid Fraction Research Articles

AMINO ACIDS PRESENT IN MALE-STERILE COTTONS (GOSSYPIUM)

The leaves and flowers of several genetic and cytoplasmic male-sterile lines were examined for free and protein amino acid content. Fewer amino acids were observed in the leaves in the free amino acid fraction than in the protein fraction. In both samples leaves of all lines had a similar number and quantity of amino acids. Amino acid content in the protein fraction was lower in young buds than mature flowers. Differences in amino acids between normal and sterile flowers were more quantitative than qualitative.

Free and Protein Amino Acid Composition of the Nematode (Toxascaris leonina) (Linstow, 1902) Occurring in the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)

The free and protein amino acids of Toxascaris leonina occurring in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) were tentatively identified by the method of descending two-dimensional paper chromatography. Lysine, histidine, arginine, glycine, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, alanine, proline, tyrosine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, and leucine-isoleucine were found in the free amino acid fraction. The protein amino acid fraction revealed cystine, lysine, aspartic acid, histidine, arginine, glycine, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, alanine, proline, tyrosine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine and leucine-isoleucine. The presence of tryptophane was not determined as alkaline hydrolysates were not prepared.

Storage Changes in the Free Amino Acids of Foam‐Mat Dried Tomato Powder

SUMMARY—Changes in the free amino acid fraction of foam‐mat dried tomato powder during storage were studied using gas‐liquid chromatography. An increase of individual amino acids was found to be independent of storage temperature and possibly caused by proteolytic reaction. A simultaneous decrease in certain amino acids was accelerated at higher storage temperatures. This loss of amino acids may be involved in non‐enzymatic browning reactions.

Studies on Chemical Composition of American Crayfish (Orconectes limosus) Meat as Related to its Nutritive Value

The chemical composition of male and female meat of the American crayfish (Orconectes limosus Raf.) was determined and the relationship between the weight, and total length and the yield of edible meat of the crayfish was established.The American crayfish meat was found to contain on the average for both sexes 80.9% water and 2.75% total nitrogen of which 83% accounts for protein nitrogen.In the protein composition myosin constitutes 32.9%, myogen 30.1%, residual intracellular protein 26.4%, and protein of stroma 10.5% of the true protein. The amine nitrogen content of both sexes averages 202.1 mg/100 g, which accounts for 42.6% of nonprotein nitrogen.The American crayfish contains more phosphorus than do fishes. Its meat averages 296.4 mg/100 g P of which the acid insoluble fraction constitutes 36.1%, inorganic phosphorus 35.5%, and ester phosphorus 28.4%. Males contained more total, acid-insoluble, and ester phosphorus and less inorganic phosphorus than did females.The amino acid composition of free amino acid fraction, protein, and acid hydrolyzate prepared from the equal quantities of the male and female water–alcohol meat extracts were also determined. The crayfish amino acid composition resembles that, of fishes with certain distinctive features.

Ethanol extraction of free amino acids from soil

A technique was developed for extracting and analyzing the free amino acid fraction of soil. Ethanol was used as an extracting agent. Ethanolextraction curves showed 20 per cent ethanol was the optimum percentage for extraction. Extraction-time curves indicated 18 to 20 hours of extraction with 20 per cent ethanol produced satisfactory results. The free amino acid fraction of soil was characterized and the limitations of the technique were determined. The naturally occurring amino acids extracted with 20 per cent ethanol were limited to acidic and neutral amino acids; basic amino acids were not extracted in sufficient quantities to permit detection. Based on the percent recovery of amino acids incorporated into soil and extracted with 20 per cent ethanol 90 to 95 per cent of the acidic, 80 to 85 per cent of the neutral and 1 to 5 per cent of the basic amino acids used were recovered with the technique.

Chemical Characterization of Inbred-strain Mouse Milk: I. Gross Composition and Amino Acid Analysis

Milk from 2 unrelated inbred strains of mice, DBA/2J and C57BL/6J, was found to differ both qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to the amino acid composition. These differences were evident in the unhydrolyzed free amino acid fraction. Seventeen amino acids were observed in the milk of both strains, but in strain DBA/2J several were present in two to five times the amount observed in the milk of strain C57BL/6J. Methionine and lysine occurred in substantial amounts in strain DBA/2J milk, but only in traces in the milk of strain C57BL/6J. Histidine was virtually lacking in the milk of DBA/2J, but present in that of strain C57BL/6J. The results of this study are requisite to the development of a diet suitable for artificial feeding of gnotobiotic mice.

