Frank Communication Research Articles

Cultural impediments to frank communication regarding end-of-life care between older nursing home residents and their family members in Taiwan: a qualitative study

BackgroundWhen older nursing home residents and their families are faced with end-of-life care decisions in Taiwan, they make them in the context of traditional cultural norms and socioeconomic changes. Both parties (residents and their family members) are often unwilling to broach the topic, leading to a decisional impasse. The aim of this study was to understand difficult-to-raise issues related to end-of-life care by investigating the perspectives of older nursing home residents and their family members.MethodsThis qualitative descriptive study was conducted using content analysis based on the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants, and sampling continued until data saturation. Data were collected using semi structured interviews, and related analyses were conducted using an inductive approach.ResultsTen residents and twelve family members were interviewed individually. Six main themes were identified: (1) the inevitability of a goodbye; (2) a good death; (3) going with or against traditional culture; (4) better a good death than a bad life; (5) abiding by the residents’ decisions; and (6) being willing but unable to take care of residents.ConclusionNursing home residents and their family members’ thoughts on end-of-life care shifted toward the concept of a good death, and they even regarded death as a form of liberation. Health care providers may serve as mediators to counsel a resident and their family members separately, enabling them to speak up and understand each other’s thoughts on end-of-life care before a decision is made so that neither party has regrets.

تأثير المناخ الاثيري على إدراک العاملين للفخر التنظيمي (بالتطبيق على شرکات السياحة المصرية)

Abstract Purpose of the Research Is to Examine the Relationship between Authentizotic Climate And Perceptions of Workers to Organizational Pride, Of A Sample Of Individuals Working For Egyptian Tourism Companies. Research Relied On A Descriptive Analytical Approach. A Questionnaire, Which Were Divided Into Two Parts, Were Designed And Distributed In First Part To Measure Authentizotic Climate, And Second Part To Measure Organizational Pride, To Gather Primary Data, And Its Validity And Reliability Were Verified. Research Was Conducted On One Sample Of 292 Individuals Working For Egyptian Tourism Companies category A. Research Reached Several Conclusions, Most Important Of Which Are: The Dimensions Of Organization’s Authentizotic Climate (Spirit Of Camaraderie, Opportunities For Learning And Personal Development) Have A Statistically Significant Impact On Emotional Organizational Pride In Companies Concerned, In When There Is No Effective Relationship Between (Trust And Credibility Of Leaders, Open And Frank Communication With Leader, Fairness/Justice, Work–Family Conciliation) And Emotional Organizational Pride. Also Dimension Of Organization’s Authentizotic Climate (Opportunities For Learning And Personal Development) Have A Statistically Significant Impact On Attitudinal Organizational Pride In Companies Concerned, In When There Is No Effective Relationship Between (Spirit Of Camaraderie, Trust And Credibility Of Leaders, Open And Frank Communication With Leader, Fairness/Justice, Work– Family Conciliation) And Attitudinal Organizational Pride

Crisis leadership: An evolutionary concept analysis

AimThe purpose of this study was to define crisis leadership in the nursing context. BackgroundLeadership during critical situations is perhaps the most crucial element for crisis resolution. MethodsRodgers' evolutionary approach was used to conduct a concept analysis on crisis leadership and find its critical attributes, antecedents, and consequences. The researchers examined articles published in English and Korean from six databases. Articles from 2000 to 2016—with the key terms of crisis leadership, crisis management, crisis intervention, crisis, and disaster—were considered for analysis. Eleven studies were included in the final review. ResultsThe core attributes of crisis leadership from a nursing perspective consisted of six attributes: clear, fast, frank communication; a high degree of collaboration; sharing of information; decision-making and fair prioritization; building trust; competency. ConclusionsBased on this review, crisis leadership should be revised to focus on competency, nursing interventions, measurement tools, and training protocol development.

