Translational Frame Research Articles

Composite Spatial Manipulation Framework for Redirected Walking

In this study, we present a composite spatial manipulation framework for the redirected walking technique. The proposed framework focuses on utilizing two different approaches simultaneously to manipulate the user’s position and orientation in the physical space, aiming to substantially improve their redirection in a confined physical space and reduce the special requirements for the RDW technique. Each approach utilizes different perceptual processes. The first is a discrete spatial manipulation approach that introduces translation and/or rotation gains to the user’s virtual perspective in the immersive virtual environment (IVE) during temporal events such as eyeblinks. The second approach is the continuous spatial manipulation approach, which continuously introduces (with each frame) translation and/or rotation gains below the user’s perception threshold to their virtual perspective in the IVE. Two simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of adopting the composite spatial manipulation framework for RDW without considering the user’s walking behavior or the impact of the proposed approach on user performance in the immersive virtual environment. In the second simulation experiment we aimed to investigate the performance of the proposed approach while considering the user’s walking behavior and performance in the IVE. Finally, a user experiment was conducted to validate the proposed framework and its impact on the user’s performance in the IVE. The findings revealed a significant improvement in the redirection performance of the proposed controller when it was compared to the classical RDW controller. Additionally, there was significant improvement in the user’s performance when the composite RDW controller was utilized.

Poems about translation: a neglected form of theory

ABSTRACT This work is premised on the assertion that poems about translation can offer a way of doing theory, providing a resource that may elude rational discourse and reach the reader at least partly through eliciting aesthetic response. In many cases the poems presented and discussed are well known and broadly resonant; in others, quite obscure ‘occasional’ poems, but as a whole they show great teachable potential as a set of interrelated cases. Subgenres that poems about translation take, such as the verse epistle and the translator’s prefatory poem, are discerned, and ten subtypes of translation themes–such as the translator’s identity, translation framing and criticism, apologia for translation, advice to the translator – are distinguished in this non-exhaustive canon, and one may historicise and draw further conclusions about the poems in or against their respective eras of composition. The pedagogical usefulness of these works is strengthened by the analytical attention given to key features of the texts for elucidating principles, thematics, and historical debates on literary translation for the classroom.

Neural Network Approaches for Soft Biological Tissue and Organ Simulations.

Given the functional complexities of soft tissues and organs, it is clear that computational simulations are critical in their understanding and for the rational basis for the development of therapies and replacements. A key aspect of such simulations is accounting for their complex, nonlinear, anisotropic mechanical behaviors. While soft tissue material models have developed to the point of high fidelity, in-silico implementation is typically done using the finite element (FE) method, which remains impractically slow for translational clinical time frames. As a potential path toward addressing the development of high fidelity simulations capable of performing in clinically relevant time frames, we review the use of neural networks (NN) for soft tissue and organ simulation using two approaches. In the first approach, we show how a NN can learn the responses for a detailed meso-structural soft tissue material model. The NN material model not only reproduced the full anisotropic mechanical responses but also demonstrated a considerable efficiency improvement, as it was trained over a range of realizable fibrous structures. In the second approach, we go a step further with the use of a physics-based surrogate model to directly learn the displacement field solution without the need for raw training data or FE simulation datasets. In this approach we utilize a finite element mesh to define the domain and perform the necessary integrations, but not the finite element method (FEM) itself. We demonstrate with this approach, termed neural network finite element (NNFE), results in a trained NNFE model with excellent agreement with the corresponding "ground truth" FE solutions over the entire physiological deformation range on a cuboidal myocardium specimen. More importantly, the NNFE approach provided a significantly decreased computational time for a range of finite element mesh sizes. Specifically, as the FE mesh size increased from 2744 to 175,615 elements, the NNFE computational time increased from 0.1108 s to 0.1393 s, while the "ground truth" FE model increased from 4.541 s to 719.9 s, with the same effective accuracy. These results suggest that NNFE run times are significantly reduced compared with the traditional large-deformation-based finite element solution methods. We then show how a nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBS)-based approach can be directly integrated into the NNFE approach as a means to handle real organ geometries. While these and related approaches are in their early stages, they offer a method to perform complex organ-level simulations in clinically relevant time frames without compromising accuracy.

