Legislative Framework Research Articles

Legal Features of Protecting the Rights of Orphans in the Kyrgyz Republic

Until now, the child’s right to a family and trends in the legal protection of orphans have been considered only within the framework of family and civil legislation. Current laws concerning children, the need to enforce laws, issues related to children's rights are the focus of attention of legal theorists and show their relevance in our society. As for issues related to children, the problems of protecting children's rights, protecting the family, childhood, motherhood and paternity must be solved comprehensively by legislators, law enforcement agencies, politicians, and the scientific community. Because the family is a mirror of society, and the whole person consists of a family. Being a small state, each locality occupies an important place in society as an important institution. In the work on the scientific article, systemic-structural, sociological, comparative-legal, formal-logical research methods were used.

PLASTIC POLLUTION IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS

Plastic pollution poses a significant threat to environmental sustainability, with Nigeria, particularly Lagos State, facing substantial challenges in managing plastic waste. By evaluating the impact of plastic trash on the environment and human well-being and examining prior study findings, this review article critically investigates Lagos, Nigeria's current plastic pollution situation. The study explores existing waste management practices, including illegal disposal methods and infection of water bodies, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable solutions. By synthesizing insights from studies on waste-to-energy technologies and innovative approaches to plastic waste management, this review identifies key research gaps and proposes policy recommendations to deal with the intricate trouble of plastic pollution in Lagos State. The study emphasizes the significance of raising public awareness, putting into practice efficient waste management plans, and creating strong legislative frameworks to mitigate the negative effects that plastic pollution has on the environment and the health of the general people. This review advances knowledge on plastic pollution in Lagos State and offers useful data to policymakers, scholars, and interested parties working to make the state's environment cleaner and healthier for its residents.

Fate of emerging contaminants in the soil-plant system: a study on durum wheat irrigated with treated municipal wastewater

IntroductionEmerging contaminants in irrigation wastewater can cause bioaccumulation in crops, posing health risks to humans and other living organisms. The extent to which different emerging contaminants (ECs) are taken up by plants varies depending on the physicochemical properties of the contaminants and the type of crops grown.MethodsThis study investigated the fate of emerging contaminants (ECs), particularly pharmaceuticals, in durum wheat grown on soils irrigated with treated wastewater in southern Italy. The experiment was conducted in lysimeters irrigated with wastewater during previous crop cycles, assessing the presence and distribution of ECs in both soil and plant tissues. Three different levels of exposure to ECs were compared: freshwater irrigation (FW), wastewater treated to European average contaminant levels (TWWx1), and a triple dose of contaminants (TWWx3).ResultsThe behavior of 12 different ECs in the plant-soil complex was analyzed and found variable. Fluconazole and carbamazepine were found to have higher uptake concentrations in the plant, with accumulation observed in the plant and grain, especially in the TWWx3 treatment. However, some ECs (such as Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, Ketoprofen, Diclofenac, Metoprolol, and Naproxen) showed high uncertainties in their fate, probably due to degradation in soil and influential crop parameters.DiscussionThe results of this study contribute to the argument that the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation, if properly monitored, can be a safe approach in agriculture and can support policymakers in developing future legislative frameworks for sustainable water management.

The Role and Significance of Operational Flood Defense Plans on the Waters Second-Order in Republic of Serbia

The aim of this research is to present the role and importance of planning documents for flood defense during the development of the Flood Risk Management Plan (FRMP) in the Republic of Serbia. The scope of the work is the Operational Plans for Flood Defense on Second-Order Waters (OPFDSWs), which are the responsibility of local governments units (LGU). The paper contains an overview analysis of the implementation of the Flood Risk Management Directive (FRMD) in the legal framework of the Republic of Serbia, as well as an analysis of the legislative framework in the field of flood defense. The method of multi-criteria analysis was used for a qualitative assessment of the elements that are part of the OPFDSW. Through the results and discussion of the work, the similarities between the OPFDSW and FRMP were highlighted and explained, which can serve to better understand the importance of quality production of the OPFDSW. In order to harmonize all activities on the territory of LGU, care should be taken that planning documentation for flood protection occupies one of the priority activities in the management of planning acts. The conclusion is that it is necessary to clearly define the rulebook on the methodology for the preparation of the OPFDSW, all in the function of the preparation of the FRMP.