Double versus single T-tube drainage for frank cysto-biliary communication in patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis: a retrospective cohort study with median 11\xa0years follow-up

BackgroundPartial peri-cystectomy (PPC) is one of the major surgical approaches for hepatic cystic echinococcosis (CE) and has been practiced in most centers worldwide. Cysto-biliary communication (fistula, leakage, rupture) is a problematic issue in CE patients. T-tube is a useful technique in situations where an exploration and decompression are needed for common bile duct (CBD). However, postoperative biliary complications for cystic cavity still remains to be studied in depth.MethodsA retrospective cohort analysis of CE cases in our single center database from 2007 March to 2012 December was performed. Patients (n = 51) were divided into two cohorts: double T-tube drainage (one at CBD for decompression and one at the fistula for sustaining in cystic cavity, n = 23) group and single T-tube drainage cohort (only one at CBD for decompression, n = 28). Short-/long-term postoperative complications focusing on biliary system was recorded in detail and they were followed-up for median 11 years.ResultsOverall biliary complication rates for double and single T-tube drainages were 17.4% vs. 39.3% (P > 0.05). Short-term complications ranged from minor to major leakages, cavity infection and abscess formation, and prevalence was 17.4% vs. 21.4% (P > 0.05) respectively for double and single T-tube groups; most importantly, double T-tube drainage group had obvious advantages regarding long-term complications (P < 0.05), which was biliary stricture needing surgery and it was observed only in single T-tube drainage group.ConclusionsDouble T-tube drainage had better outcomes without procedure-specific postoperative biliary complications than single T-tube drainage. Meanwhile, we recommend long-term follow-up when comparing residual cavity related biliary complications in CE patients as it could happen lately.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Post-Cholecystectomy Iatrogenic Biliary Injury: A Retrospective Study

Abstract Background: Preventive strategies and safe surgery are of utmost importance to minimize BDI during cholecystectomy. The impor-tance of frank communication with the patient and accurate documentation cannot be overemphasized. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion with focused clinical, biochemical, and radiological examination. Aim of Study: Is to evaluate the best protocol in manage-ment of iatrogenic biliary injuries sustained during either laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy. Patients and Methods: 40 patients with iatrogenic bile duct injuries following cholecystectomy (open and Laparo-scopic) referred to the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery at Sohag Teaching Hospital, Sohag Univeristy, Egypt from January 2016 to January 2018 and treated by multidisciplinary approach team including hepatobiliary surgeons, gastroenter-ologists, and interventional radiologists. Results: In this retrospective study there were 12 cases that detected intraoperatively; 2 cases of them with complete cut of CBD. 8 cases (66, 67%) with partial injury of CBD and the other 2 cases (16.67%) with partial injury of CHD; 9 cases were repaired by primary repair of CBD and 3 cases by repair over stent. There were 14 cases detected early postoperative 1 (7.14%) case with complete injury of CBD and 4 (28.57%) cases with with partial injury of CBD and 6 (42.86%) cases with ligation of CBD and one (7.14%) case with slipped cystic duct ligature and 2 cases with ligation of CHD. There were 14 cases were detected late postoperatively 3 cases of them were with slipped cystic duct ligature and 11 cases with stricture of CBD. Conclusion: Advanced laparoscopic fellowship training may decrease conversion rates of laparoscopic cholecystecto-my. This may translate into a slightly shorter duration of hospitalization for these patients, which for a high volume procedure could make a significant impact on hospital eco-nomics.

Lendo em Francês leio o mundo: significações produzidas por alunos de uma escola pública amapaense sobre o ensino da Língua Francesa para a comunicação interfronteiriça

In this text the objective is to analyze the meanings that students from a public school in Amapá have been producing on the teaching of the French language for cross-border communication. To achieve the proposed objective, we appropriate the theoreticalmethodological assumptions of Historical-Cultural Theory/Activity Theory. The question that guided this research was: In the speeches of students from a public school in Amapá, what are the possible meanings (senses and meanings) produced about the teaching of the French language for cross-border communication? Participated in the study 5 (five) students of the 3rd year of High School of a public school in Amapá, located on the border of Brazil/French Guiana, which has the French language as a mandatory curricular component. Specifically, on the production of the data, semi-structured interviews were used. The results of the research show that it is necessary to think about linguistic policies that value the teaching of languages with a focus on culturally marked proposals, which are based, above all, on the relationship between language and culture. In addition, the meanings produced, from the speeches of the investigated students, are demonstrative that, for these students, the learning of the French language mediates not only frank communication but also the learning of the elements of French culture.

