War In France Research Articles

John Gough and the Traité de la Différence des Schismes et des Conciles of Jean Lemaire de Belges: Translation as Propaganda in the Henrician Reformation

When Jean Lemaire de Belges composed his Traité de la différence des schismes et des conciles de l'eglise in 1511, the purpose of the text was to support Louis XII in his struggle with Pope Julius II, to promote the conciliar ideology which the French king was exploiting, and in general to set Christian kings and emperors in favourable contrast with the popes of Rome. Read beside vernacular texts by other authors – Jean Bouchet, Pierre Gringore, Jean Marot, Jean d'Auton – who were writing during France's war with Julius II, it appears more effective propaganda and in some ways bolder and more far-reaching. However, the contrast is not sufficient to mark its author out as heterodox in comparison with the rest, two of whom, Bouchet and Gringore, were later to attack Lutheranism with some vigour. Lemaire's text established itself as an acceptable Gallican–monarchical view of history. It sold well and was printed twice in both 1511 and 1512. It continued to be printed after the crisis which produced it had abated. Increasingly it was included in the collections of Lemaire's works which remained popular long after the author himself dropped out of public view in about 1515. As the Lutheran Reformation developed readers brought new perceptions to the text, and we may deduce a sharpened sense of its relevance from a new edition which appeared in Lyons in 1532. Romain Morin published the text in a new small format, and with a new title, Le Promptuaire des conciles de l'eglise catholique, avec les scismes et la difference d'iceulx. The text itself was very little modified. Morin himself reissued the Promptuaire in 1533 and ten years later Paris printers took it up, showing that the text continued popular in France into the 1550s, when it was finally placed on the Sorbonne's list of forbidden books.

Retreat to Dunkirk

Maurice Joseph recalls his experiences of the war in France and the Dunkirk evacuation

Saint Pie V (review)

Reviews 153 is described by Le Goff as 'exhaustive', yet it does not contain reference to interesting work that he himself cites on p. xiv, and it includes Chaucer despite the author's assertion (p. xviii) that Chaucer had to be excluded from the coverage of the volume! John O. Ward Department of History University of Sydney Lemaitre, Nicole, Saint Pie V, Paris, Librahe Artheme Fayard, 1994; paper; pp. 432; 3 maps, 8 plates; R.R.P. FF150.00. Pius V was one of only two grand inquisitors to become pope and one of only five popes to become a saint in the last 1000 years. These two accomplishments illustrate the contrasting impressions of him. One side condemns him for his persecution of heresy, his harsh treatment of Jews, including then enclosure in the Roman ghetto, his support for religious war in France, and his excommunication of Queen Elizabeth of England. The other praises him for his efforts to reform the Church according to the decrees of the Council of Trent, to eliminate abuses, immorality, and ignorance, to promote devotion to Mary, to support educational institutions and seminaries, and to establish the tridentine liturgy. Yet most contemporaries would have remembered him primarily for his role in the Holy League that led to the great naval victory of the combined Christian forces at the battle of Lepanto in 1571. Michele Ghislieri was a Dominican friar with a peasant background. He became a cardinal in 1557 as a result of his uncompromising work in the papal inquisition, work that earned him the patronage of the Carafa pope, Paul IV. His election as pope in 1565 was something of a surprise but nonetheless a clear indication that the papacy would not revert to the situation that existed earlier in the century, when Alexander VI, Julius II, and Leo X demonstrated in different ways the worst features of the Renaissance papacy. H e was a Counter Reformation pope rather than a Renaissance one. In one respect he was a medieval pope, for Nicole Lemaitre argues that spme of his aspirations, such as the conversion of the Jews and the recovery of Jerusalem, were linked to his millenarian views that Christ would return and join the faithful in Jerusalem to establish his kingdom on earth. W h e n he died in 1572, the Jews had not converted, 154 Reviews Jerusalem was still in the hands of the infidel, and Christ had not yet returned. Nonetheless, the universal church canonized him in 1712. Lemaitre begins her biography with a justification, almost an apology, for undertaking such a task. But no apologies are necessary, for she produces a tour de force that demonstrates a mature understanding of the sixteenth-century context, and she succeeds in placing Pius V in that context. However, perhaps she devotes too much attention to some issues and not enough to others; for example, describing the battle of Lepanto in great detail but devoting far too little attention to the diplomatic activities of Pius V in France during the Wars of Religion. Her prose is lively, her erudition is commendable, and her biography of this unsympathetic and unappealing pope, while not making him sympathetic and appealing, makes him understandable. A. Lynn Martin Department of History The University of Adelaide Long, James R., ed., Philosophy and the God of Abraham: essays in memory of James A. Weisheipl, Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1991; paper; pp. x, 296; R.R.P. CAN$31.00. In the words of Edward A. Synan ('Aquinas and the children of Abraham', p. 203): 'The career of James A. Weisheipl, OP, was marked by passionate devotion to the problematic of medieval scientific conceptions as well as to the theological traditions of his Church and Order, and the Thomistic tradition pre-eminent in both'. This provides a fair guide in fact to the general character of the collection itself, except that one must note that the emphasis falls quite definitely on Thomistic philosophy within the theological traditions of the Church. To this extent, the essays fail to do full justice to Weisheipl's philosophical concerns, especially his contribution to natural philosophy. Weisheipl is perhaps best known for his biography...