Good conscience of the debtor in the bankruptcy procedure: legal and moral and psychological dimension

At the current stage, the issue of bankruptcy of legal entities has been thoroughly worked out, has clearly defined and justified legal and economic mechanisms, works effectively not only in the world, but also in Ukraine. However, the issue of bankruptcy of individuals remains unresolved. The main problem is the ethical and psychological aspect of the bankruptcy procedure of an individual. Here there is a conflict of interests between the protection of the rights and freedoms of an individual as a citizen and the protection of the rights and interests of creditors. The article examines the good faith of the debtor in the bankruptcy procedure, focusing on legal and moral and psychological dimensions. The bankruptcy procedure is a complex process that affects both the legal position of the debtor and his psychological state. The good faith of the debtor is defined as a key principle that ensures the fairness and efficiency of bankruptcy procedures. The legislative framework that regulates the good faith of the debtor in Ukraine is analyzed, in particular the requirements for the behavior of the debtor at various stages of bankruptcy. The legal consequences of unscrupulous behavior are considered, such as the possibility of bankruptcy rejection or the imposition of additional sanctions. The moral and psychological dimension of good faith includes ethical norms and principles that influence the debtor’s decisions and his interaction with creditors and other interested parties. The psychological pressure experienced by the debtor during the bankruptcy procedure can affect his ability to act in good faith, so it is important to take this aspect into account when evaluating his behavior. The article also explores the socio-psychological consequences of bankruptcy, such as stigmatization and loss of reputation, which can affect the debtor’s integrity. Proposals are made to improve legislation to ensure greater transparency and fairness in bankruptcy procedures, as well as recommendations to support debtors on a psychological level. The changes proposed by the authors of the article will contribute to increasing the level of good faith of debtors, ensuring a fair and humane approach to solving bankruptcy problems.

Utilising mediation for conflict resolution: Insights and future directions

Introduction: in a world increasingly burdened by conflicts, mediation emerges as a vital alternative for resolving disputes. Mediation, involving a neutral mediator aiding parties to reach a mutual agreement, is gaining recognition across various fields such as family, labor, and international disputes. This article explores the application of mediation, the challenges it faces in gaining wider acceptance, and its potential for future expansion.Objectives: to reveal the advantages of mediation over traditional judicial procedures; to identify the obstacles that hinder its widespread implementation; to propose specific measures and recommendations for improving the mediation system; to consider the potential future development of mediation as a crucial element of the modern conflict resolution system and its role in future society.Methods: the study employs analytical methods, comparative analysis, case studies, and a dialectical approach. Data was sourced from academic publications, legislative documents, and specific mediation cases.Results: mediation offers numerous advantages, including faster resolution times, economic benefits, relationship preservation, and confidentiality. Despite these benefits, its adoption is limited by a lack of public awareness, inadequate legal frameworks, and a shortage of trained mediators. Addressing these issues through education, legal reforms, and professional development is crucial.Conclusions: mediation is a crucial tool for conflict resolution, promoting peaceful and constructive solutions. Future developments should focus on expanding its scope, leveraging technology, and strengthening the legislative and professional frameworks. By enhancing public awareness and trust in mediation, it can become a cornerstone of modern conflict resolution practices, contributing to a more harmonious society

