Manufacture Of Frames Research Articles

DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF BENT AND VARIABLE SECTION TUBES MADE OF FRP COMPOSITE

Manufacturing of bent composite tubes with variable cross-section is a challenge. The traditional process in composite materials uses retractable mandrels that in case of inflated or bent tubes cannot be applied. The tubular composite elements are often used in high performance bicycles, in the manufacturing of frames, handlebars, saddle pipe supports, etc. This paper presents research on the design of a Mountain Bike (MTB) riser handlebar made of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP). The handlebar is numerically analyzed to estimate the most suitable stacking sequence of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) layers. Depending on the safety standard of bicycle handlebars, a case of longitudinal bending tests was numerically evaluated. Comparing the weight of the CFRP handlebar with the steel handlebar of the same shape, the mass reduction is 5.2 times. The obtained results indicate a two-fold reduction in the weight of the handlebar if it is compared to a handlebar made of aluminum alloys. The research also presents the manufacturing process of the composite mold, and CFRP tubular element. Prepreg CFRP materials are used to manufacture the handlebar, the employed technology being the vacuum bag forming and autoclave curing process.

Productivity Improvement by using Time Study: A Case Study on Mid Body Frame Manufacturing

This abstract elucidates the pivotal role of industrial engineering principles in the meticulous optimization of intricate processes inherent to the manufacturing industry. The comprehensive integration of Lean Manufacturing, Six Sigma, Information Systems, Process Capability, and DMAIC principles serves as the bedrock for orchestrating the synergistic alignment of labor, materials, and machinery while concurrently fostering advancements in quality and productivity. The focal point of the research centers on a case study investigating the temporal intricacies entailed in the manufacturing of Piaggio Ape 3-Wheeler mid-body frames within the confines of Budhale Stampings, a cornerstone entity within the multifaceted Budhale & Budhale Group of Companies. The methodical implementation of a proposed methodology at Budhale Stampings has yielded not only a substantial annual financial gain of 21,84,000 but also a discernible 14% augmentation in overall productivity. These commendable outcomes substantiate the efficacy of the adopted approach, underscoring its latent potential for enduring influence on the company's fiscal performance and productivity metrics. Consequently, this research serves as a scientific elucidation of the pivotal role played by innovative methodologies in the optimization of manufacturing operations, thereby furnishing nuanced insights for organizations poised to derive tangible and quantifiable benefits within their production processes.

Fatigue Properties of Thixoformed Al-6wt%Si-2.5wt%Cu

One of the main functions of semisolid metal alloy forming processes, notably rheocasting and thixoforming, is the manufacture of parts, casings and frames for mechanical assemblies and systems. These parts not only must have the required minimum mechanical properties in terms of yield strength and elongation, but also must be able to withstand cyclic tensile and compressive forces. However, there is little fatigue strength data for the materials used for these parts. The present work seeks to fill this gap by determining the fatigue limit at 107 cycles of Al-6.0wt%Si-2.5wt%Cu alloy, or simply Al6Si2.5Cu, thixoformed in a pneumatic press at 585 °C (the temperature corresponding to 40 % solid fraction) with isothermal treatment times of 30 and 60 seconds. The parts were also subjected to T6 heat treatment, for which they were solution heat treated at a temperature of 520 °C for 4 hours followed by aging at 180 °C for 10 hours. For all the conditions tested, the microstructures were characterized to determine the grain size, appearance and shape of the silicon particles, in addition to the residual porosity. For the best conditions observed, 30 s holding time and T6 heat treatment, the grain size varied between 100 µm and 130 µm; the shape factor was around 0.60, indicating an excellent degree of roundness; and there was low residual porosity of around 0.3 %, resulting in a yield strength of up to 240 MPa with 4.5 % elongation. The average fatigue strength was estimated by the staircase method and was between 95 MPa and 98 MPa for 107 cycles.

Case study of construction issues affecting speech privacy in legal offices

During the design phase of a project, theoretical calculations for how a space will acoustically perform are often used. However, improper construction practices and other factors such as incompatible manufacturer combinations can lead to large discrepancies between theoretical performance and field-tested performance. The project in question consisted of a renovation of an existing legal office suite with a waffle ceiling and wide window spans. The primary acoustical concern was sound isolation from office to office and from private offices to open office space. A confidential level of speech privacy was the design goal as the suite contained multiple legal consultation rooms. Existing exterior glazings spanned the length of multiple offices, so an acoustical mullion was specified. Full perimeter door seals and automatic door bottoms were also installed. This paper details how the measured performance of this suite of offices was significantly lower than the designed Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating due to issues with the acoustic mullion installation as well as different door seal, door frame, and door manufacturer incompatibilities.

