Outcomes Framework Research Articles

Outcome-Based Education Pyramid: A Comprehensive Framework for Enhancing Educational Outcomes

Outcome-Based Education (OBE) is a student-centered approach that focuses on defining clear and measurable learning outcomes. It provides a structured framework to design curricula, deliver instruction, and assess student performance based on these outcomes. This research article aims to explore the concept of the Outcome-Based Education Pyramid, a comprehensive framework that supports the implementation of OBE. The article discusses the key components of the pyramid, including learning outcomes, instructional strategies, assessment methods, and continuous improvement. Furthermore, it examines the benefits and challenges of implementing the Outcome-Based Education Pyramid in educational institutions.

Heart stopped: Assessing cardiac arrest preparedness and response in university environments

Aim: The aim of this research is to enhance comprehension of the occurrence and distribution of cardiac arrest incidents that happen in universities, specifically by examining the significance of automated external defibrillators that are available in universities. Methods and Results: The inquiry was a retrospective analysis of nontraumatic, out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Vadodara, Gujarat that happened in Universities between June 2020 and December 2022 and were treated by emergency medical services. Cases were found using cardiac arrest registry information from emergency medical services. The registries and event report forms were used to extract patient characteristics, cardiac arrest features, and outcome data. 118 cardiac arrests occurred in universities throughout the research period, making up 0.4% of all treated cardiac arrests and 2.6% of cardiac arrests in public places. 118 of the 189 incidents were cardiac arrests in students, and 71 involved professors and staff. Conclusion: Study examines universities cardiac arrest and offers preparation and outcome framework. The findings of this study can aid in developing strategies to improve cardiac arrest response at universities and enhance the chances of a positive outcome. It emphasizes the importance of preparedness and the need for proactive measures to ensure that emergency responders are well-equipped to handle such situations. By implementing appropriate interventions, universities can potentially increase the likelihood of survival for those experiencing cardiac arrest on their campuses.

Exploring implementation outcomes in the clinical trial context: a qualitative study of physician trial stakeholders

IntroductionCancer clinical trials can be considered evidence-based interventions with substantial benefits, but suffer from poor implementation leading to low enrollment and frequent failure. Applying implementation science approaches such as outcomes frameworks to the trial context could aid in contextualizing and evaluating trial improvement strategies. However, the acceptability and appropriateness of these adapted outcomes to trial stakeholders are unclear. For these reasons, we interviewed cancer clinical trial physician stakeholders to explore how they perceive and address clinical trial implementation outcomes.MethodsWe purposively selected 15 cancer clinical trial physician stakeholders from our institution representing different specialties, trial roles, and trial sponsor types. We performed semi-structured interviews to explore a previous adaptation of Proctor’s Implementation Outcomes Framework to the clinical trial context. Emergent themes from each outcome were developed.ResultsThe implementation outcomes were well understood and applicable (i.e., appropriate and acceptable) to clinical trial stakeholders. We describe cancer clinical trial physician stakeholder understanding of these outcomes and current application of these concepts. Trial feasibility and implementation cost were felt to be most critical to trial design and implementation. Trial penetration was most difficult to measure, primarily due to eligible patient identification. In general, we found that formal methods for trial improvement and trial implementation evaluation were poorly developed. Cancer clinical trial physician stakeholders referred to some design and implementation techniques used to improve trials, but these were infrequently formally evaluated or theory-based.ConclusionImplementation outcomes adapted to the trial context were acceptable and appropriate to cancer clinical trial physician stakeholders. Use of these outcomes could facilitate the evaluation and design of clinical trial improvement interventions. Additionally, these outcomes highlight potential areas for the development of new tools, for example informatics solutions, to improve the evaluation and implementation of clinical trials.

