FR4 Substrate Material Research Articles

Microstrip Antenna Design with Circular Patch for Skin Cancer Detection

Due to the many advantages of microstrip patch antennas, nowadays, microstrip patch antennas are mostly preferred in biomedical areas. This study aims two antenna structures, as both transceiver and receiver, have same dimensions are designed to produce solution of the difficulties in pathology. For antennas with an operating frequency of 2.45 GHz, FR-4 substrate material with a value of 4.4 dielectrics is used. A model has been prepared to detect the presence of skin cancer with the designed antennas. The model is a method of determining E-field and scattering parameters differences between two antennas of cancerous and normal tissue specimens placed on the glass slides. The same antennas and experimental setup were prepared with the normal and cancerous structure of the skin tissue prepared by pathologists. Thus, scattering parameters are measured and their differences are determined. It has been shown that cancerous tissue can be determined with different values obtained as a result. Ansys HFSS program is used for designs and simulations.

A Miniaturized High-Gain (MHG) Ultra-Wideband Unidirectional Monopole Antenna for UWB Applications

A miniaturized high-gain (MHG) ultra-wideband (UWB) unidirectional monopole antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) is designed for ultra-wideband applications. The MHG antenna is printed on the FR4 substrate material with an overall size of 26.6-mm [Formula: see text] 29.3-mm [Formula: see text] 1.6-mm, which operates over the UWB frequency range and achieves the bandwidth between 3.1[Formula: see text]GHz and 10.6[Formula: see text]GHz. This high-gain unidirectional antenna exhibits a peak gain of 7.20[Formula: see text]dB with an efficiency of 95%. The compact antenna is a simple overlay design of circular and rectangular patches with the partial ground plane exhibiting high gain and better directivity. The overlay patch antenna acts as the radiator for wider bandwidth compared to the fundamental design of patch antenna and is matched to an SMA connector via 50[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] microstrip feed line. These simulated results are presented using HFSS software package. The designed antennas are fabricated and validated by using Agilent Vector Analyzer.

Design and Modeling of a Compact Partially Transmissible Resistor-Free Absorptive Frequency Selective Surface for Wi-Fi Applications

A compact partially transmissible absorptive frequency selective surface (AFSS) which requires neither surface mount device resistors nor resistive ink is proposed in this communication. The resistor-free AFSS utilizes the lossy characteristic of FR-4 substrate material to achieve the absorption property. The method to efficiently model the AFSS based on physical phenomena has been thoroughly discussed, by which the effect of substrate loss can be predicted accurately. An equivalent circuit model is also presented, and its predicted result agrees well with the full-wave simulation. Furthermore, the fabrication and measurement are also conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of resistor-free AFSS. The highest absorption rate of the AFSS is designed around 2.46 GHz, while at least half-power transmission is guaranteed below 1 GHz. These electromagnetic functions as well as the low fabrication cost and complexity make the resistor-free AFSS a promising candidate for advanced packaging and shielding of mixed signal system.

Characterization of Broadband Antenna Based on FR-4 Substrate Material

A simple and compact design of a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed broadband square patch antenna is introduced. The proposed broadband antenna is printed on a single-layer PCB with a pair of T-match like symmetric structure which acts as tuning stubs and L−shaped fed-transmission line. The antenna occupies a small radiating area 27.1×8.4 mm2 is demonstrated on an FR−4 substrate PCB with relative permittivity (εr) 4.3, and loss tangent (tan δ) 0.02 and thickness 0.76 mm. The ground plane area of the antenna is 60×60 mm2 with 50Ω CPW-fed line. The designed antenna achieved impedance bandwidth of 100.7%, (1.244 to 3.771) GHz and axial-ratio bandwidth 20.6%, (2.649 to 3.257) GHz respectively, with a return loss <-10 dB (VSWR <2), and axial ratio less than 3−dB respectively. The antenna is simulated using CST V.17 EM Simulator, and the performance of the antenna parameters like return loss, VSWR, axial ratio bandwidth (AR−BW), radiation pattern and surface current density is improvised to an acceptable limit. The analysis of results thus achieved so many similarities between the measured and simulated results

Design and Simulation of Quasi-Fractal Microstrip Antennas for Wireless Networks

This paper discusses the design and simulation of new dual-microstrip antennas using compact resonator topologies and substrates. These antennas were modeled using an applied wave research (AWR) simulator based on quasi-fractal microstrip resonators, a complete ground plane, dual via ports, and FR4 substrate material. The simulated antennas demonstrated multiband responses with tolerable electrical specifications that are suitable for numerous fixed and handheld wireless networks, including WLAN and C bands.