The Montenegrin Olympic Committee: exploring issues in Sports Governance

ABSTRACT The recent doping scandal in Montenegro waterpolo team during the World Aquatics Championships in Qatar this year, yet again opened the debate on a number of sports-related governance issues. The foundation of these challenges lies in the very essence of how the sports ecosystem is structured, organized, and operated. The major outputs of the contemporary studies confirmed that the politicization of relations within the sports ecosystem plays a principal role, in shaping, directing, and utilizing sports for non-sporting objectives. The results indicate that this constellation has been facilitated through the transformation of informal practices into regulatory regimes or bypassing, when needed, existing legislative frameworks in order to contribute to institutional stability. The politicization represents a joint determinant of the closed, vertically structured governing bodies and decision-making system with long-lasting individuals in decision-making positions without any internal or external control in practice. The internal regulations facilitate no restrictions on conflicts of interest, measures aimed to tackle corruption, or to provide a check and balance system between governing bodies. Furthermore, following the public service culture, the Montenegro Olympic Committee maintains its closed and exclusive composition of governing bodies rests on discretionary power and a decision-making approach with a democratic deficit.

Let's talk about radiation dose and radiation protection in children.

Children are more sensitive to ionizing radiation than adults. Even though the risk is very low, exposure from radiological examinations can possibly cause them long-term side effects. Recent large epidemiological studies involving children and young adults have added evidence suggesting that even small doses of radiation, such as those from computed tomography scans, might slightly increase the risk of developing cancer later in life. Therefore, even though radiologic studies are essential for an accurate diagnosis and management of various conditions, it is crucial to minimize radiation exposure. This article addresses radiation protection for children in the medical use of ionizing radiation and it is set in the context of the European legislative framework regarding radiation protection. It advocates for a holistic approach to paediatric radiological tests. This approach includes the key principles of radiation protection, such as the justification of imaging procedures supported by referral guidelines, as well as the optimization of techniques (according to the ALARA principle) and effective communication with parents about the benefits and the risks of radiologic procedures. Protecting children from unnecessary radiation is not only a technical challenge, but also a moral obligation and a legal requirement.

Characterization of municipal solid waste in Kuwait: Sector-specific composition analysis and implications

ABSTRACT Municipal solid waste (MSW) characterization plays a pivotal role in devising effective waste management strategies conducive to fostering a circular economy. This study presents composition analysis across twenty-four subcategories sourced from residential, commercial, and industrial sectors in Kuwait. The study is conducted in accordance with the Standard Test Method for Determination of the Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste (ASTM D5231). The results indicate that organic waste comprises 45.3%, followed by paper waste (19.9%) and plastics (19.8%). The remaining waste comprises glass waste (3.5%), diapers (2.7%), textiles (2.6%) and other waste. Paper waste (19.9%) consists mainly of mixed paper (12.1%), cardboard (3.7%), newspaper (3.3%), printer printouts (0.6%) and other office paper (0.2%). Plastic waste (19.8%) consists mainly of film (11.2%), PET (3.1%), HDPE (1.1%) and other mixed plastics (4.4%). Residential and mixed areas have the highest proportion of organic waste. Commercial areas produce the highest proportion of wastepaper (22.4%) and textiles (3.7%). Industrial areas produce the highest proportion of plastic waste (29.1%), most of which is film (17.3%). The study also provides an overview of the MSW management system in the country, an overview over the legislative framework, and forecasts of future waste generation rates with comparison to historical baselines. Implications: The precise and up-to-date characterization of municipal solid waste is imperative for scholarly journal submissions, as it establishes a foundational understanding of waste composition, aiding researchers and policymakers in the development of effective waste management strategies, resource recovery initiatives, and sustainable solutions to address the evolving challenges in waste management systems. This study provides detailed composition analysis for twenty-four municipal solid waste (MSW) subcategories collected across different sources: residential, commercial, industrial, and mixed areas. Time series forecasting is applied to predict MSW generation based on historical data obtained through the local municipality over the past decade. Factorial analysis is applied to investigate changes across source areas, and a hypothesis test is used to compare the current MSW composition against previous baselines. The results demonstrated significant variation across most waste categories. The plastic waste proportion has increased by 48.5% compared to 2013 data, despite awareness campaigns. Paper waste has also increased in proportion from 6.8% to 16.2%; this increase is associated with the mixed paper subcategory, which is mostly used for packaging. The composition data provided in this study are necessary for long-term monitoring, strategy assessment, and legislation associated with waste reduction and remediation.

