Free Acidity Research Articles

Antibacterial Properties and Chemical Parameters Determination of Medicinal Soap Produced with Acalypha wilkesiana Plant Extracts

In rural communities of the poor developing economies, dermatophytic infections have become pandermic with about 20-25% of the population affected. The present study was carried out to produce medicinal soaps with antibacterial and antifungal activities using leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana. We compared the antimicrobial properties of different concentrations of the extract of the plant in soap production and the chemical parameters of the produced soap were determined. The soap containing 15% Acalypha wilkesiana showed more activities against clinical strains of Candida albicans and Staphyloccocus aureus at all concentrations with zones of inhibition between 6 – 18 mm compared to values obtained against Proteus mirabilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, soap containing 10% of the medicinal plant was not active against all the test microorganisms at lower concentrations of 10 and 100 µg/mL but the activity increased with increased concentration of the active ingredient in the soap to 1000 and 10,000 µg/mL. However, the soap containing 5% medicinal plant was not active at any of the concentrations. The chemical parameters determined indicated that Total fatty matter (TFM) 47% is within the acceptable limit. The values obtained for Matter insoluble in water (18%), matter insoluble in alcohol (0.5%), Total free acidity (0.7%), Moisture content (7%), pH(10.5) and % Free alkali as Na2O (6.19%) were all within acceptable limit. The Foam stability was determined to be 3.98 mins. It is therefore obvious that the soap containing 15% Acalypha wilkesiana is more effective against the test microorganisms compared to 10% and could be utilized for the management of skin infections.

ANALYZING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HONEY BEES FROM VARIOUS SOURCES AND QUANTIFYING GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE USING HPLC

Honey is a sweet, sticky substance that is produced by bees after nectar and honeydew have been collected. This study was aimed to determine the physiochemical properties of native and imported honey in Iraq to evaluate the quality of various types of hone y. Physiochemical investigations of these samples were done utilizing AOAC protocols and assessed according to Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Union Council instructions. The moisture contents ranged from 15.16 ± 0.15 to 19.92 ± 0.67 %. Ash concentration of all samples was ranged from 0.42 ± 0.01 to 1.61 ± 0.09 %. The levels of pH in all tested honey samples were acidic and within the standard range. Saudi honey showed the highest free acidity values (49.51 + 0.18 meq/kg), whereas the lowest fre e acidity value was recorded in Turkish honey (21.71 ± 0.11 meq/kg). Electrical conductivity (EC) in the analyzed honeys ranged from 0.57 ± 0.07 to 1.26 ± 0.01 mS/cm. In both glucose and fructose, the highest average levels were recorded in the Iraqi honey sample where they reached (30.25 ± 0.05 and 40.18 ± 0.13 %) respectively, while the lowest content of both glucose and fructose were recorded in the Saudi honey samples (26.88 ± 0.07 and 36.23 ± 0.07%) respectively. For all of the samples studied, the estimated fructose to glucose percentage ranged from 0.51 ± 0.06 to 1.69 ± 0.09. Iraqi, Turkish and Saudi honey samples have greater HMF levels than Iranian boney, and the three samples were within the standard limit (not more than 40 mg/kg). Honey quality differed depending on geographical and floral origins, seasons, transportation, processing conditions, and storage time. The glucose -fructose ratio was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography

Analysis of Some Physicochemical Properties and Dietary Risks Assessment of Pesticide Residues of Local Honey in Adamawa State, Nigeria