Charles Péguy’s flu: the metaphor of diagnosis on the crossroads of historical, sociological and philosophical discourses in 1900

Abstract: This article examines how the French socialist thinker Charles Péguy (1873-1914) used the metaphor of diagnosis of social ills in De la grippe (1900). This text serves as the entrance point into the complex history of the metaphor of diagnosis around the beginning of the twentieth century, as it dwelled in the border regions of historical, sociological and philosophical discourses. Péguy seems at first to follow the contemporary tendency to use the metaphor of diagnosis as a means to denounce ready-made historical and sociological theory. However, the metaphor of diagnosis also foregrounds aspects irreducible to epistemological concerns. The diagnostician thus introduced a paradigm for the frank communication of inconvenient truths from an engaged position, at the same time as the Dreyfus Affair imprinted the persona of the “engaged intellectual” on the modern social imaginary.

The Federal Reserve and Goldman Sachs: Carmen Segarra

Carmen Segarra, a recently hired bank examiner in the NY Fed's supervisory office for Goldman Sachs, strongly disagrees with her supervisor, Mike Silva, about whether Goldman Sachs has a viable overall conflict-of-interest policy. Silva says “yes,” and Segarra says “no.” This issue is the latest in which Segarra sees what she considers regulatory capture in the NY Fed/Goldman Sachs's relationship. An independent report had been critical of the NY Fed for being too cozy with the banking institutions it regulated and suggested hiring more aggressive and vocal examiners. Segarra realizes that her aggressive and frank communication style has irritated both Silva and others in their department but is determined to do her job. The tension between Silva and Segarra has reached a breaking point and Segarra must decide what actions she must take to address both the tension and what she considers regulatory capture. A teaching note accompanies this case and details how it is taught in Darden's ethics and leading organizations courses. Excerpt UVA-OB-1079 Rev. Mar. 15, 2016 The Federal Reserve and Goldman Sachs: Carmen Segarra As she left the meeting with Mike Silva, Carmen Segarra thought that if blood could indeed boil, hers would be doing exactly that at this moment. The meeting had been contentious, as she and Silva debated yet again the issue of Goldman Sachs's conflict-of-interest policy. Segarra, who had recently joined the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (NY Fed) as a bank examiner, had grown increasingly frustrated by its refusal to push Goldman Sachs on a number of issues, including the conflict-of-interest policy. She had discussed this at length with Silva, the NY Fed's senior supervisory officer for Goldman Sachs, in often combative conversations. He claimed that she was wrong and that, although the Goldman Sachs policy was imperfect, it did exist. Segarra thought his argument was laughable; she had researched the issue and found that other financial institutions—Barclays and Morgan Stanley—for example, had comprehensive company-wide compliance policies. Why should Goldman Sachs not have the same? Segarra's relationship with Silva and some of the other supervisors was already shaky; Segarra did not believe in mincing words and she knew that her communication style irritated some of her colleagues. But she was just doing her job, and in her opinion, they were not. She had stood by and watched them avoid pushing Goldman Sachs to address certain shady deals. The current issue, however, was bigger. She believed Goldman Sachs needed an overall compliance policy, but her NY Fed co-workers, Silva in particular, were dragging their feet on addressing the issue. Segarra had contemplated several courses of action, including quitting her job, but was unsure exactly what to do. Carmen Segarra Born in Indiana but raised mostly in Puerto Rico, Segarra graduated from Harvard University and Cornell Law School and also studied international litigation and European community law at the Sorbonne. Encouraged by her father to pursue lifelong learning, Segarra was a polyglot, fluent in several languages and continually picking up new ones. One of her early career interests was the millennial computer bug, Y2K; she had written and published on this topic and worked with banks to create a Y2K legal and compliance program. Prior to working at the NY Fed , Segarra had worked for 13 years at, among others, Bank of America, Citigroup, Al

Maintaining Group Analytic Training during the Financial Crisis in Greece

This article describes the application of group analytic methods and principles to a training institution for group analysis, the Hellenic Organization for Psychotherapy and Education in Group Analysis (HOPE in GA), in Athens, Greece, when suffering from a decline in student numbers. By creating an on-going large group named “The Training Community” its members were able to deal effectively with the difficult financial and social situation. Speaking out through dialogue, frank communication, and working with the group dynamics and group processes in the organization gave members hope. They managed not only to survive but much more: HOPE in GA was able to become creative and to flourish despite the destructive forces in the wider social context both inside and outside the country. Group analysis creates political thought and can influence societies in a more humanitarian direction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Potential donor families' experiences of organ and tissue donation-related communication, processes and outcome.