Implementing Extension of Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) Framework to Educate Rural Populations in Complex Parkinson Disease Management (P12-2.001)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To determine if a teleconferencing didactic and case presentation model could build the capacity of clinicians to diagnose and treat PD and its complications <h3>Background:</h3> The ECHO framework is an educational tele-mentoring intervention designed to transfer specialized knowledge from expert centers to outlying clinicians, thereby increasing access to care. This ‘hub-and-spoke’ approach aims to reduce health disparities in under-served areas. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> We recruited 28 primary care providers and other allied health professionals through the Oregon Rural Practice-based Research Network (ORPRN) under an IRB-exempt protocol, with 33% coming from rural or frontier communities. We developed a 10-week program; each session consisted of a 20-minute expert-led didactic followed by a real-life case presented by a participant. They were broadcast via teleconferencing software to promote discussion among all attendees. Participants were surveyed following each session as a measure of quality control. Each participant also completed a pre- and post-curriculum survey to assess program effectiveness. <h3>Results:</h3> We averaged 18 unique participants per session with 12 weekly post-session survey responses. We had 18 participants complete the pre-course evaluation. Of those, 12 completed the post-course evaluation. With respect to weekly questions about meeting objectives, pace, organization, relevance, and opportunity to ask questions, there were consistently high scores with no outliers (5.5 out of 6). Overall, there was an increase in confidence in diagnosis and treatment and a report in direct change in care. Three participants led a didactic on PD in their community and two enacted policy changes to better care for PD patients at their institution. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Improving access to specialist care for PwP is a priority and we demonstrate that Parkinson ECHO can deliver the content effectively to rural and frontier clinicians who practice in counties without access to neurology care. Future work is needed to evaluate the long-term knowledge retention of clinicians and patient-level outcomes. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Neilson has received research support from VA ORD - Clinical Science Research and Development. Jennifer Wilhelm has nothing to disclose. Lisa Mann has nothing to disclose. Dr. Neukam has nothing to disclose. The institution of Dr. Kraakevik has received research support from Parkinson Foundation.

Orthodontically induced external apical root resorption considerations of root-filled teeth vs vital pulp teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionThe purpose of this systematic review was to research the difference between root-filled teeth (RFT) and vital pulp teeth (VPT) in orthodontically induced external apical root resorption (EARR) and to offer suggestions for clinicians on therapeutic sequence and timing when considering combined treatment of endodontic and orthodontic.Materials and methodsAn electronic search of published studies was conducted before November 2022 in PubMed, Web of Science and other databases. Eligibility criteria were based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design (PICOS) framework. RevMan 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis. Single-factor meta-regression analysis was used to explore the sources of literature heterogeneity, and a random effects model was used for analysis.ResultsThis meta-analysis comprised 8 studies with 10 sets of data. As there was significant heterogeneity among the studies, we employed a random effects model. The funnel plot of the random effects model exhibited a symmetrical distribution, indicating no publication bias among the included studies. The EARR rate of RFT was significantly lower than that of VPT.ConclusionsIn the context of concurrent endodontic and orthodontic treatment, priority should be given to endodontic therapy, as it serves as the foundation for subsequent orthodontic procedures. The optimal timing for orthodontic tooth movement post-root canal therapy is contingent upon factors such as the extent of periapical lesion resolution and the degree of dental trauma sustained. A comprehensive clinical assessment is essential in guiding the selection of the most suitable approach for achieving optimal treatment outcomes.

Targeting patients suffering with Long Term Conditions who smoke on their General Practitioner’s Quality Outcomes Framework (QoF) list, in England

Targeting patients suffering with Long Term Conditions who smoke on their General Practitioner’s Quality Outcomes Framework (QoF) list, in England

The mental health and wellbeing impact of a Community Wealth Building programme in England: a difference-in-differences study