Pesticide residues bioaccumulation in the plants and during foraging in search of nectar by bees can caused health-related risks in human. This study investigated honey's physicochemical properties and dietary risk assessments of pesticide residues. This study's pesticide residues were determined using HPLC (LC 1200 series Agilent Tech). The mean values obtained for physicochemical parameters were: pH 3.52±0.02 -5.12±0.05; free acidity 6.50±0.07 -15.08±0.15 meq/kg; electrical conductivity 0.14±0.05 -0.55±0.03 mS/cm; moisture content 15.10±0.05-18.60±0.10% and ash content 0.03±0.01-0.36±0.02%. All the physicochemical parameters analyzed fall within the limits of international standards. The pesticide residues with the highest mean concentration in the honey samples were metachlor in sample HS3 (0.269±0.05 mg/kg) and atrazine (0.266±0.05 mg/kg) in HG3. Both aldrin, heptachlor and Permethrin were found below the EU MRL. EDIs for pesticide residues for adults and children were evaluated and compared with their acceptable daily intake (ADIs) value for each pesticide residue. Metachlor (4.48E-06 mg/kg/bw) and atrazine (4.43E-06 mg/kg/bw) were observed to have the highest EDIs for adults in samples HS3 and HG3 respectively. Similarly, atrazine (1.77E-05 mg/kg/bw) and metachlor (1.79E-05 mg/kg/bw) were observed to have highest EDI for children. All the EDIs evaluated for pesticide residues fall below acceptable daily intake (ADI). The target hazard quotient (THQ) and health index (HI) for pesticide residues in all the samples were < 1, this suggests no risks associated with the level of pesticide residues risks, thus having less danger to human health through its consumption.

Pylorus ligation-induced hyperacidity: synergistic prophylactic effects of linagliptin and L-arginine via up-regulation of EP4 receptor subtype and improvement of vascular endothelial damage.

Gastric hyperacidity and ulceration are chronic diseases characterized by repeated healing followed by re-exacerbation. The study aims to protect against gastric hyperacidity without interfering with gastric acid secretion. Pylorus ligation-induced hyperacidity is commonly utilized in the induction of gastric ulcers.Forty-two rats were distributed into seven groups (n = 6). Group I comprised sham-operated group. Group II served as pylorus-ligation group. Groups III-VII were given oral Linagliptin (LN; 3 and 6mg/kg), L-arginine (LA; 150 and 300mg/kg) and their combination (LN 3 + LA 150mg/kg), respectively for 7days. On the 8th day, groups II-VII were subjected to pylorus-ligation.Treatment of pylorus-ligated rats with LN, LA and their combination improved the gastric hyperacidity as exhibited by a marked reduction in the gastric juice volume, total and free acidities and pepsin contents with a noticeable increase in pH. Pre-treatment with LN, LA and their combination showed a marked alleviation in the gastric inflammatory indicators evidenced by reduction in the gastric levels of MCP-1and Il-1β as well as elevation of eNOS levels versus the sham-operated group. A marked up-regulation in the gastric gene expression of PGE, EP4 and VEGF accompanied by an improvement of the histopathologic pictures/scores, and TNF-α and caspase-3 immuno-staining were also recorded.By estimating the combination-index, it can be concluded that combining LN with LA exhibited prophylactic synergistic effects in ameliorating pylorus ligated-induced hyperacidity, mainly via up-regulation of EP4 receptor and improvement of vascular endothelial damage through VEGF expression in gastric mucosa.

Characterization and profiling of mustard honey derived from three subspecies of Apis cerana F. in Bangladesh

The Asian honey bee, Apis cerana, has received considerable attention as a quality honey producing bee species among the beekeepers and consumers all over the world As a natural health product, the nutritional profiling of honey from different botanical sources have well understood, however, the physico-chemical properties of honey can also be mediated from its entomological sources. Recent phylogeny of A. cerana in Bangladesh revealed the occurrences of three subspecies, however, the physico-chemical profiling of the honey corresponding to A. cerana subspecies were lacking. This research aims to analyze the physicochemical and biochemical properties of honey derived from the identified A. cerana subspecies for profiling for using as an authentical tool against honey adulteration. Honeybee samples were collected from seven localities in Bangladesh based on nectarine sources. Genetic diversity was estimated using the mtDNA sequences of Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit-1 (COI 1) gene of A. cerana with accession number (MZ558037-MZ558043). The physicochemical properties, namely moisture, pH, color, free acidity, formaldehyde, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), electrical conductivity (EC), and optical density (OD), were analyzed for profiling and determining correlations among the identified honeybee subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis of A. cerana revealed three subspecies namely A. cerana indica, A. cerana japonica, and A. cerana cerana. Among physicochemical properties of honey color absorbance showed strong positive correlation with OD, EC, pH that denoted increase in OD, EC, pH also increases the color. free acidity among the honey produced by three different subspecies. However, formaldehyde and free acidity are positively correlate with each other. The findings can be used to discriminate honey in accordance to their entomological origin.