We aimed to describe the experiences of families of potential organ and tissue donors eligible for donation after circulatory death or brain death. Forty-nine family members of potential donors from four Melbourne hospitals were interviewed to assess their experiences of communication, processes and the outcomes of donation. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Families expressed a range of perspectives on themes of communication, hospital processes and care, the processes of consent and donation and reflected on decisions and outcomes. They expressed satisfaction overall with communication when receiving bad news, discussing death and donation. Honest and frank communication and being kept up-to-date and prepared for potential outcomes were important aspects for families, especially those of post circulatory death donors. Participants reported high levels of trust in healthcare professionals and satisfaction with the level of care received. Many donor families indicated the process was lengthy and stressful, but not significantly enough to adversely affect their satisfaction with the outcome. Both the decision itself and knowing others' lives had been saved provided them with consolation. No consenting families, and only some non-consenting families, regretted their decisions. Many expressed they would benefit from a follow-up opportunity to ask questions and clarify possible misunderstandings. Overall, while experiences varied, Australian families valued frank communication, trusted health professionals, were satisfied with the care their family member received and with donation processes, despite some apparent difficulties. Family satisfaction, infrequently assessed, is an important outcome and these findings may assist education for Australian organ donation professionals.

Silêncio organizacional: introdução e crítica

Resumo: Com as mudanças ocorridas a partir dos anos 1970, as organizações passaram a requerer maior participação de seus trabalhadores nos processos de trabalho. A comunicação franca e aberta torna-se vital nesse cenário. O silêncio organizacional (MORRISON e MILLIKEN, 2000) e o silêncio dos empregados (PINDER e HARLOS, 2001) passam a ser estudados com mais profundidade para se compreender os comportamentos que levam os empregados a se valerem da voz, via relato (speaking up), ou permanecerem em silêncio. Desde os anos 2000, o silêncio tem ganhado interesse crescente de pesquisa (BRINSFIELD, EDWARDS e GREENBERG, 2009), sendo que, neste ensaio, o objetivo é apresentar e inserir o silêncio organizacional na agenda de pesquisa sobre Comportamento Organizacional no Brasil. Para tanto, apresentamos o que a literatura estrangeira trata como motivos que levam os empregados a permanecerem em silêncio e quais as consequências desse silêncio tanto para eles quanto para a organização. Acreditamos, contudo, que há limitações nas reflexões desenvolvidas. Para não incorrermos em uma importação domesticada de saberes, apresentamos algumas reflexões, ainda incipientes sobre o tema, a partir de debates desenvolvidos por estudiosos brasileiros (especialmente, TRAGTENBERG, 1971; 2005; PRESTES MOTTA, 1981; PAES DE PAULA, 2002; FARIA e MENEGHETTI, 2011) sobre o caráter ideológico e, portanto, opressor dos conhecimentos produzidos nas ciências administrativas. Criticamos, assim, alguns dos pressupostos da teoria sobre o silêncio organizacional, chamando atenção para a própria organização como fomentadora do silêncio e das consequências que dele podem surgir.