L-Glutamate-1-carboxylase in intestinal parasites.

GLUTAMATE decarboxylase, an enzyme widely found in animals, plants and micro-organisms, has been searched for in intestinal parasites. We have found activity in the four species examined: Ascaridia galli, Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia solium and Moniezia expansa. Cavier and Savel1 discovered several amino-acid decarboxylases in Ascaris lumbricoides but glutamate decarboxylase was not reported. Campbell2 identified 4-aminobutyrate, product of the reaction, in the free amino-acid fraction of several cestodes, and Monteoliva3 found it in the whole homogenate of Ascaridia galli. The direct relation of 4-aminobutyrate with the tricarboxylic acid cycle—through transamination with 2-oxoglutarate–has been found in brain4, in micro-organisms5 and in plant seeds and tubers6. Impaired respiration mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae show increased activity while in normal yeast strains glutamate decarboxylase activity increases as oxygen supply decreases7. As in Ascaris8, succinic acid accumulates in both cases9. The metabolism of intestinal parasites being predominantly anaerobic10, the investigation of a Krebs cycle by-pass system seems worth while.

THE UTILIZATION OF GLUCOSE IN THE BRAIN AND OTHER ORGANS OF THE CAT.

After subcutaneous injection of [ 14 C]glucose in the cat the total 14 C content per gram fresh tissue was relatively high in liver, kidney, blood and brain: lower values were obtained in heart, spleen, lung, skeletal mucle and spinal cord. In all organs examined more than 95 % of the radioactivity present at 22 min after injection was contained in the acid-soluble fraction of the tissue: proteins, lipids and nucleic acids together accounted for only 0.2 to 5 % of the radioactivity. In most organs the 14 C in the acid-soluble fraction was present mainly as [ 14 C]glucose, but in nervous tissues a large part (48 to 74 %) of the 14 C was contained in the free amino acid fraction. The incorporation of 14 C from [ 14 C]glucose into amino acids (counts min -1 g fresh tissue -1 ) in vivo was highest in the cerebral cortex and decreased in the order cerebral cortex > cerebellum > pons and medulla > spinal cord: the incorporation into amino acids was several times greater in the brain than in other organs examined. Values obtained for the heart were intermediate between those for brain and other organs. About 80 % of the 14 C incorporated into amino acids of the cerebral cortex was combined in glutamic and aspartic acids. In liver, spleen, muscle, lung and blood the basic and neutral amino acids accounted for a relatively larger proportion of the radioactivity of the amino acid fraction. The 14 C contained in tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates accounted for 20 to 32 % of the radioactivity of the acid-soluble fraction in different parts of the brain.

Studies On The Metabolism Of C(14)-Proline In Some Parasitic Helminths.

A comparison of the absorption and incorporation of C(14)-proline into protein by the 7 kinds of helminth parasites is presented. The radioactivity of free amino acid fraction is greater than that of protein fraction in all the worms, and only a small amount of exogenous labeled proline is incorporated into tissue protein. In general, the pattern of C(14)-proline uptake and its incorporation into protein shows rapid linear increase during the period of 15 to 30 min and reaches the maximum at 60 min after incubation, and then the equilibrium state was maintained throughout further incubation.

Amino acids and some other nitrogenous compounds inCalanus finmarchicus

Amino acids, both free and combined as protein, and some other nitrogenous constituents ofCalanus finmarchicushave been examined. Seventy-six per cent of the total nitrogen inC. finmarchicuswas present in protein amino acids, 14% in the free amino acid fraction, 6% in trimethylamine oxide, and 1·5% in betaine. These findings are discussed in relation to previous work on nitrogenous constituents ofCalanus.The free amino acid fraction ofCalanusis compared with that of higher Crustacea and it is suggested that this fraction may be important in the adaptation of the animal to dilute sea water.Amino acid nitrogen made up 40% of the total nitrogen of particulate material from Clyde sea water. This finding is compared with other recent analyses of the phytoplanktonic nitrogen and total particulate nitrogen of inshore waters.

