Fox Point Research Articles

Modifying Our Genes: Theology, Science and “Playing God”

Modifying Our Genes: Theology, Science and “Playing God”

Fox Point's Own Gemma Hopper by Brie Spangler

Reviewed by: Fox Point's Own Gemma Hopper by Brie Spangler Danica Ronquillo Spangler, Brie Fox Point's Own Gemma Hopper; written and illus. by Brie Spangler. Knopf, 2023 [272p] Trade ed. ISBN 9780593428498 $21.99 Paper ed. ISBN 9780593428481 $13.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9780593428504 $8.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R Gr. 6-8 Seventh-grader Gemma Hopper resents her baseball star older brother—after all, she loves the sport, too, but since her parents' divorce, she's had to be the responsible sibling and take care of any chores or needs at home. Still, she and her brother practice together when they can, and one afternoon in particular reveals Gemma's skill for the sport when she outpitches her brother. This opens a rift between the siblings, and the more Gemma recognizes her passion for baseball, the more she is conflicted about abandoning her family duties and relationships for her own needs. Brie's powerful middle-grade graphic novel is a tribute to women in sports while focusing on the delicate intricacies of family relationships and friendships. White, black, and gradients of green and blue highlight the innovative composition and panels that coordinate well with the moving narrative. Dark shading and curved lines in the dynamic illustrations express isolation and uncertainty when the characters are provoked, with captions narrating Gemma's struggles to communicate her true thoughts and feelings about her identity with baseball, school, and family. Appropriately lengthy dialogue in the speech bubbles between Teddy and Gemma capture a complex and genuine sibling bond as they share the same insecurities for the future and deal with the fallout of their parents' divorce. Sports fans seeking ways to juggle life will appreciate this heart-warming read about finding yourself in the things you love and being your own hero. Copyright © 2023 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Balinese concepts of letters in a Burmese context

Over the years of studying the magical powers of words in the Burmese Buddhist context, I spent much of my research on the inner workings of the letter and phrase combinations and how the correct construction, combination and usage of these words, known in Burmese asinn,aing, andsamamade for a potent prophylactic against a host of maladies. So focused had I been on the words that I had not taken the time to consider the individual letters, in and of themselves, before they went on to be combined into esoteric phrases and diagrams. Moreover, I had devoted my research to examining the ways Burmese words were predominantly seen to protect, purify, and even attack, but had never considered other ways in which letters may ‘do’ things, as Fox points out: namely, ‘represent cultural identity’; ‘embody and transmit knowledge’; ‘animate and enable’; ‘render things usable and so nameable’; ‘turn on their user’; and ‘both incur and pay debts’. While I cannot address each of these points in this short essay, I would like to discuss how Fox's book helped me to discover new ways of interpreting how letters and words may transfer their powers to people and things (‘embody and transmit knowledge’), as well as encouraging me to look into concepts of how, and if, letters can be considered ‘alive’ (‘animate and enable’) in the Burmese context.

Assessing the Multiple Impacts of Extreme Hurricanes in Southern New England, USA

The southern New England coast of the United States is particularly vulnerable to land-falling hurricanes because of its east-west orientation. The impact of two major hurricanes on the city of Providence (Rhode Island, USA) during the middle decades of the 20th century spurred the construction of the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier (FPHB) to protect the city from storm surge flooding. Although the Rhode Island/Narragansett Bay area has not experienced a major hurricane for several decades, increased coastal development along with potentially increased hurricane activity associated with climate change motivates an assessment of the impacts of a major hurricane on the region. The ocean/estuary response to an extreme hurricane is simulated using a high-resolution implementation of the ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) model coupled to the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS). The storm surge response in ADCIRC is first verified with a simulation of a historical hurricane that made landfall in southern New England. The storm surge and the hydrological models are then forced with winds and rainfall from a hypothetical hurricane dubbed “Rhody”, which has many of the characteristics of historical storms that have impacted the region. Rhody makes landfall just west of Narragansett Bay, and after passing north of the Bay, executes a loop to the east and the south before making a second landfall. Results are presented for three versions of Rhody, varying in the maximum wind speed at landfall. The storm surge resulting from the strongest Rhody version (weak Saffir–Simpson category five) during the first landfall exceeds 7 m in height in Providence at the north end of the Bay. This exceeds the height of the FPHB, resulting in flooding in Providence. A simulation including river inflow computed from the runoff model indicates that if the Barrier remains closed and its pumps fail (for example, because of a power outage or equipment failure), severe flooding occurs north of the FPHB due to impoundment of the river inflow. These results show that northern Narragansett Bay could be particularly vulnerable to both storm surge and rainfall-driven flooding, especially if the FPHB suffers a power outage. They also demonstrate that, for wind-driven storm surge alone under present sea level conditions, the FPHB will protect Providence for hurricanes less intense than category five.