Investigating the Protective Effect of Leaves of Calotropis procera (Aiton) for In-vivo Anti-oxidant and Antiulcer Activity using Pylorus Ligation Method

Background: Calotropis procera (Aiton) (Apocynaceae) is a traditional Indian medicinal plant and used in folk medicine for the past decade for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore the current investigation was undertaken to explore the gastroprotective effect of C. procera (Aiton) leaves extract using pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Methods: The crude powder material was successively extracted with different solvents and concentrated at reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. The current investigation was carried out by a pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. Omeprazole, 20 mg/kg and 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg ethanol extract of C. procera (Aiton) leaves were administered orally for 15 consecutive days, on the last day six hours after pylorus ligation animals were sacrificed and the amount of gastric juice, pH, total and free acidity, ulcer index, and pro-inflammatory cytokines along with antioxidant parameters and total protein were also studied. Results: Pretreatment of C. procera (Aiton) leaf extract at the doses 250 and 500 mg/kg, significantly (p < 0.001) decrease the volume of gastric juice, free and total acidity as well as gastric lesions, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine. On the other hand, the pH of gastric juice, mucin content, and total protein was also significantly decreased. Moreover, pretreatment of C. procera (Aiton) significantly (p < 0.001) boost the enzymatic activity and level of different antioxidant markers and attenuated the pylorus ligation-induced level of MDA (p < 0.05) in experimental animals. Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that the ethanol leaf extract of C. procera (Aiton) extract possess considerable antiulcer and antioxidant potential. For further research findings, it is necessary to explore the mechanism of action for anti-ulcer activity.

Experimental Comparison between Ethanol and Hexane as Solvents for Oil Extraction from Peanut Press Cake.

Ethanol (Et) has been suggested as a substitute for hexane (Hx) for use in the extraction of oils from different oleaginous matrices. In this study, Et and Hx were used to extract the residual oil present in a peanut press cake (PPC). Certain variables, such as temperature, solid/solvent ratio and the number of contact stages, in the sequential cross-current extraction process were evaluated; additionally, the effects of these variables on oils (POEt and POHx) and defatted solids (DSEt and DSHx) were explored. Hx exhibited an extraction yield of 86 ± 2% in two stages at 55 °C and a solid/solvent mass ratio of 1/4. Compared with Hx extraction, to achieve an Et extraction yield of 87 ± 4%, it was necessary to use a higher temperature (75 °C), a greater amount of solvent (solid/solvent ratio of 1/5) and a greater number of contact stages (3). POEt and POHx presented compositions in terms of fatty acids and triacylglycerols and physical properties similar to that of cold-pressed peanut oil (CPPO). POEt showed a more intense green/yellow hue and higher free acidity (1.47 ± 0.03%) than POHx and CPPO (0.82 ± 0.04 and 0.43 ± 0.02 free acidity mass %, respectively), indicating that the deacidification and bleaching steps in refining should be encumbered. DSEt and DSHx exhibited high protein contents (>45% by mass) and nitrogen solubilities (86 ± 6 and 98 ± 1%, respectively), indicating that they could be used to obtain proteins.

An attempt to improve the traditional olive (Olea europaea) oil eco-extraction as applied in the Bouzeguène municipality (Northern Algeria)

This work is an attempt to improve the traditional olive (Olea europaea L.) oil (OO) eco-extraction (TOOEE) as applied in the Bouzeguène municipality (extreme south-east of Tizi-Ouzou, chief town of the region of the same name located 100 km east of Algiers). The improvement concerns the possible replacement of the direct solar drying (DSD), habitually applied before OO extraction, by indirect solar drying (ISD). For comparison purpose, oven drying (OD) was also considered. The drying kinetics of fresh olives (FOs), OO yield (OOY, % w/w in relation to the FO weight), rate of released olive vegetation water (OVW, % w/w in relation to the FO weight), and OO physicochemical quality parameters (free acidity (FA, % w/w oleic acid), specific extinction coefficient at 230 (K230) and 270 nm (K270), etc.) were investigated. For the three drying procedures tested, the quadratic equation was found to correctly describe the whole drying curves, with R2 and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) varying from 0.995 (case of ISD) to 0.999 (case of DSD) and from 5 (case of DSD) to 21.33 % (case of ISD), respectively. The DSD-dried olives and ISD-dried olives gave the OOY of 11 % on average with a release of only 0.20 % OVW. For physicochemical parameters, the results were contradictory. For example, the mean FA value for OO from DSD-dried olives (DSD-OO) was ∼ 2.86 % (against ∼ 4.57 % for OO from ISD-dried olives (ISD-OO)) while the mean radical scavenging activity (RSA) for ISD-OO was ∼ 34 % (against ∼ 18 % for DSD-OO). This study confirms the ecological character of the TOOEE and the possibilities of its improvement, which could make it inspiring for all the actors of the field.