Wide differences in health exist between places in the UK, underscored by economic inequalities. Preston, an economically disadvantaged city in England, implemented a new approach to economic development, known as the Community Wealth Building programme. Public and non-profit organisations modified their procurement policies to support the development of local supply chains, improve employment conditions, and increase socially productive use of wealth and assets. We aimed to investigate the effect of this programme on population mental health and wellbeing. Difference-in-differences techniques compared trends in mental health outcomes in Preston, relative to matched control areas before (2011-15) and after (2016-19) the introduction of the programme. Outcomes were antidepressant prescribing, prevalence of depression, and mental health related hospital attendance rates using data provided by National Health Service Digital, the Quality and Outcomes Framework, and the Office for National Statistics. Additional analysis compared local authority measures of life satisfaction, median wages, and employment with synthetic counterfactuals created using Bayesian Structural Time Series. The introduction of the Community Wealth Building programme was associated with reductions in the prescribing of antidepressants (1·3 average daily quantities per person [95% CI 0·72-1·78) and prevalence of depression (2·4 per 1000 population [0·42-4·46]), relative to the control areas. The local population also experienced a 9% improvement in life satisfaction (95% credible interval 0-19·6%) and 11% increase in median wages (1·8-18·9%), relative to expected trends. Associations with employment and mental health related hospital attendance outcomes did not reach statistical significance. During the period in which the Community Wealth Building programme was introduced, there were fewer mental health problems than would have been expected compared with other similar areas, as life satisfaction and economic measures improved. This approach potentially provides an effective model for economic regeneration potentially leading to substantial health benefits. National Institute for Health Research.

A multistate approach for the study of interventions on an intermediate time-to-event in health disparities research.

We propose a novel methodology to quantify the effect of stochastic interventions for a non-terminal intermediate time-to-event on a terminal time-to-event outcome. Investigating these effects is particularly important in health disparities research when we seek to quantify inequities in the timely delivery of treatment and its impact on patients' survival time. Current approaches fail to account for time-to-event intermediates and semi-competing risks arising in this setting. Under the potential outcome framework, we define causal contrasts relevant in health disparities research and provide identifiability conditions when stochastic interventions on an intermediate non-terminal time-to-event are of interest. Causal contrasts are estimated in continuous time within a multistate modeling framework and analytic formulae for the estimators of the causal contrasts are developed. We show via simulations that ignoring censoring in intermediate and/or terminal time-to-event processes or ignoring semi-competing risks may give misleading results. This work demonstrates that a rigorous definition of the causal effects and joint estimation of the terminal outcome and intermediate non-terminal time-to-event distributions are crucial for valid investigation of interventions and mechanisms in continuous time. We employ this novel methodology to investigate the role of delaying treatment uptake in explaining racial disparities in cancer survival in a cohort study of colon cancer patients.

Implementation of Australia’s primary human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical screening program: The STakeholders Opinions of Renewal Implementation and Experiences Study

In this study, we aimed to document stakeholders’ experiences of implementing Australia’s renewed National Cervical Screening Program. In December 2017, the program changed from 2nd yearly cytology for 20–69 year olds to 5 yearly human papillomavirus (HPV) screening for women 25–74 years. We undertook semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders including government, program administrators, register staff, clinicians and health care workers, non-government organisations, professional bodies, and pathology laboratories from across Australia between Nov 2018 - Aug 2019. Response rate to emailed invitations was 49/85 (58%). We used Proctor et al’s (2011) implementation outcomes framework to guide our questions and thematic analysis. We found that stakeholders were evenly divided over whether implementation was successful. There was strong support for change, but concern over aspects of the implementation. There was some frustration related to the delayed start, timeliness of communication and education, shortcomings in change management, lack of inclusion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in planning and implementation, failure to make self-collection widely available, and delays in the National Cancer Screening Register. Barriers centred around a perceived failure to appreciate the enormity of the change and register build, and consequent failure to resource, project manage and communicate effectively. Facilitators included the good will and dedication of stakeholders, strong evidence base for change and the support of jurisdictions during the delay. We documented substantial implementation challenges, offering learnings for other countries transitioning to HPV screening. Sufficient planning, significant and transparent engagement and communication with stakeholders, and change management are critical.

The Association of Planetary Health Diet with the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Related Complications: A Systematic Review.