Design of an efficiency‐enhanced Greinacher rectifier operating in the GSM 1800 band by using rat‐race coupler for RF energy harvesting applications

Radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) circuits can convert the power of communication signals from radio frequencies (RF) in the environment into direct current and voltage (DC power). In this study, the Greinacher full-wave rectifier circuit topology was combined with a 180° hybrid ring (rat-race) coupler which was a passive RF/microwave circuit. Thus, higher RF-DC conversion efficiency was obtained. First, using the Greinacher rectifier topology, RFEH circuit operating at the center frequency of 1850 MHz was designed. Then, at this frequency, designing of the rat-race coupler having 1000 MHz bandwidth was made. The S-parameter measurements and simulation data of the designed coupler circuit were compared. Finally, the high efficiency rectifier circuit where these two circuits were used together was designed. The proposed rectifier circuit was constructed on 70 × 70 × 1.6 mm3 FR4 substrate material with a permittivity of 4.3 (εr = 4.3). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the rectifier circuit, which had 125 MHz bandwidth at the center frequency of 1850 MHz and was developed with rat-race coupler, was calculated as 71% at 4.7 dBm input power. In addition, with this study, at −15 dBm input power, which was a relatively low power level, 40% PCE value was obtained.

Ground Defected Planar Super-wideband Antenna: A Suitable Transceiver for Short Distance Wireless Communication

A planar microstrip patch super-wideband antenna is presented for short distance wireless communication applications. The antenna is comprised of a simple patch and a ground plane and etched on two sides of a 1.6 mm-thick standard FR4 substrate material with a relative permittivity of 4.5 and loss tangent (0.02). The proposed antenna possesses a compact size of 29 × 20.5 mm2 with an electrical dimension of 0.25 λ × 0.18 λ. To enhance the operating bandwidth, the ground plane is modified by adding seven small rectangular slots on its upper side. Through numerical studies, it is found that insertion of the slots enhances the coupling between the patch and ground plane resulting in achievement of a super-wide operating band. From the measurements, it is observed that the fabricated prototype antenna has a bandwidth from 2.63 to more than 18 GHz, a symmetric omnidirectional radiation characteristic and the maximum peak gain of 5.85 dBi which makes it a suitable transceiver for short distance communication applications.

A bandwidth enhancement and size reduction of monopole microstrip antenna for ultra wideband application

PurposeModern wireless communication application requires an antenna system to meet the requirements of miniaturization and wideband characteristic. In recent years, several antenna designs, that meet these requirements, have been proposed in the literature. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to design a new microstrip monopole antenna with a bandwidth enhancement and size reduction for ultra wideband application.Design/methodology/approachThe patch, of leaf of a plant shape, the feed line and the ground plane are printed on the inexpensive FR4 substrate material with permittivity 4.4 and loss tangent 0.02. To obtain optimal dimensions, a parametric study is conducted through numerical computations by using electromagnetic simulators HFSS and CST. A prototype of the optimized antenna is fabricated and subjected to a series of simulations and measurements.FindingsThe measurement results show a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 6.7 GHz (3.5 GHz-10.2 GHz) which can cover the whole bandwidth requirements of an ultra wideband application. The designed antenna exhibits nearly symmetric and omnidirectional radiations patterns over the operating band, which is a sought-after behavior in microstrip patch antennas and has overall size of 35 × 31 mm2.Originality/valueThe proposed microstrip monopole antenna is very useful for modern wireless communications systems because of its compact size, its capability of covering the whole ultra wideband frequency band and its good radiation characteristics.

Metamaterial inspire multiband monopole antenna with defected ground structure

This article represents the design and analysis of a compact antenna of size 34mmX18mmX1.6mm on FR-4 substrate material. The designed antenna is having a slot at the partial ground for all iterations are observed and it is analysed with the help of ANSYS 17 Electronics Desktop. A new unit cell design which exhibits the metamaterial property is also analyzed with the help of unit cell analysis. The negative permittivity value is extracted, and that unit cell is implemented in the proposed antenna. The enhanced results have been carried out with comparing iteration wise. The proposed antenna has radiation efficiency of 94%, it works in the range of for LTE (33-37) band at 1.95-2.04 GHz, WiMAX band 2.87-3.76 GHz and LTE (43-44) bands 5.92-7.2 GHz.

Beam Controller Antenna for WiMAX Application

Introduce a practical design of an antenna that able to control the radiation beam pattern by using PIN diode and capacitor. The operation of the antenna is an on/off switch that controlled by PIN diode and Direct Current (DC) that supply from an an external source. The proposed antenna was verified to be able to cover the direction of 90 degreess when the DC is turn on. The DC pass through the PIN diode and activate the diode to be functioned as a switch. This proposed antenna is operated at a frequency of 2.3 GHz which is for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) application that symbolizes in the IEEE 802.16 family. This antenna is designed using a FR-4 substrate material with the dimension is 200 mm×200 mm using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) simulator software.