Kurikulárne ukotvenie predmetu občianska náuka a výchova v období prvej Československej republiky (1918 – 1938)

The paper systematically maps the development of the curriculum for the subject of civics education in the Czechoslovak Republic from the tendencies leading to its creation to the form of the definitive curriculum in 1933. This area has not yet been significantly retracted in Slovakia. The main research interest is oriented not only on the curriculum, but also on related archival documents and monographs, which provide information on both the legislative frameworks and the school realities of the time (the approach to the application of the curriculum in the didactic framework). In the case of curricula for municipal (folk) and civic (bourgeois) schools, the focus is on observational criteria such as the position of the subject in the system and its objectives, the hourly allocation, the organisation of teaching, the instructions for teachers, the binding content (thematic concept) and the ideological platform, which make it possible to understand what transformations the various versions of the curriculum have been carried out, under what influence and with what results. Overall, this represents a set of information suitable for in-depth content analysis, supported in places by links to the current state of the curriculum. A comparative approach is applied to identify positive and negative elements in the changing versions of the curriculum. This also reflects the aim of the research – document the development as comprehensively as possible, using the above-mentioned methodology, and to link it to the current state of the curriculum for social studies education. The resulting findings are summarized in the final evaluation.

Sentiment and attitudes toward offsetting and the biodiversity market in online media articles.

Biodiversity offsetting, a conservation approach to offset loss of habitat and ecosystem services, has been widely accepted and implemented in different legislative frameworks around the globe. I assigned sentiment scores (from -3 [very negative] to +3 [very positive]) to online news articles to examine public sentiment toward offsetting. I identified 86 pertinent articles published from 2013 to 2023 by web scraping online media outlets through keywords. I examined article content based on topics commonly associated in scientific literature with offsetting, such as risks or financial aspects. Most articles were from Australia (44%), 16% were from the United Kingdom, and 5% were from Colombia and Madagascar. Three distinct groups covered finances (n=47), species, and social impacts of offsetting (n = 23) and offsetting frameworks (n=16). Articles covering monetary and finance aspects had a lower predicted sentiment score (-0.72, 95% CI -0.98 to -0.47) than articles that covered new, alternative offsetting forms (-0.15, 95% CI -0.46 to 0.17), such as mitigation banking and credits. In articles focused on charismatic species and loss of livelihood, offsetting risk and social issues were associated with low sentiment scores (<-0.85). Sentiment scores were high for articles on offsetting at a multicountry or global scale (0.47, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.99), and scores were the lowest in Australia (-1.03, 95% CI -1.36 to -0.70). Public sentiment based on media articles was generally negative toward offsetting, and many of the ecological and methodological issues and risks were reflected in the articles, but mitigation measures as a prerequisite to offsetting were mentioned in only 18% of all articles. With the seemingly high public interest in conservation and hence offsetting, it will be imperative to expand the current breadth of information about offsetting that is being communicated or made available to the public.

Провалы неопределенности в правовом регулировании налогового контроля в условиях применения искусственного интеллекта

The article examines the problems of legal regulation of tax control that have arisen in connection with the use by tax authorities of new information technologies for checking taxpayers, when IT systems assume more and more control, analytical, organizational and managerial functions, remaining outside the framework of tax legislation. Conclusions have been drawn on the need for legislative regulation of the use of information systems in tax control. As guidelines for overcoming the failures of legal uncertainty in the control and analytical activities of tax authorities conducted with the use of digital technologies, a group of specialized norms-principles that are applicable in the design of legal regulation of tax control in the conditions of advanced development of IT systems is proposed.

A New Pre-Incorporation Roadmap to Support the Reduction of Insolvency Numbers?