Molecular polymorphism Analysis on CD36 Deficiency among Platelet Blood Donors in Shenzhen

To analyze the molecular polymorphisms of CD36 among 58 blood donors with CD36 deficiency and compare with CD36 positive controls. A total of 58 donors with CD36 deficiency during a screening conducted in the laboratory from September 2019 to December 2020 were enrolled as the test group, including 39 males and 19 females, while 120 platelet donors with CD36 positive were randomly selected as the controls, including 76 males and 44 females. All of the subjects were Han nationality. The PCR-SBT method was used to detect coding region of CD36 gene, and molecular mutations were compared with those CD36 positive controls. Among the 58 donors with CD36 deficiency, mutations appears in 32 individuals. The detection rate for type I was 71.43% (5/7), and type II was 51.92% (27/52), while among the 120 controls, mutations appears in 12 donors (10%). In the CD36 antigen-deficient donors, 16 variations were found, in which 329-330 del AC with the highest frequency accounted for 20.69%, followed by 1228-1239 del ATTGTGCCTATT(15.52%) and 1156 C>T(10.34%). Two variations, 198-205 del GATCTTTG and 220 C>T, led to premature termination of translation; four mutations, 329-330 del AC, 560 ins T, 1011-1049 39bp dupl and 1343-1344 ins TCTT, caused translation frame shift; 1228-1239 del ATTGTGCCTATT led to deletion of four amino acids (Ile-Val-Pro-Ile) at sites 410-413 of the peptide chain. The 1140 T>A and 1275 G>A were synonymous mutations, and the other 7 mutations resulted in the substitution of single nucleotide. The platelet expression in the donors of CD36 positive with 329-330 del AC or 1228-1239 del ATTGTGCCTATT mutation (heterozygote) was lower than those CD36 positive individuals without mutations (homozygote). Multiple gene mutations in the CD36 coding region may cause CD36 deficiency, and the heterozygous individuals with mutations may lead to CD36 antigen reduction or deletion. Mutation is not detected in 44.83% of CD36 deficient individuals, there may be some other reasons for the CD36 antigen deficiency.

"Superwobbling" and tRNA-34 Wobble and tRNA-37 Anticodon Loop Modifications in Evolution and Devolution of the Genetic Code.

The genetic code evolved around the reading of the tRNA anticodon on the primitive ribosome, and tRNA-34 wobble and tRNA-37 modifications coevolved with the code. We posit that EF-Tu, the closing mechanism of the 30S ribosomal subunit, methylation of wobble U34 at the 5-carbon and suppression of wobbling at the tRNA-36 position were partly redundant and overlapping functions that coevolved to establish the code. The genetic code devolved in evolution of mitochondria to reduce the size of the tRNAome (all of the tRNAs of an organism or organelle). “Superwobbling” or four-way wobbling describes a major mechanism for shrinking the mitochondrial tRNAome. In superwobbling, unmodified wobble tRNA-U34 can recognize all four codon wobble bases (A, G, C and U), allowing a single unmodified tRNA-U34 to read a 4-codon box. During code evolution, to suppress superwobbling in 2-codon sectors, U34 modification by methylation at the 5-carbon position appears essential. As expected, at the base of code evolution, tRNA-37 modifications mostly related to the identity of the adjacent tRNA-36 base. TRNA-37 modifications help maintain the translation frame during elongation.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФРЕЙМОВОЇ ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЇ ПРИ ПЕРЕКЛАДІ ХУДОЖНЬОГО ТЕКСТУ (на матеріалі української та кримськотатарської мов)