Optimization of Swastika Slotted Fractal Antenna using Genetic Algorithm and Bat Algorithm for S-band Utilities

A novel pattern of fractal antenna deploying Swastika slotted geometry up to second iteration is used for optimization in this paper which enhanced its utilities for S-band. Swastika Slotted Fractal Antenna has been designed and fabricated by the use of FR4 substrate material which has 1.6 mm as its substrate thickness, 4.4 as dielectric constant and 0.02 as loss tangent with help of Zeland IE3D software and MATLAB software. The comparison between Genetic Algorithm and Bat Algorithm revealed that results of BA are superior than GA for the designed geometry. The testing of proposed fabricated antenna has been done by using Rohde and Schwarz ZVL Vector Network Analyzer and obtained experimental results are in good agreement with optimized simulated results. Also, fabricated SSFA resonate at 2.49, 2.70, 2.96 and 3.96 GHz with corresponding values of S-parameter (S11) as ź16.78, ź18.87, ź28.66 and ź11.48 dB respectively.

Size miniaturization of microstrip antenna embedded with open-ended ground slots

A compact rectangular microstrip antenna embedded with open-ended ground slots is presented in this paper. Three equal open-ended ground slots have been incorporated inside the ground plane in order to excite the antenna with a lower order resonant mode. On variation of the length parameter of the middle slot of the antenna, a resonant mode of lower order has been obtained near 1.52 GHz. The maximum size reduction of the designed structure is obtained, considering the lower band resonant frequency obtained is about 85.83% with a fractional bandwidth of 6.97%. The simple configuration has been fabricated on low-cost FR-4 substrate material. The proposed low-profile triple band microstrip patch obeys all the necessary standards prescribed for wireless communication and, therefore, finds its applicability in multiband wireless communication systems.

A Compact UWB Monopole Antenna with Rejected WLAN Band using Split-Ring Resonator and Assessed by Analytic Hierarchy Process Method

The design of a compact micro strip line-fed Ultra-Wideband (UWB) monopole antenna with a notched-band characteristic is presented in this letter. The rejection frequency band occurs around 5- 6 GHz, which is appropriate for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications and is obtained by a split-ring resonator on the antenna ground. The proposed antenna is printed on FR4 substrate material with a dielectric constant of 4.4. The dimension of the proposed antenna is 24×16×0.8 mm 3 . Radiating patch has a combined geometry realized by a half-circular ring and half-square ring. To achieve a proper impedance matching and increased bandwidth with (Voltage standing wave ratio) VSWR ≤ 2, the study made use of an L-shaped element which was connected to the ground; moreover, the researchers added a split-ring resonator onto the ground to obtain one notched band. The comparison of the proposed antenna performance with previously presented UWB monopole antennas, was performed by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. A good agreement was observed between simulated and experimental results. .

A new wideband negative refractive index metamaterial for dual-band operation

A new wideband negative refractive index (NRI) metamaterial for dual-band operation is introduced in this study. Initially, a bare-H-shaped resonator was designed over the FR-4 substrate material. The refractive index curve for the unit cell, displays more than 3-GHz negative real peak from C-band to some portion of X-band. The proposed design also displays NRI property in the same frequency bands with wider bandwidth, when the Rogers RT 3010 substrate material was employed instead of FR-4 substrate material.

Study of Sierpinski Fractal Antenna and Its Array with Different Patch Geometries for Short Wave Ka Band Wireless Applications

This paper presents the design and simulation of multiband Sierpinski fractal antenna with different patch (rectangular, circular and triangular) geometries. To validate the effect of fractal; on microstrip array, a 2x2 fractal antenna array is also designed and studied. Finally, a qualitative comparison is made among fractal based defected patch and defected ground plane structures separately, for the entire single antenna and array cases. All antennas are designed using HFSS and optimized to operate at 28 GHz, considering a FR-4 substrate material. The proposed multiband antenna and its array can find extensive applications in Ka band and other wireless communications.

Design of Printed Monopole Antenna for Microwave Communication

A printed monopole in its planar and vertical configuration has been designed, fabricated and analyzed for microwave applications on low cost FR4 substrate material of thickness, h = 1.56 mm and relative permittivity, er = 4.3. The designed planar monopole has been simulated and experimented to find its frequency response with coplanar waveguide feed to exhibit dual band characteristics with -10 dB reflection loss bandwidth of 45.078 % (i.e. 1.5:1 between 1.334 and 2.109 GHz) and 114.92 % (i.e. 3.7: 1 between 3.99 and 14.77 GHz). The vertical monopole using the same patch has also been simulated and experimented and -10 dB reflection loss bandwidth of 173.67% (14.2:1 between 0.925 and 13.125 GHz) has been obtained. The antenna finds many applications in microwave bands.