Innovative Device for Automated Monitoring of Table Olive Fermentation Parameters: First Experimental Results

The table olive sector is highly important to the Italian agri-food industry. To produce quality table olives without defects in appearance, flavors, or aroma and to meet consumer expectations, special precautions must be taken to limit side effects associated with transformation and storage processes. During these processes, essential to debitter and stabilize the final product, drupes may undergo undesirable fermentations due to changes in the olive-to-brine ratio, temperature changes, and alteration of the brine’s chemico–physical parameters, thus decreasing their commercial and nutritional value. An innovative user-friendly system, equipped with low-cost digital and sensorized devices, has been engineered and realized for step-by-step batch monitoring of table olive storage brines. The main fermentation parameters (i.e., temperature, pH, salinity, free acidity, volatile acidity, and residual sodium hydroxide) of virgin, compliant, and altered brines were analyzed with both the automated prototype and Official reference methods, with the aim of testing the functionality of the prototype device and verifying the reliability and repeatability of the measurements. Good linearity was observed for all parameters examined, with a relatively low mean deviation between the two approaches. It is therefore possible to constantly monitor brine conformity automatically during the processing stages, benefiting product quality and environmental, energy, and economic sustainability.

The Influence of Bee Bread on Antioxidant Properties, Sensory and Quality Characteristics of Multifloral Honey

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of bee bread addition on the phenolic content, antioxidant properties, sensory and quality characteristics of the multifloral honey. On the base of results obtained, it was stated that an enrichment of honey with bee bread led to an significant increase in total phenolic content (from 30.75 to 158.96 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoids content (from 2.77 to 21.15 mg QE/100 g), and phenolic acids content (from 11.02 to 35.47 mg CAE/100 g). Gallic acid was the predominating phenolic acid, while quercetin was the main determined flavonoid. A significant elevation of the phenolic content resulted in an increase in antioxidant capacity of the honey. However, an addition of bee bread to the honey led to the unfavorable changes of its sensory characteristics. The decrease in clarity, and uniformity of color and brightness was detected. In the case of consistency, the decrease in smoothness and meltability was found along with an increase in the feeling of sandiness. The assessment of taste showed a significant increase in acid taste, sharpness, bitterness and durability of the aftertaste, with a decrease in sweetness. The addition of bee bread to the honey caused a significant increase in water-insoluble substances content, free acidity, specific conductivity and proline level. At the same time, a decrease in the content of glucose and fructose was observed.

Sunflower Honey-Evaluation of Quality and Stability during Storage.

Honey's unique qualities should last for several years when properly stored. Therefore, it is up to manufacturers to choose the right shelf life for their product while also considering the product's nature. Physicochemical parameters (water content, electrical conductivity, free acidity, pH, ash, water-insoluble matter, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), sugar content and composition, and diastase activity) were analyzed in 24 samples of sunflower honey collected from several localities in Vojvodina, Serbia. Crystallization indices were also calculated. Furthermore, the impact of eighteen months of room temperature storage (22 ± 2 °C) in a dark place on selected physicochemical parameters (water, HMF, diastase activity, pH value, and free acidity) was investigated. The results of the initial test indicated that the tested samples of sunflower honey from Vojvodina is of good quality because the parameters under examination revealed results that were within the legal bounds of both national and European legislations. Eighteen months of storage at room temperature reduced diastase activity by 2 times, increased HMF content by about 17 times, and decreased the pH value of honey from a mean value of 3.66 to 3.56. The water content was relatively stable at 17.01% before storage and 16.29% after storage. The storage of sunflower honey did not have an impact on the free acidity.

