Legislative Framework Research Articles

LOW-RISE HIGH-DENSITY HOUSING – POSSIBILITIES OF IMPLEMENTATION IN LOCAL CONTEXT, CASE OF NIŠ, SERBIA

<p class="ABSTRACT">Low-rise, high-density housing (further LRHD housing) represents an alternative model for solving contemporary housing issues in urban areas. However this specific typological form is not recognized in local urban planning and legislative frameworks. The aim of this research is to explore the possibilities for development of LRHD housing within local frameworks through the assessment of urban parameters potentially achievable through the application of the pilot Mix-Mesh concept for LRHD housing and their comparative analysis with values defined by local planning regulations.</p>

Legal Regulation of Cybersecurity and Privacy on the Internet

Objective: This article examines the conceptual framework for forming and developing legal regulation of cybersecurity and privacy on the Internet. Theoretical Framework: The article aims to highlight the evolution and future prospects of legal regulation concerning cybersecurity and privacy in both Ukraine and globally. Method: The methodological principles include impartiality and unbiasedness and a comprehensive study of the legislative framework and its specifics in the context of cybersecurity and privacy. Results and Discussion: The legislative experiences of international law on cybersecurity and privacy have been summarized. In Ukraine, the legal support process for cybersecurity and privacy continues, with the country ratifying several international documents and developing its own legislative framework. Research Implications: The term "cybersecurity" has been legislatively defined, encompassing 10 fundamental principles regarding the Internet's development and impact on human life. Originality/Value: The terms "cybersecurity," "cybercrime," and "privacy in the virtual space" require further refinement. A methodology that facilitates the interaction and coexistence of legal norms and netiquette is needed.

Market for light industry products: current changes and development trends

This article analyzes the current state of the light industry products market, its promising directions and development trends. Key market indicators, characterized by a decrease in demand in 2022, but an increase in the «average purchase amount» indicator, were identified. In addition, the role of the main trends (changes in the legislative framework and the transition to sustainable fashion) in facilitating the entry of new companies into the market is noted.

Building Resilience: A SWOT and TOWS Analysis of LPPKN's Role in Enhancing Population Quality and Family Well-being in Malaysia

The National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN) plays a crucial role in shaping Malaysia's demographic landscape, but there are challenges to be tackled. This article conducts a thorough SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis of LPPKN, exploring its impact and effectiveness in promoting population and family well-being. Additionally, a TOWS (Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses, Strengths) analysis refines our understanding of LPPKN's strategic positioning. The research employs a dual-method approach, combining web-based desk review and structured interviews. Seven central themes emerge from the SWOT analysis, including legislative framework and policy environment; integrated educational programs; comprehensive reproductive healthcare services; innovative research; information sharing and public awareness; skilled and dedicated personnel; technological innovation and digitalization. The TOWS matrix identifies 28 potential key strategies aligning internal strengths and weaknesses with external opportunities and threats. The study identifies Malaysia's legislative frameworks and policies as strengths in promoting family well-being and population management, despite ongoing challenges from evolving societal demands and international integration. Opportunities in leveraging technology for education and establishing a National Subfertility Centre are noted, countered by threats from rapid socio-economic-political changes and governance issues, requiring strategic adaptation. By integrating SWOT and TOWS analyses, this study provides recommendations for LPPKN's strategic development, aiming to foster a resilient environment that supports Malaysia's population well-being and family dynamics.

THE ROLE OF STATE SUPPORT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOTEL AND RESTAURANT BUSINESS IN THE CONTEXT OF CRISIS PHENOMENA AND EUROINTEGRATION PROCESSES