The article reveals the meaning and structure of the concept of “frame” in modern linguistics, as well as outlines the main approaches to the classification of the frame in translation studies as an effective tool to explain the translation process. Later, this classification is used to analyze a number of examples taken from the story of M. Mathios “Armageddon has already taken place”, translated by Sh. Sati for the first Ukrainian-Crimean Tatar literary competition “Qırım İnciri” (“Crimean Fig”). The special conditions of formation of static and dynamic frames are investigated on examples in the article, and also advantages of use of frame translation for preservation of mental images of the people are shown. The article demonstrates the relevance of frame interpretation of a literary text from Ukrainian into Crimean Tatar as a means of solving problems that arise when translating mental images reflected in the culturally marked vocabulary of the original work into another language in different cultural environment. Finally, the article proves that the frame approach offers a solid theoretical basis for studying and preserving the mental images proposed by the author of the source text and reproduced by the translator, and provides a basis for studying the dynamic process underlying the ability to reproduce information with minimal distortion. Taking into account that frames represent static and dynamic phenomena, I have to admit that it works effectively to describe and explain the translator’s mental process. Translators, in terms of the semantics of frames, can be seen as creators who, operating on frames, seek to achieve cognitive equivalence.

Problem of cognitive dissonance in translation and the ways of overcoming it

In modern linguistics there is a considerable increase of the scientific works on cognitive aspect of the language and cognitive interpretation of the literary translation. The article discusses the cognitive dissonance phenomenon in literary translation and its role and importance in the study of cognitive dissonance and scientific research. The phenomenon of dissonance, consonance, and cognitive dissonance, and their linguistic meanings in different dictionaries have been looked through. At the same time, it is determined that cognitive dissonance is not only the object of modern linguistics and translatology but also the research in the field of music, economics, and information technology. The works of the foreign scientists as V.G.Voskoboynik, T.V.Drozdova, A.M.Kaplunenko, Y.S.Kimishnikova, S.V.Biyakova, O.A.Hopiyaynen, C.Gallen, R.Lemieux, E.G Miklos on cognitive dissonance and their conceptual methods have been studied as well. In particular, the cognitive dissonance phenomenon in the works translated from French into Uzbek and from Uzbek into French has been analyzed by examples. The phenomenon of cognitive dissonance is studied within an indirect translation frame, where realities are mixed up, and the unnecessary cognitive element is introduced to the text. Four ways, the translators may deal with the cognitive dissonance in the translation process, have been recommended.

Dual Quaternion Based Close Proximity Operation for In-Orbit Assembly via Model Predictive Control

This paper studies the problem of guidance and control for autonomous in-orbit assembly. A six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) motion control for in-orbit assembly close proximity operation between a service satellite and a target satellite is addressed in detail. The dynamics based on dual quaternion are introduced to dispose the coupling effect between translation and rotation in a succinct frame, in which relevant perturbation and disturbance are involved. With the consideration of economical principle for fuel consume, a generic control system based on model predictive control (MPC) is then designed to generate a suboptimal control sequence for rendezvous trajectory considering actuator output saturation. The stability and robustness issues of the MPC-based control system are analyzed and proved. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control scheme, while additional comparisons for diverse horizons of the MPC are further conducted.

On the Frames of Translates on Locally Compact Abelian Groups

On the Frames of Translates on Locally Compact Abelian Groups

Comparison of false-discovery rates of various decoy databases

BackgroundThe target-decoy strategy effectively estimates the false-discovery rate (FDR) by creating a decoy database with a size identical to that of the target database. Decoy databases are created by various methods, such as, the reverse, pseudo-reverse, shuffle, pseudo-shuffle, and the de Bruijn methods. FDR is sometimes over- or under-estimated depending on which decoy database is used because the ratios of redundant peptides in the target databases are different, that is, the numbers of unique (non-redundancy) peptides in the target and decoy databases differ.ResultsWe used two protein databases (the UniProt Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein database and the UniProt human protein database) to compare the FDRs of various decoy databases. When the ratio of redundant peptides in the target database is low, the FDR is not overestimated by any decoy construction method. However, if the ratio of redundant peptides in the target database is high, the FDR is overestimated when the (pseudo) shuffle decoy database is used. Additionally, human and S. cerevisiae six frame translation databases, which are large databases, also showed outcomes similar to that from the UniProt human protein database.ConclusionThe FDR must be estimated using the correction factor proposed by Elias and Gygi or that by Kim et al. when (pseudo) shuffle decoy databases are used.