Hurricane Barriers in New England and New Jersey: History and Status after Five Decades

ABSTRACT Morang, A., 2016. Hurricane barriers in New England and New Jersey: History and status after five decades. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey suffered damage, flooding, and deaths from three major hurricanes in less than two decades during the mid-twentieth century. One of these, the Great New England Hurricane of 21 September 1938, caused unprecedented damage and flooded Providence, New London, and other urban areas. Following Hurricane Carol in 1954, the 84th Congress (1st Session, Public Law 71, 15 June 1955) authorized and directed the Secretary of the Army to conduct surveys and studies of damages, causes, and remediation measures with regard to hurricanes. After extensive studies during the late 1950s, Congress authorized and funded seven hurricane protection projects: (1) in Fox Point, Providence, Rhode Island, a barrier, navigation gates, and pumps; (2) in New Bedford, Massachusetts, a barrier, navigation gates, and pumps; (3) in New London, Connecticut, a barrier an...

Health inequality and governance in Scotland since 2007

politicians ignore at their peril. While the SNP have skilfully tapped into this mindset to advance their cause for independence, it may prove to be no more than tactical manoeuvring rather than a genuine attempt to chart a quite different and distinctive destiny for a population of around 5 million people. In a global economy, no country is an island and to keep at bay the rapacious transnational conglomerates, including the big consultancies and ‘advisers’ that are busy hollowing out the public realm in England, demands both eternal vigilance and political courage of a kind that will tax the most socially enlightened politician. This is perhaps the true nature of the experiment underway in Scotland, namely, the attempt to break with the Anglo-Saxon tradition and to replace it with an ethos marked by collectivism, reciprocity and a commitment to public services. As Fox concludes, to succeed may well require taking account of Scotland’s unique culture, history and politics. But, against this context, as Fox points out, reducing health inequalitywhile at the same time increasing economic growth is perhaps the greatest challenge and one for which we

The Ordovician-Silurian boundary (late Katian-Hirnantian) of western Anticosti Island: revised stratigraphy and benthic megafaunal correlations

The type sections of the Ellis Bay Formation are revised to incorporate recent stratigraphic correlations east to west on Anticosti Island. This is one of the most complete tropical carbonate sequences spanning one of the major Phanerozoic mass extinction episodes. A richly fossiliferous benthic fauna faithfully records the change-over from the Ordovician (Richmondian, late Katian), the mass extinction around the boundary, and the recovery within the earliest Silurian (Rhuddanian, Llandovery). Critical in this revision is the Hirnantian shelly fauna that begins at or close to the base of the Ellis Bay Formation at the west end (as revised herein), and ends at the top of the reefal Laframboise Member, the O/S boundary as used herein. Equivalent strata at the east end contain Hirnantia sp. at the base of the Prinsta Member, as the basal Ellis Bay Formation, and Hirnantia sagittifera in reef-capping beds at the top of the Laframboise Member in the central area of the island. The Ellis Bay Formation is rich in typical Hirnantian brachiopods such as Eospirigerina and Hindella. The earliest Silurian recovery brachiopod fauna is usually small-shelled, composed of both Ordovician hold-over taxa (ca 30%) and new arrivals such as the pentameride Viridita, athyridide Koigia, and atrypide Zygospiraella. In this study, three new members are proposed for the 80–90m thick Ellis Bay Formation at the west end of Anticosti Island, beginning with the basal shales and limestones of the Fraise Member (overlying a recessive shaly unit of the Katian Vaureal Formation), followed by the Juncliff Member resistant limestones, and the overlying limestones and shales of the Parastro Member. The uppermost two members are correlated directly with the Lousy Cove and Laframboise members at the east end, where the same sequence is thinner and contains several discontinuities. The top of the reef-capping grainstone beds above the reefal Laframboise Member marks the major end-Ordovician extinction of Hirnantian brachiopods, stromatoporoids, corals, crinoids and nautiloids, signaled by the return to background δ18O and δ13C values. The overlying Rhuddanian Becscie Formation comprises a lower Fox Point Member of thin, evenly bedded limestones, with a low-diversity but high-abundance Rhuddanian brachiopod fauna, and an upper Chabot Member of irregularly bedded coralline, non-reefal limestones, marking the appearance of typical Silurian benthic faunas.

To hype, or not to(o) hype

Scientists and journalists try to engage the public with exciting stories, but who is guilty of overselling research and what are the consequences?