The article presents the results of a study of the state of the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine in general and the Transcarpathian region in particular in the context of crisis phenomena. The authors analyse the peculiarities of functioning of hospitality enterprises in the context of military operations on the territory of Ukraine. The research provides an analytical review of the legislative framework and social factors that have influenced the activities of hospitality enterprises in conditions of instability. It also identifies the problems and prospects for the development of the hotel and restaurant business in the context of overcoming the consequences of military operations, European integration processes and legislative changes, and outlines promising ways of future recovery of the hospitality sector as a component of tourism. The purpose of the article is to conduct an analytical study of the state of the hotel and restaurant business in the post-covid period and the active phase of the military conflict, and also the impact of state regulation on overcoming such destructive factors against the background of Ukraine's European integration processes. Methodology. The study was conducted on the basis of an analysis of statistical indicators of the performance of temporary accommodation (accommodation) and catering enterprises, based on analytical and statistical materials of official statistics of the Zakarpattia Oblast for the period from 2020 to 2024, provided by the Main Department of Statistics in the Zakarpattia Oblast. The legal framework and regulatory documents related to the identified issues were analysed. The paper analyses the state and needs of SMEs in Ukraine as assessed by local hromadas, as well as an analytical study based on a survey of owners of hotel and restaurant businesses in Zakarpattia Oblast through personal interviews. The monitoring study covered 50 enterprises of different sizes and different forms of ownership. Results. The publication analyses the factors that stimulate the activity of enterprises in the accommodation sector, describes the destructive factors that suppress or complicate the activity of enterprises in this sphere of economic activity, and considers the state policy aimed at supporting the hotel and restaurant business and the tourism sector in general. The authors identify the commonality of problematic issues for the hromadas of Ukraine on the way to the future post-war reconstruction of the hospitality and tourism sector, as well as the functioning of this sector today. The research lists the opportunities for business on the way to European integration and the challenges associated with it. As a result, the authors suggested ways to accelerate and facilitate the integration of the local hotel and restaurant business, improve the legislative framework at the state and local levels for the development of the hotel and restaurant sector and its de-shadowing, and also emphasised the importance of close cooperation of SMEs with state and local authorities in terms of support, development promotion, investment prospects and implementation of European legislation in the activities of such enterprises.

Digitalisation of Educational Process in the Context of Information Society Realities

The purpose of the research is to explore the problems and outline the prospects for the digital transformation of education in the context of the realities of the information society, which is guided by the principles and values of the post-industrial era. Research methods. The main methods of the research were analysis and synthesis, generalisation, systematisation, and a dialectical approach, which helped to determine the ratio of the effectiveness of traditional and distance education, analyse the main means and advantages of distance learning and distance education, and identify the features of the digital culture of modern society in the context of its impact on the modernisation of education. Research scientific novelty. The examination of the issue of educational technologisation, in particular its impact on the learning environment, has shown that the active spread of digital technologies will transform the organisation of the educational process into cooperation and productive learning activities of higher education students and teachers. Conclusions. Today, we are at the initial stage of introducing innovative technologies into the educational process, which can improve the overall level of education and literacy of the population and society as a whole. However, despite the fact that the digitalisation of the educational process has become significant at the current stage of development, it needs to be refined, changed, and involve new and additional elements and functions, and attention should be paid to revising the regulatory framework of modern legislation. It is determined that the digitalisation of the educational process involves the transformation and integration of educational technologies into all stages of the educational process: training, education, methodological integration, and career guidance. It is emphasised that the form of organising distance learning contributes to the development of independent work skills, and the range of innovative and attractive learning strategies for higher education students is growing.

Import Ban Efficacy on Second-Hand Clothing in the Perspective of Regulatory and Sustainable Development Goals

The study aims to analyze ban import effectiveness on second hand clothing in Kuningan Regency. The study utilized research specifications, an empirical legal approach. The findings revealed that Article 47 paragraph (1) of the Trade Law and Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 40 of 2022; Amendments to Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 18 of 2021 ban the importing of used apparel. In addition, the regulation is outlined in Article 69 of law number 32 of 2009; environmental protection and waste management, in fact, are not implemented effectively in Kuningan Regency and Second-hand clothing is related to sustainable development goals number 12, namely ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns. There are seven thrift shops in the vicinity, but they are disregarded by law enforcement, with no supervision at all. To summarize, Kuningan Regency's local administration lacks a stronger legislative framework for law enforcement. As a result, it is critical to create a Regional Regulation governing imported used garments, as well as to socialize with business actors and the community.

Glass packaging and its contribution to the UN Sustainable Development Goals

AbstractThis article delves into the significance of glass packaging in the European container glass industry's sustainable development, emphasizing its role in achieving key UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Covering health benefits, sustainable consumption, climate action, and collaborative partnerships, the European container glass industry's commitment to a circular economy and carbon neutrality by 2050 is explored. The discussion encompasses the industry's advancements in circularity and the critical transition to green energy. The article highlights the industry's strides over the past 50 years and outlines its vision for a sustainable future. It also points to the role of a supportive policy and legislative framework in enabling a circular and climate‐neutral economy.