In the service of Stalin: the Spanish communists in exile, 1939-1945

The Spanish republicans in their defeat the communists in isolation in the shadow of the pact arrival in Russia and America in the hands of the Nazis birth of the Spanish Resistance in France Mauthausen, subsidiary of hell in Russia, from honeymeoon to holy war in France, inside the two camps war to the knife the liberation of the Southwest survival and liberation at Mauthausen rendezvous at Toulouse.

Guerres de mémoire en France

Memory wars in France, Daniel Lindenberg. The author proposes a transversal analysis of the periods which marked French national memory, from the Revolution to the Algerian war. He seeks to describe and explain the double movement of accumulation and selection characteristic of the link between French identity and the past.

Filters, Portraits, and History's Mixed Bag: A Lost Lady and The Age of Innocence

It has always been surprising to me that Willa Cather's and Edith Wharton's lives failed to touch. They were born eleven years apart (1862 and 1873); their careers in fiction overlapped for more than three decades; two years separated their Pulitzer Prizes (Wharton's for Age of in 1921, and Cather's for One of Ours in 1923); they both were Jamesians, Francophiles, shared acquaintance fellow writers like Sinclair Lewis and Scott Fitzgerald; and they died decade apart--Wharton in 1937, Cather in 1947. In 1931 Colophon piece Cather admits trying to imitate Wharton's fashionable fiction before discovering her own home pasture in O Pioneers! (1913) (On Writing 93), and in New York Times interview in 1924 she mentioned reading Wharton article on France (WC in Person 70), but find no other recognition. Neither in the R. W. B. Lewis biography nor in the collection of Wharton letters does the index include Cather; the exhaustive James Woodress biography of Cather includes only three entries under Wharton, and these refer to inclusions in lists of Cather contemporaries. Surely Cather must have read the 1921 Pulitzer Prize-winning Age of Innocence, which appeared when she was concluding One of Ours and before she began Lost Lady. begin question can't answer: How much did Cather's reading of Wharton's masterpiece influence Lost Lady? Questions like this can seldom be answered satisfactorily; however, the comparisons they generate do contribute understanding of the subjects, and placing these two novels side by side indicates significant similarities, if not influence. Cynthia Wolff's labeling Wharton's writing Age of a nostalgic (310) could easily be applied to Cather's writing Lost Lady. Both novelists observe their subjects over the chasm left by the war in France. Wharton laments the losses of these years in her autobiography: The brief rapture that came the cessation of the war . . . soon gave way to growing sense of the waste and loss wrought by these irreparable years. . . . myself had lost charming young cousin, Newbold Rhinelander, shot down in an aeroplane battle in September 1917 (Backward 363-64). She then mentions the untimely death of young American officer friend, Ronald Simmons, for whom she commissioned vault in Marseilles cemetery, and also the passing of older intimates Howard Sturgis and Henry James. In spirit heavy these losses she began writing about the war with new intensity of vision, she says. A study of the world at the rear |she had lived in Paris during the war~ seemed to me worth doing, and pondered over it till it took shape in Son at the Front (368-69), novel intended as another wreath on Simmons' grave (Lewis 457), which appeared, to mixed reviews, only in 1923. Meanwhile, Wharton continues, I found momentary escape in going back to my childhood memories of long vanished America, and wrote Age of Innocence (Backward 369). Lewis bluntly says that disillusionment the contemporary American cad of the type she saw overrunning Paris after the war led her back to the world of her growing up and young womanhood, nineteenth-century world she defined to Sara Norton as a blessed refuge from the turmoil and mediocrity of today--like taking sanctuary in mighty temple (Lewis 423-24). But the writing was more than refuge, notes Lewis; it helped her rediscover vital continuity in after experiencing cleavage from everything she had known and been--became, in effect, an act of reconciliation. In Age of Edith Wharton sought to come back to herself (424-25). At this point we are able to approach Willa Cather. In brief prefatory statement in her 1936 essay collection, Not Under Forty, Cather wrote, The world broke in two in 1922 or thereabouts, and the persons |like Flaubert's niece, and Mrs. Fields, Sarah Orne Jewett, Katherine Mansfield, and Thomas Mann~ and prejudices recalled in these sketches slide back into yesterday's seven thousand years. …