Глобальное управление и диаспоры: пример мигрантов из стран Африки и США

In 2013, the Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences began a study of black communities in the USA. By now, the research was conducted in six states (Alabama, Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York and Pennsylvania); in a number of towns as well as in the cities of Boston, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia and Chicago. The study shows that diasporas as network communities have already formed among recent migrants from many African countries in the U.S. These are diasporas of immigrants from individual countries, not a single “African diaspora”. On one hand, diasporas as an important phenomenon of globalization should become objects of global governance by means of regulation at the transnational level of both migration streams and foreign-born communities norms of existence. On the other hand, diasporas can be agents of social and political global governance, of essentially transnational impact on particular societies and states sending and accepting migrants, as evidenced by the African diasporas in the USA. Most American Africans believe that diasporas must and can take an active part in the home countries’ public life. However, the majority of them concentrates on targeted assistance to certain people – their loved ones back home. The forms of this assistance are diverse, but the main of them is sending remittances. At the same time, the money received from migrants by specific people makes an impact on the whole society and state. For many African states these remittances form a significant part of national income. The migrants’ remittances allow the states to lower the level of social tension. Simultaneously, they have to be especially thorough while building relationships with the migrant accepting countries and with diasporas themselves. Africans constitute an absolute minority among recent migrants in the USA. Nevertheless, directly or indirectly, they exert a certain influence on the establishment of the social life principles and state politics (home and foreign), not only of native countries but also of the accepting one, the U.S. This props up the argument that elaboration of norms and setting the rules of global governance is a business of not only political actors, but of the globalizing civil society, its institutions and organizations either. The most recent example are public debates in the American establishment, including President Obama, on the problem of immigration policy and relationships with migrant sending states, provoked by the 2014 U.S.–Africa Leaders Summit. Remarkably, the African diasporas represented by their leaders actively joined the discussion and openly declared that the state pays insufficiently little attention to the migrants’ needs and insisted on taking their position into account while planning immigration reform. However, Africans are becoming less and less “invisible” in the American society not only in connection with loud, but infrequent specific events. Many educated Africans who have managed to achieve a decent social status and financial position for themselves, have a desire not just to promote the adaptation of migrants from Africa, but to make their collective voice heard in American society and the state at the local and national levels. Their efforts take different forms, but most often they result in establishing and running of various diaspora organizations. These associations become new cells of the American civil society, and in this capacity affect the society itself and the government institutions best they can. Thus, the evidence on Africans in the USA shows that diasporas are both objects (to date, mainly potential) and real subjects of global governance. They influence public life, home and foreign policy of the migrant sending African countries and of migrant accepting United States, make a modest but undeniable contribution to the global phenomena and processes management principles and mechanisms. Acknowledgements. The research was supported by the grants of the Russian Foundation for Humanities: no. 14-01-00070 “African Americans and Recent African Migrants in the USA: Cultural Mythology and Reality of Intercommunity Relations”, no. 13-01-18036 “The Relations between African-Americans and Recent African Migrants: Socio-Cultural Aspects of Intercommunity Perception”, and by the grant of the Russian Academy of Sciences as a part of its Fundamental Research Program for 2014. The author is sincerely grateful to Veronika V. Usacheva and Alexandr E. Zhukov who participated in collecting and processing of the evidence, to Martha Aleo, Ken Baskin, Allison Blakely, Igho Natufe, Bella and Kirk Sorbo, Harold Weaver whose assistance in organization and conduction of the research was inestimable, as well as to all the informants who were so kind as to spend their time for frank communication.

Comments on the dilemma in the November/December issue: ‘Fate of a severely lame cow’

The dilemma in the November/December issue concerned a severely lame cow with deep digital sepsis. It had lost a lot of condition and was 10/10 lame. Despite your opinion that...

What keeps oncologists from addressing palliative care early on with incurable cancer patients? An active stance seems key.

Sympathetic and frank communication about the terminal nature of advanced cancer is important to improve patients' prognostic understanding and, thereby, to allow for adjustment of treatment intensity to realistic goals; however, decisions against aggressive treatments are often made only when death is imminent. This qualitative study explores the factors that hinder such communication and reconstructs how physicians and nurses in oncology perceive their roles in preparing patients for end-of-life (EOL) decisions. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with physicians (n = 12) and nurses (n = 6) working at the Department of Hematology/Oncology at the university hospital in Munich, Germany. The data were analyzed using grounded theory methodology and discussed from a medical ethics perspective. Oncologists reported patients with unrealistic expectations to be a challenge for EOL communication that is especially prominent in comprehensive cancer centers. Oncologists responded to this challenge quite differently by either proactively trying to facilitate advanced care planning or passively leaving the initiative to address preferences for care at the EOL to the patient. A major impediment to the proactive approach was uncertainty about the right timing for EOL discussions and about the balancing the medical evidence against the physician's own subjective emotional involvement and the patient's wishes. These findings provide explanations of why EOL communication is often started rather late with cancer patients. For ethical reasons, a proactive stance should be promoted, and oncologists should take on the task of preparing patients for their last phase of life. To do this, more concrete guidance on when to initiate EOL communication is necessary to improve the quality of decision making for advanced cancer patients.