Research Survey on Role of Blockchain Technology in Agriculture

Blockchain is a decentralized ledger technology where all the data and information can be stored and shared. They allow accessibility for every network users rather than just a single server and admin. The information in the database can then be accessed and validated by several parties, increasing security and lowering the risk of corruption. Traceability is made possible by blockchain's ability to store and manage data. This feature is used to help develop and execute solutions for index-based crop insurance and intelligent farming. It is an important advance in the fields of modern agriculture. Food safety in agriculture is ensured by blockchain applications in crop certification, information systems, agro-trade, financing, and traceability of origin, among other areas. It offers a trustworthy source of information regarding contracts, inventories, and farm conditions in agriculture, an industry where obtaining such data is frequently exceedingly expensive. Because food traceability can be tracked via blockchain technology, reliable food supply chains and consumer-producer trust can be established. It makes it easier to employ data-driven technology to improve farming because it is a reliable method of storing data. Additionally, when combined with smart contracts, it enables prompt payments between parties that may be brought about by modifications to data that appear in the blockchain. The applications of blockchain technology from a theoretical and practical standpoint in smart farming, food supply chains, agricultural insurance, and agricultural product transactions. With numerous current initiatives in various food items and food-related difficulties, blockchain is a promising technology towards a transparent food supply chain. However, there are still many obstacles and hurdles that prevent its greater appeal among farmers and systems. Technical issues, education, legislation, and regulatory frameworks are all involved in these challenges. Key words: Agriculture, Blockchain, Supply chain, Farming, Traceability

The criminal law protection mechanism for sustainable development in China – an empirical analysis of environmental pollution crime

China’s environmental criminal law serves as the strongest legal safeguard for the construction of an ecological civilization, revealing the country’s determination and efforts in environmental protection. Prior to 2011, Article 338 of China’s Criminal Law, which is most closely associated with the punishment of polluters, was rarely applied effectively. However, following the revision of Article 338 to address environmental pollution crime in 2011, more than 10,000 cases were filed in just a few years; thus, this law has played a significant role in the smooth advancement of China’s ecological civilization. An empirical analysis of 1600 instances of environmental pollution crime revealed that Chinese courts continue to give precedence to conventional sentencing factors in the enforcement of this criminal law. Despite the vigorous promotion of the ecological civilization concept in recent years within China, its integration into the judiciary process appears inadequate, and the boundaries of environmental pollution crime remain vaguely delineated. Given these circumstances, there is a pressing need for China to enhance its legislative and judicial frameworks regarding environmental criminal law to ensure robust and enduring support for the nation’s sustainable development.

The unexpected politics of ILGA-Europe’s rainbow maps: (de)constructing queer utopias/dystopias

Recently, we have seen a proliferation of maps visualising the global state of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, plus (LGBTQI+) rights. While they represent a productive advocacy tool for activists, we critically examine the politics embedded and reinforced by the way maps and indices are constructed and represented. By exploring the discrepancies between ILGA-Europe’s rainbow maps and the lived experiences of LGBTQI+ people within Europe, we argue that these maps reproduce hierarchies often mediated by Eurocentric understandings of linear progress while discounting the importance that an interpenetration of legal and social aspects has in evaluating national contexts in which LGBTQI+ persons live. The emphasis on legislative frameworks, thus, in part displaces lived experiences of LGBTQI+ people in Europe, projecting both queer utopias and dystopias onto different geographical localities and feeding into existing homonationalist discourses. With such findings, we argue against the fetishisation of legislation within LGBTQI+ activism and academia.

Navigating the Grey Zone: The Impact of Legislative Frameworks in North America and Europe on Adolescent Cannabis Use-A Systematic Review.

This paper aims to systematically review the impact of legislative framework changes in North America and Europe on adolescent cannabis use. It not only seeks to examine the prevalence of adolescent marijuana use following legislative changes but also to identify the driving forces behind fluctuations in use and to address the gaps left by previous studies. A systematic literature review was conducted in selected databases. After screening English-language publications dating from 2013 to 2023 (n = 453 studies), 24 met the inclusion criteria. Articles were considered if they analyzed the impact of legislative changes on adolescent cannabis use in countries across North America and Europe. The overall findings suggest an inconsistency regarding the prevalence of cannabis use among youth and adolescents following policy changes. The effects of modifications in cannabis policies on marijuana consumption are complex and influenced by various factors. These include the details of legislation, societal perspectives, enforcement methods, socioeconomic status, and cultural background. The results of this analysis reveal a nuanced reality. Although research suggests a rise in cannabis use after legalization, there are variations in the outcomes observed. This highlights the significance of considering context and demographics. Moreover, studies shed light on how specific policy changes, such as depenalization, can affect cannabis use.