Electromagnetic Field as a Treatment for Cerebral Ischemic Stroke.

Cerebral stroke is a leading cause of death and adult-acquired disability worldwide. To this date, treatment options are limited; hence, the search for new therapeutic approaches continues. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) affect a wide variety of biological processes and accumulating evidence shows their potential as a treatment for ischemic stroke. Based on their characteristics, they can be divided into stationary, pulsed, and sinusoidal EMF. The aim of this review is to provide an extensive literature overview ranging from in vitro to even clinical studies within the field of ischemic stroke of all EMF types. A thorough comparison between EMF types and their effects is provided, as well as an overview of the signal pathways activated in cell types relevant for ischemic stroke such as neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. We also discuss which steps have to be taken to improve their therapeutic efficacy in the frame of the clinical translation of this promising therapy.

Characterization of X- box binding protein 1(XBP1) and BiP functions and investigation their roles in YHV replication in P. monodon

Abstract Eukaryotic cells have mechanisms to cope with stress in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) called unfolded protein response (UPR). In this study, we characterized putative X-box DNA binding protein1 (XBP1) and Binding protein (BiP) cDNAs from black tiger shrimp (Peneaus monodon). When the shrimp were infected with Yellow head virus (YHV), the levels of XBP1 and BiP mRNA transcripts were elevated approximately 8 and 55 folds, respectively. In normal shrimp, the putative XBP1 (XBP1u) was predicted to encode a protein with 283 amino acid residues. When shrimp were infected with YHV, portion of cDNA with 17 nucleotides intron elimination (XBP1s) was observed. The elimination caused alteration of its translational frame. The predicted protein from this is 469 amino acids in length with total change in its amino acid sequence downstream of the intron. Functional analysis of these XBP1 proteins in mammalian cells clearly showed that overexpression of P. monodon XBP1s was capable of activating the transcription rate of mammalian UPR responsive genes (BiP, ERdj4 and P58IPK). Finally, the impact of XBP1 and BiP on YHV multiplication in black tiger shrimp was investigated by RNAi approach. Knocking down either XBP1 or BiP expression efficiently inhibited YHV replication. Therefore, these two components in the UPR pathway may be an interesting target for anti YHV development in the future. Keywords: Endoplasmic reticulum, siRNA, Stress-inducible genes, Transcriptional regulation

Shifting frames to make more proteins

Coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 critically depends on the ribosomal frameshifting that occurs between two large open reading frames in its genomic RNA for expression of viral replicase. Programmed frameshifting occurs during translation, when the ribosome encounters a stimulatory pseudoknot RNA fold. Using a combination of cryo–electron microscopy and biochemistry, Bhatt et al. revealed that the pseudoknot resists unfolding as it lodges at the entry of the ribosomal messenger RNA channel. This causes back slippage of the viral RNA, resulting in a minus-1 shift of the reading frame of translation. A partially folded nascent viral polyprotein forms specific interactions inside the ribosomal tunnel that can influence the efficiency of frameshifting. Science , abf3546, this issue p. [1306][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abf3546

Structural basis of ribosomal frameshifting during translation of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome

Programmed ribosomal frameshifting is a key event during translation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA genome that allows synthesis of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and downstream proteins. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a translating mammalian ribosome primed for frameshifting on the viral RNA. The viral RNA adopts a pseudoknot structure that lodges at the entry to the ribosomal messenger RNA (mRNA) channel to generate tension in the mRNA and promote frameshifting, whereas the nascent viral polyprotein forms distinct interactions with the ribosomal tunnel. Biochemical experiments validate the structural observations and reveal mechanistic and regulatory features that influence frameshifting efficiency. Finally, we compare compounds previously shown to reduce frameshifting with respect to their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, establishing coronavirus frameshifting as a target for antiviral intervention.