Terminal Ordovician carbon isotope stratigraphy and glacioeustatic sea-level change across Anticosti Island (Quebec, Canada)

Globally documented carbon isotope excursions provide time-varying signals that can be used for high-resolution stratigraphic correlation. We report detailed inorganic and organic carbon isotope curves from carbonate rocks of the Ellis Bay and Becscie Formations spanning the Ordovician-Silurian boundary on Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada. Strata of the Anticosti Basin record the development of a storm-dominated tropical carbonate ramp. These strata host the well-known Hirnantian positive carbon isotope excursion, which attains maximum values of ~4.5‰ in carbonate carbon of the Laframboise Member or the Fox Point Member of the Becscie Formation. The excursion also occurs in organic carbon, and δ^(13)C_carb and δ^(13)C_org values covary such that no reproducible Δ^(13)C (= δ^(13)C_carb – δ^(13)C_org) excursion is observed. The most complete stratigraphic section, at Laframboise Point in the west, shows the characteristic shape of the Hirnantian Stage excursion at the global stratotype section and point (GSSP) for the Hirnantian Stage in China and the Silurian System in Scotland. We therefore suggest that the entire Hirnantian Stage on Anticosti Island is confined to the Laframboise and lower Fox Point Members. By documenting discontinuities in the architecture of the carbon isotope curve at multiple stratigraphic sections spanning a proximal to distal transect across the sedimentary basin, we are able to reconstruct glacioeustatic sea-level fluctuations corresponding to maximum glacial conditions associated with the end-Ordovician ice age. The combined litho- and chemostratigraphic approach provides evidence for the diachroneity of the oncolite bed and Becscie limestones; the former transgresses from west to east, and the latter progrades from east to west. The sea-level curve consistent with our sequence-stratigraphic model indicates that glacioeustatic sea-level changes and the positive carbon isotope excursion were not perfectly coupled. Although the start of the isotope excursion and the initial sea-level drawdown were coincident, the peak of the isotope excursion did not occur until after sea level had begun to rise. Carbon isotope values did not return to baseline until well after the Anticosti ramp was reflooded. The sea-level–δ13Ccarb relationship proposed here is consistent with the “weathering” hypothesis for the origin of the Hirnantian δ^(13)C_carb excursion.

Engaging Communities and Classrooms: Lessons from the Fox Point Oral History Project

This article presents graduate students’ reflections on two community oral history projects, focused on Fox Point, a Providence, Rhode Island, neighborhood. Through the Fox Point Oral History Project, graduate students in public humanities at Brown University work with community elders and with students, parents, and teachers at a neighborhood elementary school to document, preserve, and present local history. In the essay, graduate students describe how their work has changed their sense of connection to the local community and allowed them to apply social media and digital scholarship on behalf of community history projects. The authors also describe the impact of this work for elementary school students and community members who participate in oral history projects.

Llandovery (Early Silurian) orthide brachiopod associations from Anticosti Island, eastern CanadaThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme The dynamic reef and shelly communities of the Paleozoic. This Special is in honour of our colleague and friend Paul Copper.

Five Llandovery orthide brachiopod associations, through cluster analysis, are delineated on Anticosti Island. The Levenea – Dicoelosia Association (A), occurring in the Goéland and Richardson members of the lower Jupiter Formation, represents a deep-water setting around or below the maximum storm wave base. The Flabellitesia – Dalejina Association (B), appearing in the Cybèle, Ferrum, and Pavillon members of the upper Jupiter Formation, indicates water depth in between the maximum and normal storm wave bases. The Isorthis ( Ovalella ) Association (C1), present in the Fox Point Member of Becscie Formation, corresponds to the shallower water setting around the normal storm wave base. The Mendacella bleikeriensis Association (C2), occurring in the Innommée, Sandtop, and Macgilvray members of Gun River Formation, characterizes the water depth slightly below the normal storm wave base. The Mendacella udauberis Association (D), appearing in the Merrimack Formation, signifies a water depth around the maximum storm wave base. The water depth indication of these associations may bear potential as future reference for other regions, but attention should be paid to the species level as some congeneric species can belong to different associations of different depth. The cluster analysis on orthide collections based on binary data demonstrates that statistical methods, Jaccard coefficient and Ward’s method of clustering, are practical and effective to delineate large brachiopod collections on Anticosti Island.

Effective Use of Bleach as an Antiseptic and Disinfectant

Cecil H. and Michele H. Fox point out the disinfecting properties of inexpensive and universally available diluted bleach (5% sodium hypochlorite) as an important germicide to help control the spread of influenza (or any other communicable virus, bacteria, or fungus) (Microbe, April 2006, p. 159). A few more details might help for the effective use of diluted bleach as an antiseptic and disinfectant. Bleach is sold as a stable alkaline solution with a pH value of about 11 or 12. At this alkaline pH value, virtually all of the bleach is in the form of the chlorite ion (OCl−). At an acidic pH value of about 6.0 to 6.8, 90% of the bleach is in the form of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Hypochlorous acid is 80 to 200 times more antimicrobial than the chlorite ion. Thus a simple formula to prepare an effective antimicrobial dilution of bleach is to add 2.0 oz of concentrated bleach to one gallon of tap water, and then add 2.0 oz of 5% distilled white cooking vinegar, also inexpensive and commonly available, to lower the pH of bleach to about 6.0. This will yield about 800 ppm free available chlorine from hypochlorous acid. Use this acidified bleach in well-ventilated areas as there will be a mild odor of chlorine. The acidified bleach must be prepared fresh daily. Protect eyes and mucous membranes. Never add ammonia to bleach. Follow the safety directions as found on the bleach label.