The management of disability in children and adolescents

IntroductionChildren with disabilities are children 18 years or younger who have “long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others”. In a 2021 report, UNICEF estimated that there are 236.35 million (10.1 %) children with disabilities aged 0–17 years. AimThis review discusses how care management for children and adolescents with disabilities should be shaped to facilitate the coordination, integration, and continuity of care for this group, thereby improving their quality of life. Material and MethodA desk review of the European and national strategic, legislative, and policy framework and a review of scientific literature related to the research area were carried out. ResultsCare management for children and adolescents with disabilities requires a thorough analysis and understanding of many factors that shape the care processes. Care plans are an excellent tool for intertwining multiple perspectives of different experts, caregivers, and children/adolescents, intending to jointly shape short-term and long-term goals that will best strengthen the capacities of the child/adolescent and the caregivers and respond to their multidimensional needs. It is necessary to set goals within the current legal-administrative framework, taking into account the availability and quality of health care resources, therapy and rehabilitation programs, education, and social care, aiming to create an optimal model of social inclusion, financial, advisory, educational, and other support and to identify obstacles in the care path. ConclusionsIndividual approach, multidisciplinary cooperation, continuous education, and support for experts and caregivers, and thorough monitoring and evaluation of interventions are crucial in shaping optimal care for children and adolescents with disabilities.

A Child's Right to Identity in the Context of Embryo Donation: Part 1

This article investigates the extent to which the South African Legislature and the international community recognise the right to identity of a child born through embryo donation. A distinction is drawn between embryo donation, gamete donation and surrogacy. Thereafter, the article discusses the multiple aspects which the right to identity comprises, namely: personal, biological, family and siblingship identity. An assessment is made of how these various aspects are impacted by national and cross-border embryo donation arrangements. The Children's Act 38 of 2005, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the National Health Act 61 of 2003 and the Regulations Relating to Artificial Fertilisation of Persons, in addition to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) are critically examined to the extent that may be applicable to children born through embryo donation. The article concludes that neither the South African legislative framework, nor the CRC or the ACRWC explicitly upholds the child's right to identity

Policy Approaches to Combat Livestock Theft and Enhance Security

Purpose: This study sought to analyze policy approaches to combat livestock theft and enhance security. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to policy approaches to combat livestock theft and enhance security. Preliminary empirical review revealed that a multi-faceted approach is essential to effectively address livestock theft. It emphasized the importance of integrating legislative measures, technological innovations, community-based initiatives, and enhanced law enforcement efforts. Technologies like GPS tracking and RFID tags were found effective but required financial support for widespread adoption. Community involvement and education were highlighted as critical for local surveillance and theft prevention. The study also underscored the need for robust legislative frameworks and international cooperation to deter theft and ensure consistent enforcement Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Routine Activity Theory, Rational Choice Theory and Situational Crime Prevention Theory may be used to anchor future studies on policy approaches on combating livestock theft and enhance security. The study concluded that an integrated approach, including advanced security technologies, community involvement, and robust legislative frameworks, was essential for effectively reducing livestock theft. It highlighted the need for financial incentives to help farmers adopt GPS tracking and RFID tags, expanded community-based initiatives like Farm Watch, and stricter penalties for theft. The study also emphasized the importance of international cooperation for standardizing livestock identification practices and supporting cross-border law enforcement efforts. These recommendations aimed to enhance livestock security, mitigate financial losses, and improve community resilience Keywords: Livestock Theft, Livestock Security, Legislative Measures, Advanced Security Technologies, GPS Tracking, RFID Tags

Governing offshore wind: is an ‘Asia-Pacific Model’ emerging?

ABSTRACT The Asia-Pacific region is emerging as central to the deployment of offshore wind power. Large scale offshore wind involves complex governance challenges, and governments can choose to centralize and streamline processes enabling the construction of offshore wind farms. We develop a framework for comparing site selection and consenting processes for offshore wind farms, and examine whether a more streamlined and centralized model of offshore wind governance is emerging in the major Asia-Pacific markets of Japan, the People’s Republic of China, South Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam. We also examine whether policy targets and framework legislation are used in these markets, and whether renumeration schemes are being applied. We find limited evidence of convergence in some aspects of offshore wind governance, but that governance models in the region remain diverse. We suggest there remains scope for facilitating learning across different Asia-Pacific markets as governments work to ensure the governance of siting and consenting meets the needs of stakeholders, while enabling offshore wind supports rapid low carbon energy transition goals.