Retail Policy in the Post War France

Retail Policy in the Post War France

Review. Immigration in Post-War France: A Documentary Anthology. Hargreaves, Alec C.

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access Immigration in Post–War France: A Documentary Anthology. Edited by ALEC C. HARGREAVES. (Methuen's Twentieth Century French Texts). London, Methuen, 1987. x +146 pp. MAXIM SILVERMAN MAXIM SILVERMAN UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XLIV, Issue 4, October 1990, Page 496, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XLIV.4.496 Published: 01 October 1990

The National Accounts, Household Service Consumption and its Monetization

National account statistics typically omit some nonmarketed economic activity. Over time, if nonmarket activity declines relative to total economic activity, national accounts estimates of output and income, and their changes, will be overstated. This overstatement affects comparisons among countries. Using labor-force participation rates as a proxy for the move from nonmarket production to market production, this paper finds, and provides, empirical measurements of the systematic overstating of national accounts output data for the United States, Canada, and France in the post-World War II period. Copyright 1989 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG

Woman as Ghost in Cynthia Asquith: Ghostly Fiction and Autobiography

A study of the writing of Lady Cynthia Asquith1 is part of the continuing response to Elaine Showalter's call a decade ago for feminist critics to rediscover unknown women writers, to establish the links in the chain that [bind] one generation to the next,. . .the continuities in women's as well as to seek the repressed messages of women. . .the not-said.2 Asquith is of special interest to feminists because her medium of ghostly fiction, a metaphoric extension of woman as ghost in her autobiographical writing, constitutes as credible and graphic a sign of woman's marginality in her culture as does Gilbert and Gubar's symbolic madwoman in the attic. Cynthia Asquith came to maturity in a literate and literary atmosphere; her mother and mother-in-law were both diarists. Her husband became well known for his war poems, and her brothers also wrote long poetic letters describing their impressions of the war in France. She began her public writing career by sending an unsolicited manuscript to The Times of London entitled How to Sit for Your Portrait. Quickly becoming an acknowledged lay expert on the affairs of mothers and children, she then expanded her literary career to include writing ghost stories and children's stories; in addition, she edited many collections of stories, calling upon friends in the literary and art worlds of London for contributions. For twenty years she was private secretary to the playwright James Barrie and was aided by his contacts in the theatrical and publishing worlds. Among her works are his biography, Portrait of Barrie (1954), the biography of the Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth, wife of George VI), an autobiographical novel, The Spring House (1936), and two book-length memoirs, Haply May Remember (1950) and Remember and Be Glad (1952). She began her diary in 1915, but while she lived she mentioned its existence to very few. Yet she declared at the outset, I would never write as though were really convinced no other eye would ever see what wrote.3 And she passed on the diary to her children with the tacit understanding that it was to be published. Asquith's ghostly fiction is not well known in the United States, but representative selections are generally accessible in libraries. The Diaries: 1915-1918 not only illuminate the Victorian-Edwardian culture of World War out of

Revolution against the state: The context and significance of Marx's later writings