Heat-as-a-Service (HaaS): a Complex Adaptive Systems perspective on servitization

Servitization increases uncertainty and complexity in manufacturing firms by introducing dynamic interdependencies within and between organisations. This study proposes the conceptual lens of Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) to frame manufacturers’ service delivery systems and a hybrid simulation approach to explore the dynamic interdependencies of their servitization journeys. The case of a boiler manufacturer transforming to a provider of Heat-as-a-Service (HaaS) is used to examine the dynamic interdependencies between the growth of a service business, digitalisation efforts and operational efficiency as well as the interaction between the emerging service- and existing product business. The findings indicate that the manufacturer will experience an initial ‘cost-shock’ which will significantly decline as service delivery optimises and diagnostic accuracy improves. The study contributes to the servitization literature by introducing CAS as a theoretical perspective and hybrid modelling as a practical approach to explore and reconcile the strategic and operational dimensions of servitization.

3D Printing Smart Eyeglass Frames: A Review

Eyeglasses are typical correctors for refractive error eye disorders. They are commonly placed on frames expected to be stylish and durable. Currently, the consumer demand for sustainable and eco-friendly frames is gaining interest, especially since conventional frame manufacturing methods follow a subtraction of large blocks of wasted scrap material. Additive manufacturing (AM) promises better economic feasibility due to reduced tooling, storage, and material costs, as well as enhanced mechanical properties, by inducing nanomaterials and composites. Moreover, synergism between AM and digital design has led to a rising interest in smart or electronic eyeglass frames. This systematic review assesses commercial eyeglass frames that use standard materials with long-lasting resistance, durability, comfort, and versatility with various materials such as metals and polymers. It also explores the design aspects of these eyeglasses and their correlation with the utilization of artificial intelligence trained computer-aided design software. Beyond the appealing eyeglass frame technology, a review of smart frame design, in which electronic sensors and chips are embedded, is also included. Furthermore, this review comprises various applications for 3D printing of frames including commercial and biomedical applications. Other reviewed topics include the side effects, health risks, shortcomings of AM techniques and materials, and void formation inside the matrix that propagates fatigue and shrinkage or density change during solidification.

Uji Impact Material Komposit Campuran Serat Bambu Dan Pasir Besi Menggunakan Metode Hand Lay Up

A composite is one of the materials that is a mixture of two or more materials to form a third, more useful material. In this study, researchers chose bamboo fiber and iron sand as reinforcement for composite materials because the selection of bamboo fiber as a research material took into account the potential of bamboo fiber in Indonesia which is abundant and has not been utilized properly. The purpose of making bamboo fibrous composite materials aims to find a material that is lighter stronger and more elastic, can be developed into other products such as the manufacture of drone frames, aircraft bodies, brake pads. The method used is an experiment with making specimens using the hand lay up method and testing using impact testing and micro photo testing. Impact testing is used to determine the properties and characteristics of the material in the form of strength, hardness, and ductility of the material while for micro photos it is used to determine the bond of the material composition with the best impact test. The test standards used are ASTM D6110-10 with random fiber arrangement and ASTM D6110-04 with the arrangement of woven fibers, with variations in volume composition of bamboo fiber and iron sand particles. In the D6110-10 specimens, the best specimens were found in the variation with the most bamboo fibers, namely 35S10 P with an impact energy of 4.27 J and an impact price of 0.04 J / mm2, while the lowest variation was found in the most iron sand, namely 35P10S with an impact energy value of 2.26 J and an impact price of 0.02 J / mm2. In the D6110-04 specimen also showed the same characteristics as the ASTM D6110-10 specimen, the 30S30P variation or the composition of the most bamboo fibers had an impact energy value of 4.09 J while in the 10S10P variation it was only 1.47 J. Thus the more bamboo fibers will make the impact strength of the specimen higher.

Design and manufacturing of nano satellite frame

Currently, small spacecraft and their constellations are increasingly used in the rocket and space industry due to several their advantages. A version of a nano satellite frame made by a method of composite three-dimensional printing is presented in the research. A finite element analysis, a comparison of a designed structure with an aluminium analogue, and an economic substantiation of the proposed method for manufacturing the nano satellite frame have been carried out.