A New Compact Double-Negative Miniaturized Metamaterial for Wideband Operation.

The aim of this paper is to introduce a compact double-negative (DNG) metamaterial that exhibits a negative refractive index (NRI) bandwidth of more than 3.6 GHz considering the frequency from 2 to 14 GHz. In this framework, two arms of the designed unit cell are split in a way that forms a Modified-Z-shape structure of the FR-4 substrate material. The finite integration technique (FIT)-based Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio is applied for computation, and the experimental setup for measuring the performance is performed inside two waveguide ports. Therefore, the measured data complies well with the simulated data of the unit cell at 0-degree and 90-degree rotation angles. The designed unit cell shows a negative refractive index from 3.482 to 7.096 GHz (bandwidth of 3.61 GHz), 7.876 to 10.047 GHz (bandwidth of 2.171 GHz), and 11.594 to 14 GHz (bandwidth of 2.406 GHz) in the microwave spectra. The design also exhibits almost the same wide negative refractive index bandwidth in the major region of the C-band and X-band if it is rotated 90 degrees. However, the novelty of the proposed structure lies in its effective medium ratio of more than 4, wide bandwidth, and compact size.

A Novell compact multiband broadside‐coupled split‐ring‐resonator metamaterial structure loaded fractal slot antenna for 4G communications and wireless systems

ABSTRACTA Novell compact multiband broadside coupled split ring resonator (BC‐SRR) metamaterial structure fractal loaded slot antenna for 4G and other wireless systems is presented in this article. The radiating elements of the proposed antenna are composed of a Perturbed Sierpinski carpet fractal slot printed on the lower face of an FR4 substrate material (εr = 4.4). The slots are fed by a single L‐microstrip line of 50 Ohms characteristic impedance printed on the upper face of the substrate. The operating frequency bands of this antenna are, respectively, centered at 3.62, 6.244, 14.471, and 19.145 GHz and its total size is 28.5 mm × 40.5 mm × 1.5 mm. The introduction of the BC‐SRR structure in the center of this antenna achieved an additional broadband ranging from 2.48 to 3.35 GHz with other additional frequency bands around 5.91, 6.76, 8.33, 10.38, 13.73, and 16.1 GHz (15.74–16.41 GHz). The gain and radiation pattern plots of the antenna are also included and discussed in this article. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2823–2828, 2016

Design and analysis with different substrate materials of a new metamaterial for satellite applications

Abstract In this paper, we are presenting a new metamaterial unit cell for satellite applications. The unit cell of the metamaterial was designed on FR-4 substrate material. The transmission characteristics of the unit cell display resonance at the frequency of 3.45 GHz of S-band of microwave region, which is usually suited for satellite communications. We did further analysis on the material’s effective medium properties by replacing the substrate material with Rogers RT 6010, lossy polyimide and aluminum nitride substrate materials, and we achieved different promising electromagnetic properties including double negative characteristics within the same band as well. For all these analyses, the popular “CST Microwave Studio” simulation software was adopted. The proposed design gives fine controllability in different types of metamaterial just by changing the substrate material, and all are working in the same S-band microwave spectrum.

Design and Implementation of Compact Coax Fed Multi Band MIMO Antenna for 4G Applications

Background/Objectives: In multimedia data communication environment a trade-off shall be opted between power, spectrum needs and wireless channel capacity in Global System for Mobile, Long Term Evaluation, and Wireless Local Area Networks applications. Multi-Input Multi-Output antenna elements display a high degree of similarity and it leads to efficacy reduction in multi user milieu. Methods: This paper investigates and presents a condensed 2-port coax fed multiband MIMO antenna for 4G applications. The proposed MIMO antenna possesses dimensions of 45mm×50mm×0.4mm 3 and comprises two layers, a rectangular patch, a pair of small-N shaped strips, two G-shaped monopole structures and L-shaped slots. An array of three resonant frequencies is opted for exciting the proposed design with the values of 1.8GHz, 2.5GHz and 5GHz. The methodology exhibits an adaptable frequency selecting with the ability to neutralize the impact of the other frequency. Findings: The implemented design accomplishes a high efficiency rates for LTE-Advanced, WiMAX and Wi-Fi applications 71.80%, 72.28% and 85.74%. Applications/Improvements: Fabrication with a suitable FR4 substrate material is used in the design of the coax fed multiband MIMO antenna. For future enhancements, the radiation pattern and reflection coefficient of an antenna shall be assessed.