Effect of different oil extraction methods on bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity and phytochemical profiles of raw flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum) and after roasting at different temperatures.

Factors such as variety, genetics, soil structure and plant diseases affect the oil amount and properties of flaxseed. By applying heat and various extraction treatments to flaxseed, the storage ability of the seed is increased by the removal of moisture, and the stability of phytochemicals in the seed against heat can be determined. Total carotenoid and phenol of flaxseeds changed from 0.13 (control) and 0.61 mg g-1 (120 °C) to 202.64 (control and 90 °C) and 225.69 mg 100 g-1 (120 °C), respectively. While total flavonoid of flaxseed roasted at different temperatures varied between 636.0 (90 °C) and 786.00 mg 100 g-1 (120 °C), antioxidant activity values for raw and roasted flaxseeds between 59.32% (control) and 68.64% (120 °C) were recorded. Oil content of seeds changed between 34.07 and 42.57% (P < 0.05). Viscosity of flaxseed oil extracted using different systems was between 31.95 (cold-pressed; control) and 36.00 mPa s (ultrasonic; 120 °C). The dominant phenolics of flaxseeds were identified as isorhamnetin, resveratrol, quercetin, catechin, apigenin-7-glucoside and campherol. The oils of flaxseeds contained 55.27-58.23 linolenic, 17.40-18.91 oleic, 14.03-14.84 linoleic and 4.97-5.37 palmitic acids, depending on extraction method and roasting temperature. Roasting and oil extraction methods did not have a significant effect on free acidity, but was found to affect peroxide value. The predominant phenolic constituents of flaxseed samples were isorhamnetin, resveratrol, quercetin, catechin, apigenin-7-glucoside and campherol, respectively. The major fatty acids of flaxseed oil were determined as linolenic, oleic, linoleic and palmitic. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Sidr Honeys Physical and Chemical Characterization, a Comprehensive Approach through LC-MS/MS, NMR, and GC-MS Analysis

Honey intake is advantageous to human health due to its antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, all of which are attributed to the rich bioactive compound contents. Moreover, hepatoprotective, wound healing, and gastrointestinal protective properties have been documented. Honey’s nutritional value is significantly affected by its chemical composition, which varies depending on botanical and geographical origin. In particular, after Manuka honey, Sidr honey from the Ziziphus species is the most popular. The chemical compositions, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and sensory characteristics of two Sidr honey samples from Egypt and Saudi Arabia were investigated in the current study. Moisture content, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, free acidity (FA), total acidity, lactone hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content, and diastase (α-amylase) activity were measured. By using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), and solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography (GC-MS) analyses, the sugar profile, non-volatile, and volatile compounds were also identified. The physicochemical analysis revealed the following results for Sidr honey from Saudi Arabia and Egypt, respectively: a moisture content of 18.03 ± 0.05% and 19.03 ± 0.06%, EC values of 1.18 ± 0.05 and 1.16 ± 0.01 mS/cm, pH values of 4.87 ± 0.08 and 5.10 ± 0.01, FA of 37.50 ± 0.05 and 36.50 ± 0.05 meq/kg, total acidity of 41.06 ± 0.05 and 37.50 ± 0.05 meq/kg, lactone of 3.49 ± 0.005 and 1 ± 0.0 meq/kg, HMF of 20.92 ± 0.02 and 11.33 ± 0.01 mg/kg, and diastase of 59.97 ± 0.05 and 8.64 ± 0.06g/100 g. Honey from Saudi Arabia and Egypt displayed 22.51 ± 0.05 and 26.62 ± 0.16 % glucose, 40.33 ± 0.06 and 35.28 ± 0.01% fructose, 8.94 ± 0.17, and 8.87 ± 0.01% sucrose, and 8.22 ± 0.006 and 8.13 ± 0.01% maltose, respectively. According to the International Honey Commission (IHC) and GCC Standardization Organization (GSO) regulations, the levels of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose were near the standard levels. Flavonoids, sugars, vitamins, and nitrogen contents were additionally measured using LC-MS/MS, whereas GC-MS was employed to identify aldehydes, ketones, phenols, acids, esters, anthraquinone, hydrocarbons, and nitrogenous compounds. The results of a study on the effect of honey’s geographic origin on its broad quality are summarized. As a result, knowing its optimal chemical and physical characteristics served as the criterion and indicator of the honey’s quality.