Systematizing the genomic order and relatedness in the open reading frames (ORFs) of the coronaviruses.

The coronaviruses (CoVs), including SARS-CoV-2, the agent of the ongoing deadly CoVID-19 pandemic (Coronavirus disease-2019), represent a highly complex and diverse class of RNA viruses with large genomes, complex gene repertoire, and intricate transcriptional and translational mechanisms. The 3′-terminal one-third of the genome encodes four structural proteins, namely spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid, interspersed with genes for accessory proteins that are largely nonstructural and called ‘open reading frame’ (ORF) proteins with alphanumerical designations, but not in a consistent or sequential order. Here, I report a comparative study of these ORF proteins, mainly encoded in two gene clusters, i.e. between the Spike and the Envelope genes, and between the Membrane and the Nucleocapsid genes. For brevity and focus, a greater emphasis was placed on the first cluster, collectively designated as the ‘orf3 region’ for ease of referral. Overall, an apparently diverse set of ORFs, such as ORF3a, ORF3b, ORF3c, ORF3d, ORF4 and ORF5, but not necessarily numbered in that order on all CoV genomes, were analyzed along with other ORFs. Unexpectedly, the gene order or naming of the ORFs were never fully conserved even within the members of one Genus. These studies also unraveled hitherto unrecognized orf genes in alternative translational frames, encoding potentially novel polypeptides as well as some that are highly similar to known ORFs. Finally, several options of an inclusive and systematic numbering are proposed not only for the orf3 region but also for the other orf genes in the viral genome in an effort to regularize the apparently confusing names and orders. Regardless of the ultimate acceptability of one system over the others, this treatise is hoped to initiate an informed discourse in this area.

『실낙원』의 남북한 번역 양상 연구 – 사탄의 재현을 중심으로 –

This study examines the translations of Paradise Lost translated in South and North Korea. Using Mona Baker’s Narrative Theory and Framing Concept and Kathryn Batchelor’s Paratext Concept as the theoretical basis, this study explores the representation of Satan in the source text and analyzes how its aspects were reframed in the South and North Korean translations’ paratext and main body. It specifically reviews the paratext’s preface and the commentary on the work, and it analyzes Satan’s appearance, action, and speech in the main body. The analysis shows that reframing took place mainly through selective appropriation and labelling during the translation process. In the paratext, the South Korean translation frames Paradise Lost as a Christian poem. The North Korean translation however transforms the source text into a radical political poem and reframes it as a communist narrative. Whereas the South Korean translation tends to weaken the positive narrative of Satan, the North Korean translation strengthens the positive narrative of Satan and relates it to the North Korean political narrative. The transformed Satan in the North Korean translation shares similarities with the role model of an autonomous communist common in the North Korean literature.

Identification of conserved peptide upstream open reading frames (CPuORFs) in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) genome

Abstract. Subroto AP, Aditama R, Tanjung ZA, Utomo C, Liwang T. 2021. Identification of conserved peptide upstream open reading frames (CPuORFs) in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) genome. Biodiversitas 22: 1829-1838. Upstream open reading frame (uORF) translation serves as one of several modulating mechanisms in gene expression. Conserved peptide uORF is a rare subset of uORF containing a peptide sequence that is conserved among eudicot families and negatively regulates the translation of its adjacent main ORF (mORF). This research aimed to identify oil palm CPuORFs by conducting a homology search between Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) CPuORF databases against the existing oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) genome. Using alignment by Hidden Markov Model (HMM) approach, 48 oil palm CPuORFs were discovered which were later divided into 24 homology groups (HG) based on its gene ontology. The high degree of sequence homology indicates a high conservation CPuORFs among oil palm, Arabidopsis and rice. The CPuORFs peptide sequence conservation between oil palm progenies was later validated by sequencing of CPuORF22 and CPuORF29 as a reference, from several DxP Tenera crosses, individual Duras from different origins and American oil palm (Elaeis oleifera). This is the first study of oil palm CPuORF discovery which might provide a better understanding of gene expression regulation in oil palm.