There is a plethora of sources in England and Wales governing corporate insolvencies for directors of limited companies in financial distress or approaching or entering the insolvency process, together presenting to the company director a legislative framework lacking in coherence. There is also a lack of consistency in common law judgments, resulting in a lack of certainty for a director facing potential ruin if held personally liable.None of these factors support the UK government’s claimed rescue culture, which statistics show is failing. This is of increasing importance: the Covid-19 pandemic has already resulted in a wealth of companies in financial distress in a wide range of sectors.Access to limited liability is not a right, it is a benefit, one that can adversely impact on creditors when companies are struggling; it is only right that the obligations that come with enjoying that access are clearly defined, governed and managed. The authors present an alternative pre-incorporation roadmap for legislators and directors, aimed both at supporting the government’s rescue culture and leaving entrepreneurs free to leverage their knowledge to maximise shareholder returns, rather than worrying about safeguarding their own positions in relation to directorial duties and obligations during periods of financial distress.

TAXONOMY IN RETAIL. HOW DID THE COMPANIES COMPLY WITH THE LEGISLATION?

Every day we face the effects of pollution on our daily existence. We are exposed to advertising promoting the green behavior of retailers, but we have no certainty as to the veracity of this information. Thus, the question that was the basis of this research refers to how we can identify businesses or companies that carry out sustainable activity. In support of consumers, there is the legislative framework, which, through the taxonomy directives at the level of the European Union, mentions the objectives that a company must fulfill to be considered as having a sustainable character. In carrying out this scientific approach, we undertook a documentary research on the sustainable behavior of retailers in the field of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG). We identified the most important companies on the market (the top three) and followed how the sustainability reports they make available to the public include the legislative provisions and the reporting required by them. The results obtained highlighted the fact that, by the legislation, the aspects related to the first objectives of the taxonomy are mentioned, but no additional information is provided regarding the expenses resulting from the sustainable activities that the companies carry out. Among the objectives of this scientific approach is the identification of how the companies complied with the legislative provisions and the analysis of how they materialized. Following the research undertaken, it could be observed that the most common, in sustainability reports, are the measures undertaken by companies to adapt to environmental changes and the actions undertaken to protect them.

Strengthening Global Security: Critique on the NPT and NSG Mechanisms of Nuclear Export Control Regime

An export control regime plays a vital tool in the effort to counter the proliferation of traditional weapons and weapons of mass destruction. However, there are new and fundamental challenges with this system. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding and implementing nuclear export control mechanisms to advance international security and prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. The research will apply descriptive analysis of the mechanisms of nuclear export controls. Critical analysis of the nuclear export control apparatuses will be applied as a technique to review the loopholes in the enforcement mechanisms of these initiatives. The debate covers key aspects of nuclear export control, including legislative frameworks, industry compliance, licensing and authorization procedures, verification and monitoring systems and control scope. Understanding these elements will enable stakeholders to support responsible and peaceful transfers of nuclear technology while ensuring compliance with international commitments and nonproliferation standards. The paper further delves into the context of these regimes, which are constructed in a way that provides cushion to the international community led by the Western states. The article emphasizes the critical role of the mechanisms of nuclear export control in preserving international security by preventing the unauthorized transfer of sensitive nuclear materials and technology. It also emphasizes the need for industry and national collaboration in this regard.

The Effectiveness of Indonesia's Anti-Corruption Law on Legal Reform and Implementation

This study examines the efficacy of Indonesia's anti-corruption legislation in the wider framework of legislative restructuring and its execution. The paper investigates the legal frameworks and regulatory measures implemented to combat corruption, using a normative juridical analysis. The primary objective is to examine the impact of these laws on legal reform, evaluate their enforcement, and highlight the problems encountered in their practical implementation. The results demonstrate substantial advancements in legislative actions, but also underscore enduring barriers in execution, such as legal ambiguities, administrative stagnation, and corruption within law enforcement entities. This study highlights the importance of implementing comprehensive legal reforms and strong policies to improve the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures in Indonesia. Guidelines are given to promote future anti-corruption efforts by improving the legislative framework, increasing institutional capability, and cultivating political backing.