First report of some chemical and biological properties of two wild honey types collected from a remote area in Southern Darfur, Sudan

Natural honey's physico-chemical and biological qualities vary by origin, variety and nectar source. Wild honey may provide health benefits. Biomedical research reveals its advantages. Little is known about Sudanese wild honey and Southern Darfur honey. In this investigation, the antioxidant, antibacterial, and physicochemical characteristics of two varieties of Sudanese wild honey were studied. Ziziphus and acacia honey ranged in amber color, density, pH, ash, electrical conductivity and free acidity. Both honey samples included vital nutrients and no heavy metals. Both honey samples exhibit exceptional antioxidant activity, but Acacia honey's antioxidant capacity is greater. Both honey samples demonstrated outstanding antibacterial efficacy against all gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ziziphus honey was more antibacterial than acacia honey. The MIC and MBC data exhibited bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against the investigated microorganisms, indicating a synergistic effect of honey's overall contents against pathogens. These results imply that ziziphus and acacia honey samples from Southern Darfur, Sudan, have antibacterial and antioxidant properties and could be used to improve health and as a food supplement.

OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF SOYBEAN AND SUNFLOWER OILS ENRICHED WITH PIGMENT EXTRACTS OF THE BROWN SEAWEED PHYLLARIA RENIFORMIS

The incorporation of bioactive additives such as natural pigments in food products offers many nutritional advantages, associated with functional properties in particular antioxidant effects. The aim of this work was to study the effect of adding natural pigments extracted from the brown seaweed Phyllaria reniformis on the oxidative stability of commercially available soybean and sunflower oils. Phyllaria reniformis pigment extract (200 and 1000 ppm) was dissolved in the two edible oils, and in comparison, a synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was added. Experimental results showed that the addition of pigment extract had no significant effect on the quality parameters of vegetable oils: Free acidity (FA) and peroxide value (PV). Carotenoids were improved 2 and 1.5 times when adding 200 ppm of pigment extract to soybean and sunflower oils, respectively. While, when adding 1000 ppm, carotenoids were improved 3 times in comparison to the virgin oils. Similarly, chlorophylls contents in enriched sunflower oil with 200 or 1000 ppm of pigment extract increased 2 and 3 times in comparison to the control sample, however, in enriched soybean oil, this increase was interestedly higher achieving 10 and 33 times. Moreover, colour coordinates (a*, b* and L*) in enriched oils changed to become greener and yellower. Antioxidant activities were improved compared to the control oils. The addition of pigment extract or BHA to soybean oil increased significantly (p≤0.05) its oxidative stability. Thus, these pigment extracts could be recommended as a potent source of natural antioxidants replacing synthetic ones for the protection of edible oils against oxidation.

Determination of the superior quality properties of randomly selected chestnut honey samples from the Sinop region

In this study, a total of 43 chestnut honey samples were randomly selected and collected from the Erfelek, Ayancık, and Türkeli districts of Sinop. The pollen content of all honey samples was determined, revealing that chestnut pollen accounted for over 90% in most cases. The chestnut honey from the Sinop region is considered of high quality compared to other chestnut honeys, primarily due to its low HMF (Hydroxymethylfurfural) levels, low moisture content, high proline content, and significant pollen content. The antibacterial activities of these honey samples were assessed using the agar well diffusion method, Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC), and Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) methods. It is worth mentioning that certain samples exhibited significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones ranging from 15 to 20 mm, which is comparable to standard antibiotics. The antioxidant activities of all honey samples were evaluated using a 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine assay. The results obtained indicate that the chestnut honey produced from the chestnut forests in the Sinop province meets the criteria outlined in the Turkish Food Codex Honey Communiqué. The high proline content exceeding 1000 mg/kg and very low hydroxymethyl furfural values below 1 mg/kg observed in certain chestnut honey samples contribute to their high quality and safety. Additionally, the average pH of 4.81 and free acidity values below 50 meq/kg recorded for the analyzed honeys further reinforce these findings.