Modern Information Policy: The US Experience for Ukraine

The article argues for the need to enhance Ukraine's state modern information policy, identifying potential avenues for improvement of its effectiveness by drawing upon the experience of the United States. It is important to understand that the information policy of the state should be aimed at the formation of the state information space, at expanding and refining the legal framework for regulating social relations based on specific circumstances, dissemination and utilization of information, deepening of the political stability, and ensuring societal information security. Information policy ensures that information resources receive coordinated technological support, offers unrestricted access to them, and provides users with tools for effective information search, use, and transfer. It is essential that the effectiveness of information policy can only be achieved through consensus, involving all interested parties. It is crucial to understand that information policy in times of war entails a set of measures implemented by the state in collaboration with civil society institutions, aimed at regulating information processes and fostering the development of an information society where defense goals take priority. Consequently, a significant challenge arises from the absence of a legislative framework regulating information protection and counteracting new threats in the information sphere, and implements measures regarding responsibility for actions or organized activities that harm the information security of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The state and civil society are provided with practical recommendations for creating conditions conducive to the development of an optimal model of state information policy, adaptable to various situations, including those under martial law.

Commercialisation of Intellectual Property: A Comparative Analysis of Georgia and Estonia

Abstract Commercialisation of intellectual property (IP) constitutes a vital part of a state’s economy and signifi cantly contributes to the development and success of any innovative project. At the same time, commercialisation of IP is directly linked to the adopted legislation on patent rights as it regulates the protection and exploitation of IP. This article seeks to compare the IP commercialisation frameworks in Georgia and Estonia and identify the challenges encountered in patent protection mechanisms in Georgia. Estonia and Georgia are both located in the Eastern European region and share similar legal systems and constitutions. By aligning its legislative framework with European Union standards and supporting universities and fostering a culture of innovation, Estonia sets a notable example in IP commercialisation. However, Georgia’s legislative framework still lacks certain elements that are crucial for developing IP commercialisation. The low number of registered patent applications in Georgia indicates the challenges and obstacles in this fi eld. The comparison of legal frameworks and practices in these countries can provide important insights into the challenges and solutions in IP commercialisation. The article examines how inefficient legislative framework leads to inconsistent patent protection mechanisms in Georgia, creating barriers in IP commercialisation, while underlining Estonia’s success in innovation and the establishment of a progressive IP commercialisation landscape. The article also presents a set of recommendations for Georgia to align its framework with EU standards, initiating joining the European Patent Convention, strengthening IP enforcement, and promoting open IP policies in universities, following Estonia’s model.

SUPERVISION OF FINANCIAL AUDIT ACTIVITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA - REFORMS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR MODERNIZATION

At present, financial auditing in the Republic of Moldova is supported by a legislative framework in line with international best practices and the EU acquis. However, the changing nature of services in the domestic audit market and the current challenges of meeting new quality management requirements are of interest for scientific research in this field. This paper aims to investigate the opportunities for modernization of the profession in the context of the attested reforms regarding the supervision of audit activity in the Republic of Moldova. The aim of the investigation is to highlight the importance of legislative reforms in order to increase the prestige and recognition of the professionalism of financial audit activities in the Republic of Moldova. In addition, this paper includes a study of professional qualifications in auditing and an analysis of the activities carried out by audit entities in recent years of monitoring the audit market by the supervisory authority. The issue of reforming the regulatory framework for the audit of financial statements in line with international good professional practice is considered. The investigation used the qualitative research method and the observation technique based on the analysis of national and international normative acts. The results indicate a good harmonization of the regulatory framework of the financial audit activity in the Republic of Moldova with the international practices in this field, which will contribute to the development of the domestic process of regulating the profession and at the same time will provide opportunities for modernization of the system of supervision of the quality of audit activity in the country.

Building a Legislative Framework for Securing Georgia’s Strategic Assets

Abstract The article discusses the importance of modernizing and securing critical infrastructure in Georgia, particularly within the context of its geopolitical position and evolving economic landscape, by building an appropriate legal framework. The article outlines the signifi cant impact of cyberspace on traditional sectors such as energy, transportation, and telecommunications, necessitating a re-evaluation of critical infrastructure in the digital age. Highlighting Georgia’s aspirations to align with European and Euro-Atlantic structures for enhanced national security and democratization, the study emphasizes the need for regulatory and legislative frameworks that would be compatible with EU standards. Drawing on a comparative analysis between Estonia and Georgia, the research identifies gaps and areas for improvement in Georgia’s critical infrastructure protection (CIP) system. Through the examination of Estonia’s successful transformation from a Soviet-era environment to a robust EU-compatible CIP system, the study offers recommendations tailored to Georgia’s context.