Reviving Zakat and Waqf Institutions for Sustainable Community Developmentin Gombe State, Nigeria

This paper aims to examine the current state of Zakat and Waqf institutions in Gombe State, Nigeria, and proposes measures for their revival for sustainable community development. The paper also covers a brief overview of the Islamic institutions of Waqf and Zakat, their importance in advancing social welfare and community development, and the present difficulties these organizations face in Gombe State, such as poor funding, improper management, and low public awareness. This study used a qualitative research design, collecting data through interviews and a review of the literature, and evaluating the data using content analysis. The study discovered that in order to revitalize these organizations and realize their full potential, a comprehensive strategy involving cooperation between government agencies, religious organizations, and the community must be looked in to. This strategy entails creating an efficient administration system, creating a thorough legislative framework for Waqf and Zakat, and raising public awareness through outreach and education initiatives.

A comprehensive review of current techniques, issues, and technological advancements in sustainable E-waste management

Electronic garbage (E-waste), which is caused by the global fast obsolescence and disposal of electronic gadgets, has become a major environmental concern. Adoption of sustainable E-waste management strategies has become crucial to address the growing effects of e-waste on the environment and human health. This in-depth overview of existing practices, problems, and new technology developments in sustainable E-waste disposal is presented in this thorough review article. The article analyses the efficiency of frequently used E-waste management strategies for reducing environmental effects and fostering resource recovery, including recycling, refurbishing, landfilling, and extended producer responsibility (EPR) initiatives. The main difficulties that policymakers, producers, recyclers, consumers, and employees in the unorganized sector of the economy confront in managing e-waste are also discussed, along with possible solutions. The analysis emphasizes the value of ecologically sound E-waste recycling techniques and examines new technology advancements, such as automated disassembly and trash sorting based on artificial intelligence, aimed at improving recycling efficiency and lowering environmental burdens. Along with successful case studies, the idea of a circular economy and sustainable product design in E-waste management are also covered. It is highlighted the need of strong legislative frameworks, international partnerships, and public engagement in responsible E-waste disposal in order to address the issue of transboundary flows of E-waste. In its last section, the paper sketches out the picture for the future and makes suggestions for how governments, businesses, and other stakeholders may adopt sustainable E-waste management approaches and further the development of a circular economy for E-waste.

The Study of Current Legislative Statement of Organ Transplantation

The main purpose of our research highlights a lack of awareness about donor laws, inadequate implementation, and critical challenges that require legal reform, enhanced support for donors, and better training for healthcare professionals. The legislative framework for organ transplantation varies widely across Asian countries, reflecting differences in cultural, ethical, and legal perspectives. Organ transplantation involves transferring organs, tissues, or cells from donors to recipients, with a significant global demand surpassing the available supply. Biomedical ethics, as outlined by Beauchamp and Childress, and further examined by Veatch and Harris, provide a framework for addressing the moral dilemmas associated with transplantation. In Mongolia, the organ transplantation framework is guided by international standards, though there are gaps in legislation, social welfare, and insurance coverage, which impact the effectiveness of the transplant system.

Comparative study of the initiation flute methods in Galicia

The initiation to the study of the transverse flute involves the acquisition of a basic technique which is learned through different methods of initiation, but: do they adjust to the technical variables of the legislative framework? What are the most significant technical parameters for the teachers of the Xunta de Galicia? The main objective of this research is to know which methodological proposal works the contents established in the regulatory framework more effectively. To do this, a methodology consisting of an analysis of the methods and the design and validation of a questionnaire for the teachers in Galician conservatories has been used. The conclusions are revealing in the sense that the teaching of flute in this Autonomous Community is carried out through three methods, and none of them fully satisfy neither the concerns of teachers nor the demands of Galician legislation.