Features of forming process of frame segments blanks based on stretch bending technology of extruded section made of high-strength aluminum alloys

The methods for manufacturing of the frames of the aircraft are analyzed. The most optimal technological route for the manufacture of frames is selected. The process of stretch bending is considered, the problems arising during its implementation are shown. The ways for improving of the stretch bending process described in open sources are analyzed. The parameters necessary for the development of an adaptive control system for the stretch bending process are determined.

Fundamentals of technology theory of production, calculation physical and mechanical properties and indicators chemical and biological properties of frame building composites

Energy saving, operational reliability of buildings and structures for various purposes is determined by the durability of building materials and products used in their construction. To date, frame building composites have been developed on the basis of polystructural theory. The frame technology for the manufacture of building products consists in the preliminary manufacture of frames from coarse-pored mixtures, followed by filling voids in the hardened frame with a matrix-plasticized binder, fine-dispersed or fine-grained composition, while the frames and matrix can be formed on various binders. This technology makes it possible to obtain building materials and products with a combination of the most diverse and even incompatible binders with a predetermined set of properties, i.e. opens the way to directional materials science. The paper presents the results of theoretical research and calculation of the technological physical and mechanical properties of frame composite building materials. The regularities of the structure formation of frame composites at the level of the formation of frames and matrices, as well as when they are combined, are revealed. It is established that the process of impregnating the frame with a matrix obeys the laws of motion of freely dispersed or connected dispersed systems. Formulas for calculating structural stresses in hardening frame composites are derived. Analytical dependences for calculating the thermal conductivity coefficient of products are obtained from phenomenological positions. Expressions for the calculation of the modulus of elasticity are obtained for models of ordered aggregates and the kinetics of the processes of destruction of frame composites under their loading is shown. Theoretical dependences for calculating the diffusion coefficient in frame composites on the main structure-forming factors are established.

Structural design and dynamics optimization for heald frame made by carbon fiber reinforced composites

For improving the performance defects of traditional heald frame, the carbon fiber reinforced composites was applied to technical upgrading of the heald frame. On the basis of the theory analysis of composites laminates, the symmetrical ply scheme suitable for manufacturing of the heald frame in overall laminated was constructed, and a type of parametric program for finite element modeling was developed by ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL). The optimal mathematical model of the composites heald frame was proposed, and then the thickness parameter ( t) and direction parameters (α, θ) of fiber layer were dynamic optimized by using of Sub-problem method. The work increased the fundamental frequency (ω1) of the heald frame by 10.38%. Besides, the harmonic response frequency was also increased from 48.41 Hz to 53.77 Hz, which conductive to further improve dynamics properties of the composites heald frame. This paper provides technical guidance for innovative design of new heald frame, and is helpful to solve the problem of speed matching between heald frame and high-speed loom.

Improving the Quality of Manufacturing of Locomotive Body Frames

The paper describes the process of manufacturing the frame of locomotive bodies, which is a complex step-by-step process of assembling (welding) elements. It has been established that internal stresses cause welding deformations, while the deviation from the straightness of the sidewalls of the electric locomotives body frames of 2ES6, 2ES10, 2ES7 series (manufactured by Ural Locomotives LLC) can reach up to 25 mm with a tolerance of 5 mm. The results of internal stress analysis for linear displacements of 25 mm sidewalls showed that the maximum stress values can reach up to 45 MPa. To improve the accuracy of parameters, the operation of straightening by local heating is introduced into the body frame manufacturing technology. The paper describes the main characteristics of the existing straightening technology in production, shows the main disadvantages. Studies of technical solutions for straightening methods have been carried out. The results show that there are ample opportunities to replace thermal straightening with mechanized vibrational processing, which reduces residual stresses in the product material. The efficiency of vibration treatment largely depends on the selected mode parameters: frequency, amplitude, duration of vibration exposure, as well as the optimal frame vibration treatment scheme. The paper proposes an original scheme for straightening the body frame of electric locomotives in production environment. It is indicated that in order to minimize the forces of static bending, it is necessary to suspend the frame under constraints and move the vibrator(-s) along the length of the frame, dividing it into approximately 3 equal parts. To work out the straightening technology, it is proposed to use PXI Platform equipment with the LabVIEW application. The cost of the straightening operation can be reduced by at least 20%, which will affect the cost of the electric locomotive as a whole.

