Frame Of Reference For Analysis Research Articles

Heinrich Wittenwilers ›Ring‹ als Krisenexperiment: Erwartung und Störung didaktischer Kommunikation

Heinrich Wittenwilers ›Ring‹ als Krisenexperiment: Erwartung und Störung didaktischer Kommunikation

Between Reality and Secrecy: Israel's Freed of Navigation through the Straits of Tiran, 1956-1967

Following Suez War, Israel defined any interference with its freedom of navigation through Straits of Tiran as a casus belli. Despite acceptance by international community, Egypt's opposed position remained intact. Hence, to prevent reoccurrence of war, a complex set of tacit understandings and arrangements was reached between opponents during 1957. Under these circumstances and a veil of secrecy, Egypt acquiesced to passage of Israeli ships in Straits while Israel - uncertain about its legal rights and preferring economic considerations to quibbling over sovereignty - accepted various limitations. After concluding negotiations for Israel's withdrawal from Sinai Peninsula in aftermath of 1956 Suez War, Israel's Foreign Minister Golda Meir publicly declared at UN General Assembly on March 1, 1957 that interference, by armed force, with ships of Israeli flag exercising free and innocent passage in Gulf of Aqaba and through Straits ofTiran would be treated as a casus belli.' Hence, on May 22, 1967, when Egypt's President, Gamal 'Abdul Nasser [Nasir], declared that no circumstances will we allow Israeli flag to pass through Aqaba Gulf, international community - not simply rival parties - realized that war was in offing.2 However, documentation declassified over last few years by Israel and by UN enables us to expose untold story of Israel's maritime activity and status regarding navigation in Straits of Tiran (hereafter: the Straits) during decade that spanned abovecited declarations. Researchers' focus on dramatic events (the 1956 Suez War and 1967 Six Day War) demarcating period, scant documentation on Egyptian side and secrecy surrounding exercise of this freedom on Israeli side have managed to keep this intriguing story, in which economic interests suppressed considerations of national sovereignty and international acceptability, in dark until now. After all, as compared to publicity given to Meir's declaration, Nasser's statement, made ten days later (March 11, 1957), has remained in shadows. In that statement, Nasser announced - despite clear Israeli statement - that he would not permit passage of Israeli ships either through Gulf of Aqaba or Suez Canal.3 As no war had broken out, it is clear that one side had retreated from its formal stance. Documentation found in Israeli and UN archives, together with documents from US State Department and, to a lesser extent, British Foreign Office, enable us to draw a more encompassing picture of those events. Our conclusion: both countries retreated from their respective stances. Through a set of tacit understandings and arrangements concluded between two adversaries, Nasser agreed to passage of Israeli shipping. Israel's unenthusiastic acceptance of these arrangements was, however, product of third-party demands (the US and then-UN secretary-General (UNSG) Dag Hammarskjold) combined with Israel's uncertainty about legal status of its position. In addition, contrary to prevailing images, Israel was deeply concerned over durability of its achievement: acceptance of Israel's position according to which it has a 'right' to free navigation through Straits supported by US and major naval powers. In order to provide a frame of reference for analysis of period under study, we first review terms of Israel's freedom of navigation through Straits prior to 1956 Suez War and during negotiations in its aftermath. ISRAEL AND FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION IN THE STRAITS OF TIRAN, 1948-1957 On January 28, 1950, after occupying islands of Sanafir and Tiran, originally held by Saudi Arabia, Egypt was quick to state that: This occupation is not conceived in a spirit to hinder in whatever way it may be innocent passage across maritime space separating these two Islands from Egyptian Coast of Sinai. …

General frame of reference for analysis of harmonic distortion in systems with multiple transformer nonlinearities

Although the magnetising nonlinearity of power transformers is recognised as a source of harmonic distortion, its effect is often considered negligible, and the analytical models used to assess such effect are extremely simple. A new and more general power system frame of reference which models the coupling between phases and between hamonics is presented in the paper. The model is applied to a practical system wth several transformers to show that when one or more of these elements operate in the saturation region the voltage harmonic levels can be higher than those permitted by legislation.

Toward a Positive Frame of Reference for Analysis of Black Families: A Selected Bibliography

Toward a Positive Frame of Reference for Analysis of Black Families: A Selected Bibliography

Reproducibility of the angiographic left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with coronary artery disease

Quantitative analysis of the single and repeated cine left ventriculogram was performed in 20 patients with coronary artery disease to determine both the intrinsic variance of individual beats separated by different time intervals and variance between analyses of different observers. In addition, ventriculograms obtained from left ventricular injections of contrast medium prior to coronary arteriography were compared to ventriculograms obtained from either left ventricular or pulmonary artery injections after arteriography. The time period between studies varied from 30 minutes to 90 minutes to four days. Analysis of the same ventriculogram by different observers resulted in an average difference in ejection fraction of 0.05 (pNS). The average difference in ejection fraction was 0.02 between two early beats of the same ventriculogram (pNS). The average difference between sequential ventriculograms was 0.07 (pNS), but individual variations greater than 0.10 were not uncommon, particularly between studies done before and after arteriography, or several days apart. Patients exhibiting wide variance in ejection fractions between two studies either had wide variance in other hemodynamic measurements or degree of asynergy, or both. This study provides a frame of reference for analysis of sequential ventriculograms in patients with coronary artery disease, especially in evaluating changes in the state of the disease or the effects of therapy. It is especially important that: (1) standard hemodynamic measurements be made before ventriculography, (2) the same radiographic techniques repeated whenever possible, and (3) the same person analyze the two ventriculograms.

Estimation of diffusivities and solubilities from sorption studies

AbstractTechniques and results are reported for the joint estimation of kinetic (diffusion) and equilibrium (solubility) properties of gas—polymer systems. Pressure decreasing with time is measured in a closed, isothermal system as gas diffuses radially into a cylindrical mass of polymer held in a sintered steel or glass container. Polyethylene and polystyrene with various gases have been studied at temperatures up to 227°C. and pressures to 650. Gas pressures are raised “incrementally” to minimize (and to study) the dependence of diffusivities on concentration and pressure and to improve solubility estimation. Data collection techniques have evolved from hand recording of time, temperature, and pressure to use of an automatic analog and digital recording system. Pressures are converted to moles by use of an empirical equation of state based on published P—V—T data. Fourier's equation for radial diffusion from a closed well‐mixed solution into an infinite cylinder and some approximations thereto serve as a frame of reference for analysis of the data. Least squares estimates of the diffusivity and solubility are obtained by a numerical iteration process on an electronic computer. Some of the effects of departures from applicability of Fourier's equation are overcome by extrapolating series of estimetes of diffusivities and solubilities obtained from systematically censoring the data.