Gabor-Type Frames for Signal Processing on Graphs

In the past decade, significant progress has been made to generalize classical tools from Fourier analysis to analyze and process signals defined on networks. In this paper, we propose a new framework for constructing Gabor-type frames for signals on graphs. Our approach uses general and flexible families of linear operators acting as translations. Compared to previous work in the literature, our methods yield the sharp bounds for the associated frames, in a broad setting that generalizes several existing constructions. We also examine how Gabor-type frames behave for signals defined on Cayley graphs by exploiting the representation theory of the underlying group. We explore how natural classes of translations can be constructed for Cayley graphs, and how the choice of an eigenbasis can significantly impact the properties of the resulting translation operators and frames on the graph.

Circular RNA-encoded oncogenic E-cadherin variant promotes glioblastoma tumorigenicity through activation of EGFR-STAT3 signalling.

Activated EGFR signalling drives tumorigenicity in 50% of glioblastoma (GBM). However, EGFR-targeting therapy has proven ineffective in treating patients with GBM, indicating that there is redundant EGFR activation. Circular RNAs are covalently closed RNA transcripts that are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we report an additional activation mechanism of EGFR signalling in GBM by an undescribed secretory E-cadherin protein variant (C-E-Cad) encoded by a circular E-cadherin (circ-E-Cad) RNA through multiple-round open reading frame translation. C-E-Cad is overexpressed in GBM and promotes glioma stem cell tumorigenicity. C-E-Cad activates EGFR independent of EGF through association with the EGFR CR2 domain using a unique 14-amino-acid carboxy terminus, thereby maintaining glioma stem cell tumorigenicity. Notably, inhibition of C-E-Cad markedly enhances the antitumour activity of therapeutic anti-EGFR strategies in GBM. Our results uncover a critical role of C-E-Cad in stimulating EGFR signalling and provide a promising approach for treating EGFR-driven GBM.

THE CRITERION FOR TRANSFERABLE SELF-CONSISTENTLY TRANSLATIONALITY OF COORDINATE TRANSFORM OPERATORS AND REFERENCE FRAMES IN UNIVERSAL KINEMATICS

From an intuitive point of view universal kinematics are collections (sets) of changing objects, which evolve, being in a certain spatial-geometric environment, and evolution of whi- ch can be observed from many different frames of reference. Moreover, the definition of uni- versal kinematics impose the existence of some (preassigned) universal coordinate transform between every two reference frames of such kinematics. Transferable self-consistently translati- onal reference frames (in vector universal kinematics) are interesting because for such reference frames it is possible to give a clear and unambiguous definition of displacement of a moving reference frame relative to a fixed one, which does not depend on the choice of a fixed point in the moving frame of reference. In the present paper it is shown that an arbitrary reference frame m is transferable self-consistently translational relatively to a reference frame l (in some vector uni- versal kinematics F) if and only if the coordinate transform operator from the reference frame m to the reference frame l is transferable self-consistently translational. Therefore transferable self-consistently translational coordinate transform operators describe the conversion of coordi- nates from the moving and transferable self-consistently translational frame of reference to the (given) fixed frame in vector universal kinematics. Also in the paper it is described the structure of transferable self-consistently translational coordinate transform operators (this is the main result of the article). Using this result it have been obtained the necessary and sufficient conditi- on for transferable self-consistently translationality of one reference frame relatively to another in vector universal kinematics.