The non-protein nitrogensous constituents of the muscle of parr and smolt stages of the atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar)

1. 1. The non-protein nitrogenous constituents of the muscle of the parr and smolt stages of the atlantic salmom have ibeen examined. 2. 2. There is a significantly greater amount of non-protein nitrogen in the muscle of smolt than in that of parr. This increased quantity of non-protein nitrogen in smolt muscle is almost wholly due to its higher content of creatine. 3. 3. Parr muscle had a higher taurine content than that of smolt. 4. 4. These differences excepted, the same nitrogenous substances are present in similar quantities in muscle of the two stages. 5. 5. The free amino acid fraction of the muscle of these young freswater stage is compared with that of the muscle of adult, marine fish.

The Amino Acid Metabolism of Microsporum canis

SUMMARY: Microsporum canis utilized several single amino acids as nitrogen source during growth on a defined medium; ammonia was also used but not nitrate or methionine. Several extractants for releasing cytoplasmic contents were examined. With acetic acid (100 g./l.) as extractant the content of α-amino nitrogen, pentose, ammonia and phosphate in the extracts was studied. A marked increase in orthophosphate with age of the mycelium was found. The free amino acid pool was examined chromatographically, qualitatively and quantitatively, during growth. Glutamic acid, glutamine, alanine and proline were the principal components of this pool at all stages of growth; proline formed 40 % of this fraction at the end of the logarithmic phase of growth. Phenylalanine and tyrosine were present only in trace amounts; tryptophan was not detected in the free amino acid fraction. These three amino acids were present in mycelial protein. Glucosamine was present in increasing amounts in mycelial hydrolysates as the mould aged.

Formation of Free Amino Acids in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soil

AbstractUntreated samples of nonrhizosphere and soybean rhizosphere soils each contained about 15 identified free amino acids totaling 2 to 4 µg. per g. of soil; lysine was the most prevalent amino acid in each preparation. Numerous additional unidentified compounds occurred at concentrations estimated as 0.1 to 0.5 µg. per g. Treatment with glucose and potassium nitrate increased the amount of free amino acids to about 100 µg. per g. after 3 days. Concentrations declined after 3 days but still were 4 to 5 times that of the untreated control after 2 weeks' incubation. Glutamic acid was the dominant amino acid in all treated soils. Rhizosphere soil did not differ quantitatively from nonrhizosphere in samples treated with glucose, although a greater variety of ninhydrin reacting compounds was encountered in rhizosphere soil. Treated soils incubated at 20% field moisture capacity differed little in free amino acids from those held at 30%. The features of the free amino acid fraction are discussed.

Establishment and distribution of Raillietina cesticillus in the fowl and comparative studies on amino acid metabolism of R. cesticillus and Hymenolepis diminuta

1. 1. The establishment and distribution of Raillietina cesticillus in White Rock chickens was followed for 0, 1, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17 days after inoculation. The cestode was found first to establish anterior to the Ampulla of Vater. By the third day the tapeworm was distributed along the first 14 centimeters posterior to the opening of the bile ducts, where it remained during its adult life in the intestine. These movements were compared to those of Hymenolepis diminuta and Moniliformis dubius. 2. 2. The free amino acid and protein fractions of Raillietina were analyzed by paper chromatography, and compared to analyses of Hymenolepis. The latter worm contained a greater amount of free amino acid than the former and an especially larger amount of taurine. Raillietina had a particularly large amount of proline. The protein hydrolysates of the two worms were very similar. 3. 3. The following transaminase reactions were found in Raillietina, listed in order of decreasing activity: glutamate to aspartate and aspartate to glutamate; alanine to glutamate and glutamate to alanine (with oxalacetic acid); and glutamate to alanine. In comparison to the activity of H. diminuta, determined directly and by previous studies, the activity of the two most active reactions in Raillietina was approximately one-half that found in Hymenolepis. In addition, Hymenolepis also possessed an equally active alanine to glutamic acid system as well as the two systems mentioned above. 4. 4. The importance of the particular position of worms in the intestine was discussed, and the significance of the transaminase reactions to cestodes was pointed out.