Nutritional interventions such as the planetary health diet, which the EAT-Lancet commission proposed, may be an effective strategy for reducing type 2 diabetes risks and its associated complications. The planetary health diet demonstrates the significant role of diet in associating human health with environmental sustainability and the significance of transforming food systems in order to ensure that the UN's Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement are achieved. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine the association of the planetary health diet (PHD) with the risk of type 2 diabetes and its related complications. The systematic review was conducted in line with established guidelines. The searches were carried out in health sciences research databases through EBSCOHost. The population, intervention, comparator and outcomes framework was used in order to define the research question and the search terms. The searches were carried out from the inception of the databases to 15 November 2022. Search terms including synonyms and medical subject headings were combined using Boolean operators (OR/AND). Seven studies were included in the review and four themes were identified, including incidence of diabetes; cardiovascular risk factors and other disease risks; indicators of obesity and indicators of environmental sustainability. Two studies examined the association between the PHD and the incidence of type 2 diabetes and found that high adherence to the reference diet (EAT-Lancet reference diet) was correlated with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes. High adherence to the PHD was also associated with some cardiovascular risk factors and environmental sustainability. This systematic review has shown that high adherence to the PHD is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and may be associated with a lower risk of subarachnoid stroke. In addition, an inverse relationship was found between adherence to the PHD and markers of obesity and environmental sustainability. Adherence to the reference diet was also associated with lower values of some markers of cardiovascular risk. More studies are needed to fully examine the relationship between the planetary health diet, type 2 diabetes and its related conditions.

A systematic review of economic assessments for brucellosis control interventions in livestock populations.

Brucellosis in livestock is a disease of paramount importance to animal and human health authorities due to its socio-economic and public health consequences. Benefit cost analyses can help policymakers decide whether allocation of resources is economically beneficial to cover the costs of brucellosis control interventions in populations. One broad question of interest is: what are the consequences of acting, or failing to act, on policy options of selected intervention scenarios (e.g., vaccination, test-and-slaughter, vaccination combined with test-and-slaughter, versus a status-quo scenario). The objective of the systematic review reported here was to conduct a critical appraisal of published research reports of economic assessments of brucellosis control interventions in livestock populations. The systematic review followed standard guidelines using a Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Context framework and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The review targeted research reports focused on brucellosis control interventions in livestock populations at the national or regional level. Economic outcomes of interest were benefit-cost ratio (BCR), net present value, internal rate of return, or payback period. Eleven studies conducted in Brazil, China, India, Iraq, Mexico, Mongolia, Spain, Turkey, or the USA met the inclusion criteria and were included. The baseline prevalence of brucellosis in selected study populations ranged from 1.4% in cattle in Turkey to 20% in goats in Mexico. In six studies, selected intervention scenarios of vaccination alone produced BCRs that ranged from 3.2 in yaks in China or in cattle, sheep and goats in Mongolia, to 21.3 in cattle and/or buffalo in India. In three studies, interventions of test-and-slaughter produced BCRs that ranged from -1.2 in goats in Mexico to 0.6 in cattle in Spain. In four studies, vaccination in combination with test-and-slaughter produced BCRs that ranged from 0.2 in yaks in China to 3.7 in cattle and buffalo in India. In seven studies, using sensitivity analysis, different input parameters (prevalence of brucellosis, meat price, cashmere price, vaccination coverage, test-and-slaughter coverage, milk price, vaccination protection, abortion cost, abortion rate, or price of lamb) had an impact on economic outcomes. Vaccination alone was cost-effective, but test-and-slaughter was not, for brucellosis control in selected livestock populations in focus countries. Vaccination in combination with test-and-slaughter produced profitable or nonprofitable economic outcomes. While most studies reported the cost and benefits of implementing brucellosis control interventions, only one study explained socio-economic consequences of economic outcomes, when acting, or failing to act, on selected interventions in livestock populations.

Understanding differences between what alternate propensity score methods estimate.