Application of Additive Manufacturing in the Manufacture of Ophthalmic Frames

This study examines the properties of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) filament applied to the manufacture of ophthalmic frames by additive manufacturing. Applied research from a quantitative approach was used under the multi-criteria decision-elimination and choice (AHP) method, to determine the best material. The results allowed obtaining a customized frame in recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based on anthropometric measurements. The study concludes that 3D printing applied in manufacturing processes is an excellent option that responds to the demand for the new and sustainable alternative materials for 3D printing filaments, facilitating product customization. In addition, the tests carried out on the frames show that it meets the requirements for dimensional stability, sweat resistance, resistance to ignition, and good properties considered in the data obtained in the flexion, tension and impact tests.

Shear performance of timber-GFRP double-lap adhesive joints for civil engineering applications

Adhesive bonding technology make it possible to join different materials and to assemble lightweight joints with high mechanical performance. These advantages over conventional technologies have led to a growing interest in these joints in timber construction. This study reports the results of an experimental campaign on double-lap adhesive joints between timber and GFRP adherends assembled with two different commercial structural epoxy adhesives. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the applicability of the bonding technique in the field of civil engineering and in the manufacture of window frames with adhesive joints (patent application No. 1020000023128, inventor Prof. Munafò). The results obtained after curing under laboratory conditions are compared with those obtained after exposure to high temperatures (40 °C) and relative humidity (100% RH). The results show that the effect of artificial ageing varies depending on the adhesive and generally leads to a reduction in the ultimate strengths and stiffness for both adhesives. The best mechanical performance in terms of ultimate load and stiffness is obtained by the epoxy adhesive EPX1 in each configuration tested, with values for ultimate load and displacements sufficient to ensure the mechanical performance in the range of applications studied. The epoxy adhesive EPX2 showed a significant decay of mechanical performance after artificial ageing and exhibited lower ultimate displacements and loads.

Comprehensive View of Topological Optimization Scooter Frame Design and Manufacturing

The combination of topology optimization (TO) and 3D printing has revolutionized the way components are designed and fabricated. In view of this, this manuscript presents a TO workflow considering the frame of a scooter. In particular, TO is employed to redesign the scooter frame based on a commercial one. The topologically optimized frame is then fabricated with stainless steel 316L utilizing the selective laser melting (SLM) method. In particular, technical obstacles encountered during the process and according solutions are recorded. Given the herein notes, readers who are working with the two technologies can anticipate the technical problems and deliver more effective solutions should any of them arise.

ВЫСОКОПРОЧНЫЕ БЕТОНЫ ДЛЯ ЛЕГО-БЛОКОВ

Lego technology is one of the modern construction solutions providing cost reduction, increasing architectural expressiveness and the pace of work. This is the development of groove-ridge positioning systems and connection of small-piece wall elements. Currently, the technology of Lego blocks is implemented on various types of building materials: ceramic and hyper-pressed non-fired bricks, blocks from various types of lightweight concrete, which have not found wide practical application due to an obvious shift in the balance of properties either towards aesthetics – brick, or thermal insulation - blocks. In this regard, a technology for producing multi-hollow thin-walled lego blocks based on self-compacting high-strength fine-grained concrete with various types of high-porous filling is proposed. In this paper, the compositions of high-strength concrete mixes for the manufacture of lego block frames are proposed. The main emphasis in the development is made on improving the manufacturability of their production and the maximum efficiency of using the clinker component. Overcoming the multicomponent problem is achieved by replacing traditional cement with a special all-in-one composite binder. Due to the unacceptability of traditional methods of dispersed reinforcement for producing thin-walled products from self-compacting fine-grained mixtures, it is proposed to carry out dispersed micro-reinforcement at the level of cement stone, for which a technology is developed and the optimal parameters of dispersion of glass and basalt fiber are determined. Thanks to this approach, reinforcing fibers are included in the composition of the composite binder itself, which ensures maximum manufacturability and an increase in compressive strength up to 20...25 %.