An analysis of the free intracellular amino acids of certain strains of Neurospora

1. 1. Free intracellular amino acids were demonstrated to be present as a definite cell fraction of Neurospora crassa. 2. 2. Some 35 ninhydrin-positive substances were encountered among 28 different strains analyzed; however, none of the strains had all of these substances present in their extracts. In some mutants internal free amino acids were found to be associated in their expressions with mutant characteristics. In other mutants, certain amino acids were consistently absent. Other apparent differences disappeared in backcrosses to wild type, and new amino acids showed up. 3. 3. When certain strains were backcrossed to wild type to the F 5 generation, results showed that a characteristic free intracellular amino acid pattern is associated with the genotype of the mutant that controls the mutational deficiency. Up into the F 5 generation, differences in the amino acid pool stayed consistent and were not lost on backcrosses to wild type. This indicates that the amino acid pattern must be related to the particular phenotype brought about by a single gene mutation, 4. 4. From a cross between a methionine-less mutant and an adenine-less purple pigment mutant, all possible F 1 segregants were obtained. Several strains of each recombination of segregants were tested by chromatography for both qualitative and quantitative differences in their free intracellular amino acid pattern. Differences appeared to be peculiar to each of these types of F 1 progenies. Some minor differences existed between strains that had the same mating type and growth factor requirement, but in the general pattern this experiment proved again the conclusion that was drawn from the F 5 experiment with backcrosses to wild type. 5. 5. When the wild-type strain Em5297a was grown on different supplements, such as amino acids, purine, or vitamins, a number of changes in the free intracellular amino acid fraction were observed.

The amino acid metabolism of Aspergillus flavus.

SUMMARY: A complete quantitative amino acid analysis of the free amino acid fraction and the mycelial residue fraction of the mould Aspergillus flavus during different stages of growth has been made by the circular paper chromatographic technique. A qualitative analysis of the amino acid composition of the culture fluid has also been accomplished. The changes of the individual amino acids present in the various fractions on different days of incubation were studied and their implications discussed.

筍の生長素及び遊離アミノ酸について(その1)

The investigation on the plant growth-promoting substances in the bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys edulis) were carried out, applying paper chromatography(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) as bioassay method. In this method the squares cut from the chromatograms of the ether extracts of bamboo shoot, were extracted with water, and each of them was tested on the extension of Avena coleoptile sections. Each of the acid, non-acid, and hydrolysed acid fractions were extracted with ether, and the free amino acid fraction with warm water, by the modified extraction methods of YAMAKI(8) and BONDE(9) (cf. Table 1). It may be concluded from the application of bioassay method of paper chromatography that the growth-promoting substances in the bamboo shoot were localized in the zones of RF 0.0_??_0.1, 0.35_??_0.5 and 0.7_??_0.85, of which the last RF value was found to coincide almost perfectely with that of synthetic indole-3-acetic acid (cf. Figure 1). As to the acid fractions in the top, middle and bottom of the shoot, the coleoptile extension was most conspicuous in the top (cf. Figure 2). Tryptophan, supposed to be a precursor of indole-3-acetic acid, could not be identified in the free amino acid fraction, but sixteen amino acids-aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, asparagine, glycine, threonine, glutamine, lysine, alanine, tyrosine, arginine, γ-amino butyric acid, methionine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine were found by means of paper chromatography (cf. Figure 3).

The Effect of Mineral Nutrition on the Content of Free Amino Acids and Amides in Tomato Plants I A Comparison of the Effects of Deficiencies of Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Iron, and Molybdenum

The lovel and the qllHnj~itat,jve compositien of the free amino acid fraction of tomato plants grown in full nutrient and in cultures doficiollt ill zinc, copper, nlallganeso, iron. and molybdenum have beon cletormiuecl. 'I'he methods used in the investigation inelude the quantitative estimation of amino aeids by a technique involving paper chromatogl'l1phy, and the cultm'o of tomato plants in highly purified n utriollt solutions.

The Compositions and Quantitative Relations of Protein and Related Fractions in developing Root Cells

In this investigation the amino-acid composition and the quantitative levels of the free amino acid, protein, and peptide fractions at different distances from the apex of the root have been examined. It has been shown that as the cell grows there is a threefold increase in protein, a tenfold increase in free amino-acids, and a twentyfold increase in peptides. Simultaneously the amino-acid com position of each fraction also probably changes. Further, it has been found that various fractions from the meristematic zone yield on chromatograms a variety of ninhydrin-reacting substances which have not been found in detectable amounts in extracts from other regions. The significance of these results is discussed.