BACKGROUND: Many approaches to propensity score methods are used in the applied health economics and outcomes research literature. Often this creates confusion when different approaches produce different results for the same data. OBJECTIVE: To present a conceptual overview based on a potential outcomes framework to demonstrate how more than 1 mean treatment effect parameter can be estimated using the propensity score methods and how the selection of appropriate methods should align with the scientific questions. METHODS: We highlight that more than 1 mean treatment effect parameter can be estimated using the propensity score methods. Using the potential outcomes framework and alternate data-generating processes, we discuss under what assumptions different mean treatment effect parameter estimates are supposed to vary. We tie these discussions with propensity score methods to show that different approaches may estimate different parameters. We illustrate these methods using a case study of the comparative effectiveness of apixaban vs warfarin on the likelihood of stroke among patients with a prior diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: Different mean treatment effect parameters take on different values when treatment effects are heterogeneous. We show that traditional propensity score approaches, such as blocking, weighting, matching, or doubly robust, can estimate different mean treatment effect parameters. Therefore, they may not produce the same results even when applied to the same data using the same covariates. We found significant differences in our case study estimates of mean treatment effect parameters. Still, once a mean treatment effect parameter is targeted, estimates across different methods are not different. This highlights the importance of first selecting the target parameter for analysis by aligning the interpretation of the target parameter with the scientific questions and then selecting the specific method to estimate this target parameter. CONCLUSIONS: We present a conceptual overview of propensity score methods in health economics and outcomes research from a potential outcomes framework. We hope these discussions will help applied researchers choose appropriate propensity score approaches for their analysis. DISCLOSURES: Dr Unuigbe's time was supported through an unrestricted postdoctoral fellowship from Pfizer to the University of Washington, Seattle.

Developing business incubation process frameworks: A systematic literature review

The business incubation process has proven increasingly important for startups, and there are now over 10,000 incubators globally, as well as a significant body of literature on the incubation process with an array of discussions on its interventions and outcomes. It is thus now important to synthesize the available literature on how different frameworks can shape specific outcomes of the incubation and provide a research agenda for the future. Drawing on the Context, Intervention, Mechanism, and Outcome (CIMO) framework, we analyze and synthesize four key literature streams: incubator typology; incubator impact and stakeholders; resources, capabilities and technology; and knowledge transfer and incubator performance. The study facilitates a better understanding of the incubation process and the mechanisms used to shape specific outcomes and performance. It also discusses future directions of research, and help policymakers and incubation managers design interventions according to the specific incubator type and incubation process context.

Bayesian causal inference: a critical review.

This paper provides a critical review of the Bayesian perspective of causal inference based on the potential outcomes framework. We review the causal estimands, assignment mechanism, the general structure of Bayesian inference of causal effects and sensitivity analysis. We highlight issues that are unique to Bayesian causal inference, including the role of the propensity score, the definition of identifiability, the choice of priors in both low- and high-dimensional regimes. We point out the central role of covariate overlap and more generally the design stage in Bayesian causal inference. We extend the discussion to two complex assignment mechanisms: instrumental variable and time-varying treatments. We identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Bayesian approach to causal inference. Throughout, we illustrate the key concepts via examples. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bayesian inference: challenges, perspectives, and prospects'.

Assessing the Quality and Impact of eHealth Tools: Systematic Literature Review and Narrative Synthesis.

Technological advancements have opened the path for many technology providers to easily develop and introduce eHealth tools to the public. The use of these tools is increasingly recognized as a critical quality driver in health care; however, choosing a quality tool from the myriad of tools available for a specific health need does not come without challenges. This review aimed to systematically investigate the literature to understand the different approaches and criteria used to assess the quality and impact of eHealth tools by considering sociotechnical factors (from technical, social, and organizational perspectives). A structured search was completed following the participants, intervention, comparators, and outcomes framework. We searched the PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest databases for studies published between January 2012 and January 2022 in English, which yielded 675 results, of which 40 (5.9%) studies met the inclusion criteria. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions were followed to ensure a systematic process. Extracted data were analyzed using NVivo (QSR International), with a thematic analysis and narrative synthesis of emergent themes. Similar measures from the different papers, frameworks, and initiatives were aggregated into 36 unique criteria grouped into 13 clusters. Using the sociotechnical approach, we classified the relevant criteria into technical, social, and organizational assessment criteria. Technical assessment criteria were grouped into 5 clusters: technical aspects, functionality, content, data management, and design. Social assessment criteria were grouped into 4 clusters: human centricity, health outcomes, visible popularity metrics, and social aspects. Organizational assessment criteria were grouped into 4 clusters: sustainability and scalability, health care organization, health care context, and developer. This review builds on the growing body of research that investigates the criteria used to assess the quality and impact of eHealth tools and highlights the complexity and challenges facing these initiatives. It demonstrates that there is no single framework that is used uniformly to assess the quality and impact of eHealth tools. It also highlights the need for a more comprehensive approach that balances the social, organizational, and technical assessment criteria in a way that reflects the complexity and interdependence of the health care ecosystem and is aligned with the factors affecting users' adoption to ensure uptake and adherence in the long term.