In this centennial decade of Marx's death socialists will be concerned to re-evaluate his political legacy and its relevance to our own times and struggles. This paper aims to contribute to that discussion. Its immediate stimulus was two seminal papers published several years ago in the pages of History Workshop by Haruki Wada and Teodor Shanin [1], on the significance of the researches and writings of Marx's last decade, particularly those on Russia. Wada and Shanin argue that there are important shifts in "late Marx". Subsequent Marxism has for the most part either ignored or suppressed these, yet they are highly germane to socialist struggles in the 20th century. Our paper extends the general line of argument in both pieces. We show that the shifts Wada and Shanin identify in Marx with respect to Russia have no less important counterparts in other texts of the 1870s and 1880s, notably the drafts and texts of The Civil War in France. In short, there indeed is something distinctive, novel and important about "late Marx", which should cause us to rethink his political legacy as a whole. But first, it is necessary to qualify some aspects of the Wada/Shanin argument. 1. Marx and Capitalist Development

L'État et les télécommunications internationales au début du XXe siècle : un monopole stérile

A bstract. Strating with the situation of the international communications since the middle of the 19th century - caracterized by the british cables supremacy - the author examines the action of the french administration at the beginning of the 20 th century in this strategic field transformed by a new technology, the radio. In fact the action of the french administration was not unify. The army, the navy, the Post and Telegraph administration and the colonies shown concern about their own interest. At the beginnings of the first world war France did not have the telegraphic international network necessary for its Empire, its diplomacy and its economic development. The french radio industry, despite the high level of its technology, was embarrassed by the monopoly to develop its action.

Speech, Text, and Time: The Sense of Hearing and the Sense of the Past in Renaissance England

Midway through his account of the reign of King Edward III, John Speed paused to remind his readers of what had gone before, an account of Edward's wars in France, by way of leading into his next subject, the king's godliness. “You have heard a part of great king Edward's victorious fortunes in battle, both by land and sea; be not ignorant of his pietie.” Speed's choice of language is striking: “You have heard.” Many early modern authors employed this same peculiar device. In 1600, Thomas Danett commenced a chapter of hisA continuation of the history of Francewith the sentence, “You have heard how a truce for five years was concluded betweene the kings of Fraunce and Spaine.” Thomas James, translating a French work on the Stoics, wrote, “You have heard discoursed unto you the principall lawes which the Stoickes thincke expedient….” To justify the printing of a quotation from a medieval manuscript, William Camden urged his reader to “heare the verie words out of that private historic” Richard Verstegan directed the reader to “heer the testimony of sundry ancient and approved authors.” The anonymous author ofThe historie of Mervine(1612), a chivalric romance, reminded the reader of an earlier event with the remark: “the childe (as you have heard) was baptized….”As historians, we have all had occasion to refer the reader back to earlier points in our articles, theses, and books. As a rule, such passages begin with a phrase like “we have seen,” or “it has been shown,” not “you have heard.”

De Vlaamse beweging

The Flemish Movement was born out of the democratic and especially, the national enthusiasm of the Belgian revolution of 1830. lts purpose was the recovery of the people language in public life (pp. 1-3). Till the defeat of France in the France-German war of 1870-1871 she wanted to protect Belgium from annexation by France. The revolution of 1848 in Europe and the threat of Belgium by «the dictator» Napoleon III, reinforced its democratic character and connected it with the movement for enlargement of the voting-right, for decentralization and anti-militarism. Therefore she was supported also from the Walloon patriots and democrats, especially out of the catholic party (pp. 8-11).From 1847 onwards its morale and politics which were close to the church opinion ( pp. 4 and 6), were openly tempted by a group for whom the Flemish Movement had to have a liberal character (pp. 5 and 7). In that group, most of them rejected the enlargement of votingright because it would be in the interest of the catholics (pp. 12-13), and they condamned the cooperation of some liberals with the Flemish minded catholics (pp. 13-15). The introduction of the universal suffrage in 1893 led to a reinforced Flamingant agitation (p. 18).She was backed upon the christian-democrat peasant- and labour movement, but did get little response in the socialist party. The interest for political action in the Flemish Movement stayed weak (pp. 17-21).

Lancastrian Normandy, 1415-1450: The History of a Medieval Occupation. C. T. AllmandJohn Talbot and the War in France, 1427-1453. A. J. Pollard

<i>Lancastrian Normandy, 1415-1450: The History of a Medieval Occupation</i>. C. T. Allmand<i>John Talbot and the War in France, 1427-1453</i>. A. J. Pollard

A new deal for France's regions and linguistic minorities

Since the Second World War France has experienced an upsurge of regionalistic and ethnic nationalist movements. There has been mutual interaction between these movements and the French left, particularly the Socialist Party. As a result, the policies of the Socialist government since May 1981 have included a wide programme of decentralisation which went some way to meeting the demands of the movements. But the continuing Jacobinism of the Socialists has imposed limitations and has led to a strengthening of the movements' moderate forces as well as to a splitting off and further hardening of the ‘purs et durs’ elements.