Tangible Object Symbols: A Case Study with an Adult with Multiple Disabilities

For special educators and speech-language pathologists who work among adults with multiple disabilities, tangible object symbols may be an appropriate avenue for communication enhancement. Many of these adults use presymbolic communicative actions (Cascella, 2005), and these symbols may enable them to transition from presymbolic into symbolic communication. Collateral evidence for this transition comes from promising results of tangible symbol applications among children who also have presymbolic communication actions (Parker, Banda, Davidson, & Liu-Gitz, 2010; Rowland & Schweigert, 2000; Sigafoos et al., 2008; Trief, Cascella, & Bruce, 2013). Yet, there is a paucity of research on tangible symbol treatments among adults. To address this gap, the paper presented here describes a case study (A-B treatment design) where a tangible object symbol was introduced to an adult (pseudonym Frank) with multiple disabilities and visual impairment at his day habilitation program. The tangible object symbol was introduced in a functional manner, so that it related specifically to Frank's interests and motivation, as well as the interpersonal characteristics (that is, daily activities, partner expectations) of his environment. Two questions were addressed: Would a tangible object symbol enhance Frank's communication skills? and How quickly might Frank learn to use the tangible object symbol? METHODS Participant Frank was a 53-year-old man with a history of profound intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and severe visual impairment (also known as severe low vision or legal blindness) of a degenerative nature the onset of which occurred more than five years before the initiation of the intervention. Notably, Frank did not tolerate vision testing and he does not wear eyeglasses. Three years of reports (nursing, social work, psychology, and speech-language pathology) indicated no prior or recent exposure to tangible object symbols, graphic symbols, or voice-output technology. Records indicated that Frank had functional hearing, some independent ambulation in known environments, and generally good physical health. Frank attended an adult day habilitation program where there were consistent morning activities (a beverage, arts and crafts, puzzle activities, simple meal preparation, and lunch) and afternoon events (looking at magazines, watching a news program, shopping at local businesses, going to a park, and having another beverage before departure). Frank required intermittent support to engage in activities, and his instructors (one lead, one assistant) reported that he was cooperative during daily routines and sometimes preferred being left on his own when occupied by an activity. The case study presented here began after Frank's lead instructor inquired about whether Frank could learn to more directly communicate that he wanted a drink. The instructor reported that Frank would stand up at his seat, but not directly approach or call out to a staff member, when he wanted a drink. After discussion, it was decided to introduce Frank to a tangible object symbol and a voice-output communication device (BIG-Mack Communicator). To address the methodological challenges of tangible object symbol research cited by Sigafoos et al. (2008), the case study presented here includes a detailed description of the baseline and methodology (for evaluation and replication) but not a matched control or videotape sampling, since these would have been impractical in this setting. The City University of New York Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this study. Frank's communication status at prebaseline Two tools were used to assess Frank's communication status prior to baseline, the Communication Matrix (Rowland, 2004) and the Functional Communication Profile (Kleinman, 2003). Though nonstandardized, these tools document communication forms and functions via interview with a familiar staff member, a technique that has proven useful when compared to direct structured sampling tasks (Cascella, 2005). …

Como as perceções de climas autentizóticos explicam os comportamentos inovadores e o desempenho individual: o caso de uma multinacional

This study investigates how the perception of authentizotic climate (camaraderie spirit; leader trust and credibility; the open and frank communication with the leader; learning opportunities and personal development; equity / justice; work-family conciliation) explain the innovative behavior and individual performance. The data was analyzed from a questionnaire answered by 128 employees of a multinational. The results suggest that (1) the employees perception of camaraderie spirit explain their innovative behavior, (2) the fairness / justice perception and open and frank communication with the leader explains the individual performance, (3) the innovative behavior influences individual performance. In spite of the study limitations, empirical evidence suggests that organizations should promote the authentizotic climate, particularly the camaraderie spirit, the open and frank communication with the leaders and the equity/justice, if they want employees to adopt more innovative behavior and improve their individual performances.