PELATIHAN PRODUKSI BAHAN BANGUNAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MASYARAKAT DI PROVINSI BANTEN

Banten Province has large natural resources, especially natural resources in the form of wood. The amount of natural resources must be accompanied by human resources who can process natural resources so that they have a high selling value. KOTAKU, which operates under the Direktorat Jenderal Cipta Karya Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat in collaboration with the University of Banten Jaya, conducts training for the community to produce building materials, especially in the production of frames and doors. The objectives of the implementation of these activities include increasing the capacity of the community in producing building materials, especially the manufacture of frames and doors and as an effort to improve the economy of the people in Banten Province. This activity is carried out for four days by presenting instructors who have qualifications and experience in producing building materials. The target of this activity is the people living in the Banten Province, especially Lebak Regency, Serang City, and Serang Regency. After participating in this training activity, the community is expected to have better skills and abilities in processing wood and can create jobs, both for themselves and for others.

Fabrication of High-Quality Straight-Line Polymer Composite Frame with Different Radius Parts Using Fiber Winding Process.

The extraordinary features of fibrous composites enable advanced industries to design composite structures with superior performance compared to traditional structures. Composite frame structures have been designed frequently as components of mechanical systems to resist lateral and gravity loads. The manufacturing of high-quality composite frames depends primarily on the accurate fiber winding on frames with different pro-files and curved shapes. The optimal fiber winding process on a nonbearing composite frame with a circular cross-section is described in previous works by the same authors. As an extension to that, this study focuses on the manufacturing of straight-line composite frames with different profile radii at multiple locations. Such production procedure allows continuous winding of fibers gradually on individual parts of the frame and generally with different angles of fiber winding. The winding procedure is performed using fiber-processing head and industrial robot. The procedure for calculating the distance of the winding plane of fibers on the frame from the guide-line of the fiber-processing head is targeted. This distance depends on the required angle of fiber winding, the radius of the frame, and the geometric parameters of the fiber-processing head. The coordination of the speed of winding the fibers on the frame and the speed of the passage of the frame through the winding head is also considered. Determining the correct distance of winding the fibers from the corresponding guide-line of fiber-processing head and right coordination of the winding speed and the speed of passage of the frame through the fiber-processing head ensure compliance of the required angles of fiber windings on the frame and homogeneity of winding fibers, which are the two of the most important prerequisites for producing a quality composite frame. The derived theory is well verified on a practical experimental example.

On the need to take into account the effect of wind on the frame of thin-walled steel structures during installation

Recently, the construction of buildings and structures using elements of light steel thin-walled structures has been increasing in Russia. The use of lightweight galvanized profiles provides a number of advantages in the manufacture, transportation and installation of frames. In the practice of designing structures of this type, the calculation of frames, as a rule, is carried out for the loads acting on the structure during its operation. In many cases, analysis of possible wind effects on frames during installation is not performed. This article examines the effect of wind on the frame of a 120-meter-long single-span building made of light steel thin-walled structures. Such structures, having a low mass, under certain parameters, can experience dynamic vibrations caused by the effect of wind. Most of the aeroelastic processes are self-oscillating in nature, occurring during energy exchange between the flow and the streamlined body. The main phenomena of aeroelasticity are flutter (stall flutter) buffing. If we consider the issues of aeroelasticity from the point of view of the effect on the structure, then such concepts as vortex excitation, galloping across the air flow, divergence and parametric resonance should be considered. If, during the design process, the analysis of possible wind effects on the frame is not carried out and measures are not taken to reduce the negative effect of wind, this can lead to deformation of the frame elements or their destruction.

Sulfonation of Divinylbenzene Adsorbents Packed in a Micro Sampler to Extract Airborne Organic Compounds

ABSTRACT In this work, sulfonated divinylbenzene (SDVB) adsorbents, with the 60–80 mesh diameter, were packed inside a 22-gauge stainless steel needle to fabricate a sulfonated needle trap sampler (SNTS), which is a micro sampler. An analysis of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) scanning data, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) data, and scanning electron microscopice (SEM) observations, confirmed the physiochemical characteristics of sulfonated DVB adsorbent resins. A gas mixture of approximately 20 ppm of ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BTEX) was prepared to evaluate the sampling efficacies of the SNTS. The results reveal that, in 1–2 h, SNTS adsorbed increased 92–116% more methanol and 12–20% more MEK than NTS. The SNTS adsorbed 4–15% less BTEX than the NTS. The tested SNTS exhibited remarkable adsorption capacities of methanol, which emitted in a metal frame manufacturing plant. The SNTS is recommended as an alternative passive sampler to the active adsorbent tubes.