Prelude to Vichy: France and the Jewish Refugees in the Era of Appeasement

A major component of the rising tide of xenophobia in the last years of the Third Republic was a particularly virulent strain of anti-semitism. Since the nineteenth century, French anti-semites had attacked the Jews as an unassimilable foreign element within the nation. By the late 1930s, however, the fact that France alone of the major western powers had retained an open-door immigration policy and as a result had become the haven for approximately three million foreigners of whom 50,000-60,000 were Jews added urgency to these anti-semitic polemics.' On the economic front, opponents of continued immigration pointed to the scarcity of jobs and the growing economic competition between foreigners and natives. In cultural terms, spokesmen favouring immigration restrictions invoked the spectre of an 'invasion' of France by foreigners which in time would destroy the fabric of French culture. Such an invasion appeared all the more insidious in light of the perennial preoccupation of Frenchmen with their country's low birthrate. Finally, opponents of immigration argued that the foreigners constituted a political menace to the French nation. At a time when the French government together with significant sectors of the French public pinned their hopes on the policy of appeasement, the growing presence on French soil of several thousands of political and religious refugees victims of nazi and fascist persecutions threatened to involve France in an undesired war. It was this perception that the refugees would work to undo the apparent accomplishment of appeasement which helped give anti-semitism, at least in its form of opposition to Jewish immigration, a currency which far exceeded the bounds of the radical right. Indeed, what most distinguished the anti-semitism of the late 1930s from its fin de siecle predecessor was less its ideology than the nature of its political support. Whereas French Jews had

British Economic and Strategic Planning, 1905-1915

Acknowledgements Preface 1. Nineteenth-century political economy and the problem of war 2. The strategy of 'business as usual' 3. Munitions and the Edwardian army 4. Economic planning for 'business as usual' 5. The limits of prewar planning 6. The July crisis 7. The Failure of 'business as usual' 8. Kitchener and the creation of the 'Nation in Arms', August-December 1914 9. The war in France, 1914-15 10. Lloyd George and Total war 11. Conclusion: The unresolved dilemmas of economic strategy

The Thiers Government and the Outbreak of Civil War in France, February–April 1871

In the numerous works devoted to the French civil war of 1871, nothing has so much been taken for granted as the motives of the government during the six weeks that separated its taking office on 19 February and the outbreak of fighting on 2 April. Thiers and his colleagues are part of the myth of the Commune, the scribes and pharisees of the revolutionary passion play. They fill the roles well: there are few figures so unprepossessing in the history of nineteenth-century France.

Shakespeare's Navarre

ON THE FIRST LEAF of Gabriel Harvey's copy of An Excellent Discourse upon the Now Present Estate of France, which the Huntington Library possesses, its original owner lists some of the more impressive texts on France current in 1592, such as the essays of Montaigne. He concludes from this evidence that Varieties of accidents, and many pregnant practiques have refined divers French wittes even above the sharpest Italians, or Spaniards at this instant. ' Harvey's compatriots agreed, for the religious civil wars in France were then reaching their climax, as the fortunes of the Protestant Henri IV prospered with the aid of subsidies and troops from Elizabeth, led for a time by her favorite, the earl of Essex.2 Around the period of Henri's accession in 1589, hundreds of pamphlets explaining the relevant circumstances began to appear in France, and many of these were quickly translated into English.3 The Elizabethans felt vastly more interest in France than any other foreign country, since Henri appeared on the verge of duplicating the Tudor compromise in France. The strong impression arises that the English only wanted to hear good news; hence the immense multiplication of newsletters when Henri IV won his famous victories in 1589-1590. Indeed, from this stage it appears evident that Henri has become a folk-hero of the English . . . with their ineradicable taste for romance on horseback. s4 There was every reason for fashionable young playwrights to exploit this popularity in the early 1590's, and Shakespeare was no exception. Love's Labour's Lost is thus in part an