Physicochemical Characterization and Sugar Profile of Argentinian Honeys from the Phytogeographic Provinces Paranaense and Pampeana in Misiones

The characterization of honeys from the Biomes and vegetation units of the Phytogeographical Provinces (PP) located in the Province of Misiones (Argentina) was performed by analysis of sugar profile and physicochemical parameters (Free Acidity, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), colour and contents of moisture, ash, total soluble solids and hydroxymethylfurfural) used for quality control of honey. The honeys analysed were authentic and traceable, and met the specifications of the national and/or international standards for the evaluated parameters, denoting blossom origin and confirming high quality, maturity and freshness. The influence of biome and Vegetation Units (VU) on physical and chemical parameters of the studied honeys was defined regarding both flora and pedoclimatic conditions. Honeys from VU-27 presented significantly higher contents of fructose, ash and total soluble solids, pH and EC and lower moisture content than those from VU-3. To the authors’ best knowledge, sugar profiles, free acidity and contents of ash and total soluble solids in honeys from the different PPs, vegetation units and Biomes of Misiones are reported for the first time. This study contributes to the classification of honeys from Misiones, helping to increase added value and access new markets.

The Characteristic of the Gastric Secretion After Gastric Cryodenervation and Cryopreserved Placenta Extract Administration

Background. Peptic ulcer is a prevalent gastrointestinal tract disease worldwide. One of the treatment methods for the indicated pathology is trunk gastric cryodenervation (TGC), the feature of which is the preservation of the regenerative potential of n. vagus. Cryopreserved placenta extract (CPE) caught our attention among modern means capable of stimulating regeneration processes. Objective. We are aimed to characterize the state of gastric secretion after TGC and the application of СPE. Methods. TGC was performed by cryoinfusion on the front and back trunks of the abdominal part of n. vagus. Gastric secretion was studied using the H.A. Shay method. Results. On the 30th day after TGC, a statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001) decrease in the total acidity of gastric juice by 33.7% and a decrease (p &lt; 0.01) in the level of free acidity were observed compared to intact animals. Administration of СPE after TGC resulted in a statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001) decrease in total acidity by 24.2 % and a statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001) decrease in free acidity by 48.7% compared to the parameters of intact rats. This led to a statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001) decrease in the "free/bound acidity" ratio compared to the indicator of intact animals (1.4 ± 0.03 RU) which was higher than the similar ratio observed after esomeprazole usage or TGC. Conclusions. Administration of СPE contributed to the partial regeneration of n. vagus, as indicated by an increase in the level of total acidity to 104.1 ± 4.7 RU and a statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001) decrease in the "free/bound acidity" ratio compared to the indicator of intact animals.

Evaluation of the gastroprotective and ulcer healing properties by Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann hydroethanolic extract of leaves.

Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann (Bignoniaceae), is a climber native to Brazil, found in all Brazilian biomes. It is mostly known in Brazil as "carajiru," and home medicines made from the leaves have been used to cure disorders including stomach ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders. The objective of the study was to investigate the F. chica hydroethanolic extract of leaves (HEFc) preventative and curative antiulcer gastrointestinal efficacy as well as the mechanisms of action using in vivo rodent models. F. chica was collected in the municipality of Juína, Mato Grosso, and its leaves were used to prepare the extract by maceration technique (70% hydroethanol in the 1:10 ratio, w/v) to obtain the HEFc. The chromatographic analysis of HEFc was carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS)- LCQ Fleet™ system. To determine the potential antiulcer potential of HEFc (1, 5 and 20mg/kg, p.o.), the gastroprotective activity was assessed in various animal models of stomach ulcers caused by acidified ethanol, water constraint stress, indomethacin, (acute), and acid acetic (chronic). Additionally, the prokinetic properties of the HEFC were assessed in mice. The gastroprotective underlying mechanisms were evaluated by the histopathological analysis and determination of gastric secretion (volume, free and total acidity), gastric barrier mucus, activation of PGs, NO, K+ATP channels, α2-adrenoceptor, antioxidant activity (GSH, MPO and MDA), NO and mucosal cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10) levels. The chemical composition of HEFc was analyzed and apigenin, scutellarin, and carajurone were identified. HEFc (1, 5 and 20mg/kg) showed effect against acute ulcers induced by HCl/EtOH with a reduction in the ulcerated area of 64.41% (p<0.001), 54.23% (p<0.01), 38.71% (p<0.01), respectively. In the indomethacin experiment, there was no change in the doses tested, whereas in the water immersion restraint stress ulcer there was a reduction of lesions at doses of 1, 5, and 20mg/kg by 80.34% (p<0.001), 68.46% (p<0.01) and 52.04% (p<0.01). HEFc increased the mucus production at doses of 1 and 20mg/kg in 28.14% (p<0.05) and 38.36% (p<0.01), respectively. In the pyloric ligation-induced model of gastric ulceration, the HEFc decreased the total acidity in all doses by 54.23%, 65.08%, and 44.40% (p<0.05) and gastric secretory volume in 38.47% at dose of 1mg/kg (p<0,05) and increased the free acidity at the dose of 5mg/kg by 11.86% (p<0.05). The administration of EHFc (1mg/kg) showed a gastroprotective effect possibly by stimulating the release of prostaglandins and activating K+ATP channels and α2-adrenoreceptors. Also, the gastroprotective effect of HEFc involved an increase in CAT and GSH activities, and a reduction in MPO activity and MDA levels. In the chronic gastric ulcer model, the HEFc (1, 5 and 20mg/kg) decreased the ulcerated area significantly (p<0.001) at all doses by 71.37%, 91.00%, and 93.46%, respectively. In the histological analysis, HEFc promoted the healing of gastric lesions by stimulating the formation of granulation tissue and consequently epithelialization. On the other hand, regarding the effect of HEFc on gastric emptying and intestinal transit, it was observed that the extract did not alter gastric emptying, but there was an increase in intestinal transit at the dose of 1mg/kg (p<0.01). These outcomes confirmed the advantages of Fridericia chica leaves for the treatment of stomach ulcers, which are well-known. HEFc was discovered to have antiulcer characteristics through multitarget pathways, which might be related to an increase in stomach defense mechanisms and a decrease in defensive factor. HEFc can be regarded as a potential new antiulcer herbal remedy because of its antiulcer properties, which may be attributed to the mixture of flavonoids, apigenin, scutellarin and carajurone.

Physicochemical Composition of Local and Imported Honeys Associated with Quality Standards.

The compliance with honey standards is crucial for its validity and quality. The present study evaluated the botanical origin (pollen analysis) and physicochemical properties: moisture, color, electrical conductivity (EC), free acidity (FA), pH, diastase activity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and individual sugar content of forty local and imported honey samples. The local honey exhibited low moisture and HMF (14.9% and 3.8 mg/kg, respectively) than imported honey (17.2% and 23 mg/kg, respectively). Furthermore, the local honey showed higher EC and diastase activity (1.19 mS/cm and 11.9 DN, respectively) compared to imported honey (0.35 mS/cm and 7.6 DN, respectively). The mean FA of local honey (61 meq/kg) was significantly naturally higher than that of imported honey (18 meq/kg). All local nectar honey that originated from Acacia spp. exhibited naturally higher FA values that exceeded the standard limit (≤50 meq/kg). The Pfund color scale ranged from 20 to 150 mm in local honey and from 10 to 116 mm in imported honey. The local honey was darker, with a mean value of 102.3 mm, and was significantly different from imported honey (72.7 mm). The mean pH values of local and imported honey were 5.0 and 4.5, respectively. Furthermore, the local honey was more diverse in pollen grain taxa compared to imported honey. Local and imported honey elicited a significant difference regarding their sugar content within individual honey type. The mean content of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and reducing sugar of local honey (39.7%, 31.5%, 2.8%, and 71.2%, respectively) and imported honey (39.2%, 31.8%, 0.7%, and 72.0%, respectively) were within the permitted quality standards. This study indicates the necessity of increasing the awareness regarding quality investigations for healthy honey with good nutritional value.