Model-based hypothesis tests for the causal mediation of semi-competing risks.

Analyzing the causal mediation of semi-competing risks has become important in medical research. Semi-competing risks refers to a scenario wherein an intermediate event may be censored by a primary event but not vice versa. Causal mediation analyses decompose the effect of an exposure on the primary outcome into an indirect (mediation) effect: an effect mediated through a mediator, and a direct effect: an effect not through the mediator. Here we proposed a model-based testing procedure to examine the indirect effect of the exposure on the primary event through the intermediate event. Under the counterfactual outcome framework, we defined a causal mediation effect using counting process. To assess statistical evidence for the mediation effect, we proposed two tests: an intersection-union test (IUT) and a weighted log-rank test (WLR). The test statistic was developed from a semi-parametric estimator of the mediation effect using a Cox proportional hazards model for the primary event and a series of logistic regression models for the intermediate event. We built a connection between the IUT and WLR. Asymptotic properties of the two tests were derived, and the IUT was determined to be a size [Formula: see text] test and statistically more powerful than the WLR. In numerical simulations, both the model-based IUT and WLR can properly adjust for confounding covariates, and the Type I error rates of the proposed methods are well protected, with the IUT being more powerful than the WLR. Our methods demonstrate the strongly significant effects of hepatitis B or C on the risk of liver cancer mediated through liver cirrhosis incidence in a prospective cohort study. The proposed method is also applicable to surrogate endpoint analyses in clinical trials.

Parsley Health: Feasibility and acceptability of a large-scale holistic telehealth program for chronic disease care.

A holistic, personalized approach to medicine can be used to prevent and manage a variety of chronic diseases. However, effectively managing chronic diseases can be difficult due to barriers related to insufficient provider time, staffing, and lack of patient engagement. To address these challenges telehealth strategies are being increasingly adopted, yet few studies have explored how to evaluate the feasibility and implementation success of large-scale holistic telehealth models for chronic disease care. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a large-scale holistic telehealth program for the management of chronic diseases. Our study findings can inform the future development and assessment of chronic disease programs delivered through telehealth strategies. Data was collected from participants enrolled in a Parsley Health membership from June 1, 2021 to June 1, 2022, a subscription-based holistic medicine practice designed to help people prevent or manage chronic diseases. Implementation outcome frameworks were used to understand engagement with services, participant satisfaction, and preliminary effectiveness of the program via a patient-reported symptom severity tool. Data from 10,205 participants with a range of chronic diseases were included in our analysis. Participants averaged 4.8 visits with their clinical team and reported high levels of satisfaction with their care (average NPS score of 81.35%). Preliminary evidence also showed substantial reduction in patient reported symptom severity. Our findings suggest the Parsley Health program is a feasible and acceptable large-scale holistic telehealth program for chronic disease care. Successful implementation was due, in part, to services that promoted participant engagement along with tools and interfaces that were helpful and easy to use. These findings can be used to develop future holistic-focused telehealth programs for the management and prevention of chronic diseases.

Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19 and Adverse Psychiatric Outcomes: Protocol for an Etiology and Risk Systematic Review.

The postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is a syndrome characterized by persistent COVID-19 symptoms or the onset of new symptoms following recovery from the initial or acute phase of the illness. Such symptoms often occur 4 or more weeks after being diagnosed with COVID-19. Although a lot of work has gone into understanding the long-term mental health effects of PASC, many questions related to the etiology and risk of this condition remain. This protocol is for a systematic review assessing the association between PASC and adverse psychiatric outcomes and whether people with PASC are at greater risk of developing an adverse psychiatric outcome than those without PASC. Various medical literature databases (eg, PubMed and EMBASE) will be searched for eligible articles, using predefined search criteria. Gray literature will also be explored. Epidemiological observational studies and secondary analyses of randomized controlled trials that report a quantitative relationship between PASC and at least one adverse psychiatric outcome will be included. The Population, Exposure of interest, Comparator, and Outcome framework will be used as a standardized framework for the inclusion criteria. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools will be used to assess methodological quality and critically appraise the risk of bias in included studies. A random-effects meta-analysis will be conducted if possible. A formal narrative synthesis will be performed if a meta-analysis is impossible due to substantial heterogeneity across studies. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach will be used to rate the cumulative certainty of the evidence for all outcomes. Ethical approval is not required. The study results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. This study documents and addresses etiology, risk factors, and long-term symptoms of COVID-19 among people with PASC. It focuses on a key priority area for new evidence syntheses on the clinical management of COVID-19 and pandemic-related conditions. It will include evidence on nonhospitalized and hospitalized patients with a history of PASC. Substantial heterogeneity across studies may limit the ability to perform a meta-analysis. Findings will inform disease prevention, decision-making, health care policy, and clinical research (Reviewed by the Plan P #PeerRef Community). PROSPERO CRD42022308737; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=308737.

The evolution of service failure and recovery research in hospitality and tourism: An integrative review and future research directions

Given the hospitality and tourism industry’s vulnerability to service failure, extensive research has been conducted to examine the impacts of service failures and effective recovery initiatives. This study provides an integrative review of the evolution of the service failure and recovery (SFR) literature based on 263 articles published across 28 hospitality and tourism journals from 2001 to 2021. We performed a bibliometric analysis to evaluate outlets of publication trajectories as well as to identify the most influential authors and articles in SFR research. We further constructed a typology of inter-related concepts in SFR and uncovered the thematic development of related research, delivering a longitudinal assessment of this domain. A framework-based systematic review technique was subsequently adopted to offer an innovative integration of the SFR literature. Findings were illustrated based on the theories, contexts, and methods framework and synthesized to provide an organized view of theoretical associations through the antecedents, decisions, and outcomes framework. Additionally, fruitful avenues for future research are suggested.

Causal inference and data fusion in econometrics

Summary Learning about cause and effect is arguably the main goal in applied econometrics. In practice, the validity of these causal inferences is contingent on a number of critical assumptions regarding the type of data that has been collected, and the substantive knowledge that is available about the phenomenon under investigation. For instance, unobserved confounding factors threaten the internal validity of estimates; data availability is often limited to nonrandom, selection-biased samples; causal effects need to be learned from surrogate experiments with imperfect compliance; and causal knowledge has to be extrapolated across structurally heterogeneous populations. A powerful and flexible causal inference framework is required in order to tackle all of these challenges, which plague essentially any data analysis to varying degrees. Building on the structural perspective on causality introduced by Haavelmo (1943) and the graph-theoretic approach proposed by Pearl (1995), the artificial intelligence (AI) literature has developed a wide array of techniques for causal inference that allow us to leverage information from various imperfect, heterogeneous, and biased data sources (Bareinboim and Pearl, 2016). In this paper, we review recent advances made in this literature that have the potential to contribute to econometric methodology along three broad dimensions. First, they provide a unified and comprehensive framework for causal learning, in which the above-mentioned problems can be addressed in generality. Second, due to their origin in AI, they come together with sound, efficient, and complete (to be formally defined) algorithmic criteria for automation of the corresponding identification task. And third, because of the nonparametric description of structural models that graph-theoretic approaches build on, they combine the analytical rigor of structural econometrics with the flexibility of the potential outcomes framework, and thus offer a valuable complement to these two literature streams.