Beyond Bobby Jo Clary: The Unavailability of Same-Sex Marital Privileges Infringes the Rights of So Many More Than Criminal Defendants

Confusion over the applicability of marital privileges invoked by same-sex spouses from one jurisdiction to the next has a chilling effect on the full and frank communication marital privileges seek to encourage. With the growing number of jurisdictions recognizing same-sex marriages in the wake of United States v. Windsor, conflicts between state marriage laws embracing marriage equality and state versions of the Defense of Marriage Act (“mini-DOMAs”) will similarly increase. Section 2 of the Defense of Marriage Act (“DOMA”) permits a state with a mini-DOMA to invalidate a marriage validly celebrated in another. So, too, may a state with a mini-DOMA refuse to recognize a marital privilege otherwise available to opposite-sex couples to protect a same-sex marriage celebrated in another state or a confidential communication held in another state. A conversation in New York, which would recognize a valid marriage between same-sex partners and thus apply any available marital privilege, may never be had for fear that future litigation in Texas, which maintains a mini-DOMA, may force one spouse to reveal those confidential communications while testifying adversely to her spouse.To provide the certainty needed to fulfill the purpose of the marital privileges, federal court intervention is required to strike section 2 of DOMA and all mini-DOMAs as unconstitutional violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, as well as the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. With reasonable certainty that their marriages will be deemed valid in all jurisdictions, same-sex couples can take comfort in knowing they will not be forced to testify adversely to one another or reveal confidential communications they shared. Same-sex marriages, like their opposite-sex counterparts, will be strengthened by the benefits such privileges afford.

Beyond Bobby Jo Clary: The Unavailability of Same-Sex Marital Privileges Infringes the Rights of so Many More Than Criminal Defendants

Confusion over the applicability of marital privileges invoked by same-sex spouses from one jurisdiction to the next has a chilling effect on the full and frank communication marital privileges seek to encourage. With the growing number of jurisdictions recognizing same-sex marriages in the wake of United States v. Windsor, conflicts between state marriage laws embracing marriage equality and state versions of the Defense of Marriage Act (“mini-DOMAs”) will similarly increase. Section 2 of the Defense of Marriage Act (“DOMA”) permits a state with a mini-DOMA to invalidate a marriage validly celebrated in another. So, too, may a state with a mini-DOMA refuse to recognize a marital privilege otherwise available to opposite-sex couples to protect a same-sex marriage celebrated in another state or a confidential communication held in another state. A conversation in New York, which would recognize a valid marriage between same-sex partners and thus apply any available marital privilege, may never be had for fear that future litigation in Texas, which maintains a mini-DOMA, may force one spouse to reveal those confidential communications while testifying adversely to her spouse.To provide the certainty needed to fulfill the purpose of the marital privileges, federal court intervention is required to strike section 2 of DOMA and all mini-DOMAs as unconstitutional violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, as well as the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. With reasonable certainty that their marriages will be deemed valid in all jurisdictions, same-sex couples can take comfort in knowing they will not be forced to testify adversely to one another or reveal confidential communications they shared. Same-sex marriages, like their opposite-sex counterparts, will be strengthened by the benefits such privileges afford.

Evaluation as work in progress: Stories of shared learning and development

Culture change programs that attempt to identify, challenge, and change inequities and discrimination represent major challenges for evaluators: these are shifting sands, subject to many external factors that cannot be accounted for or measured using ‘objective’ measures. Yet, effective, methodologically coherent evaluation of such projects is essential for both ethical and pragmatic reasons. This article reports on the evaluation of two programs from Victoria, Australia, that use sport as a vehicle for building cultures of respect. The methodology that underpinned both evaluations is described and the authors discuss the challenges (and benefits) experienced during the evaluation process. These challenges and benefits can be summarized under two main headings: relationships and expectations. Effective relationships based on trust led to open and frank communication, and this was essential to manage the multiple and often contradictory expectations that often accompany large, complex evaluation projects.

They Need to be Different, They Feel Happier in Authentizotic Climates

The study shows how the perceptions of six authentizotic climate dimensions (spirit of camaraderie, trust and credibility of the leaders, open and frank communication with the leaders, opportunities for learning and personal development, fairness/justice, and work-family conciliation) interact with the need for uniqueness (NFU) in predicting affective well-being (AWB) at work. Participants are 342 individuals, all young graduate engineers participating in a course on ethics and deontology. Both the perceptions of authentizotic climates and the NFU predict unique variance of AWB. Perceptions of authentizotic climates (excepting work-family conciliation) interact with NFU in predicting AWB: (a) the relationship between perceptions of authentizotic climates and AWB is stronger when NFU is greater; (b) the relationship between NFU and AWB is stronger when perceptions of authentizotic climates are more positive.