USE OF WINDBREAKS IN LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY (VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM AIT.) PRODUCTION

Windbreaks have long been used to reduce wind travel over crops and therefore, reduce mechanical stress, increase crop yield, reduce evaporation, and decrease water use. The objectives of this investigation were to acquire a fundamental understanding of both the microclimatic changes brought about by windbreaks, and the manner in which these changes are translated into growth, development, and yield of wild blueberries. The experiment was conducted at three locations in Nova Scotia (Earltown, Fox Point, and West Brook NS), and three treatments were used at all sites. The wind shelter treatments used consisted of (1) exposed plants, (2) plants that were encircled by a 50% permeable, wooden lath shelter, and (3) plants that were encircled with a wooden lath shelter and covered prior to winter with a floating row cover which was removed prior to bloom the following spring. The shelter treatments had a significant effect on microclimate especially snow cover and ground level temperatures during the winter. This coincided with reduced winter floral bud damage, and greater stem weights, berry number, and harvestable yields (g·m-2) compared to plants that were exposed. Natural windbreaks were also observed to have a beneficial effect on yield with harvested yield decreased at a linear rate from the windbreak [i.e., y = 353 – 4.25 x, where y = harvestable yield (g×m-2) and x is the distance from the windbreak)]. These results indicate that wind shelters can reduce floral bud winter injury and increase the vegetative growth and yield of lowbush blueberries.

A U.S. perspective on AHSCs: a future of increased diversification.

Academic Health Sciences Centres (AHSCs) have long been viewed much as the historic battleship - possessing great force, power and bulk, but increasingly vulnerable to forays of lighter and more agile competitors. This commentary reviews the efforts of leaders of AHSCs in the United States to reposition their institutions at the centre of integrated delivery systems, partly as a result of greatly increased reliance on clinical revenue to support the historic teaching mission. While Lozon and Fox point to increased involvement of AHSCs in broad regional systems of care financed through a coordinated strategy, integrated systems in the United States may be fragmenting as marketplace-driven financial schemes actually discourage integrated care. From the perspective of organizational theory, the future seems to imply a diversification of organizational forms for the AHSCs in the United States, with a corresponding strategy of lessening reliance on clinical revenues through enhancement of research funding.

Stem/Seat Removing Tool Ties for Third

The water utility crew in Fox Point, Wisconsin, was having a hard time removing Milwaukee‐style hydrant stems that had not been taken apart in 40 to 50 years. The normal procedure for removing a tight stem was to have four men with two pipe wrenches and two long extension pipes push on the hydrant stem/seat until it broke loose. About five years ago, one man suffered whiplash from this procedure. The utility crew could not get enough torque out of the wrenches to break the stems out. More torque was needed or they would have to dig up the hydrants and replace them. This handy stem‐ and seat‐removing tool solved the problem.

On the Border: From the Abstract to the Specific

On The Border Guest Editor: Charles Tatum Hernandez, Gilbert, Jaime and Mario. Chelo's Burden. The Compkte Love and Rockets. Vol. 2. Seattle: Fantagraphics, 1989. 116. Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies Volume 4, 2000 On the Border: From the Abstract to the Specific Dr. Charks Tatum (Ph.D. University of New Mexico) L· Professor of Spanish and Dean ofthe Colkge of Humanities at The University of Arizona. He was born in El Paso, Texas and raised in Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico. His mother, EloÃ-sa AÃ-nsa, a Mexican-American , was front an old El Paso family. Tatum is the author of a monographic study Chicano Literature (1982)—published in transUtion in Mexico in 1986—and co-author of Not Just for Children: The Mexican Comic Book in the Late 1960s and 1970s (1992). He is co-founder and co-editor of the jour- «a/Studies in Latin American Popular Culture. He is editor of three volumes of New Chicana/Chicano Writing (1991-1993) for The University of Arizona Press and co-editor of a volume of essays, Recovering the U.S. Hispanic Literary Heritage, Vol. II. Many contemporary critics have theorized about borders—psychological, sexual, gen der-inflected, class, racial, and ethnic—as well as about a specfic border, most commonly (at least for U.S. and Mexican critics) the U.S.-Mexico border. Some critics have defined the term as an abstract or metaphorical concept whereas others have considered it as a site-specific location between nations. As Claire Fox points out in her recent book, The Fence and the River. Culture and Politics at the U.S.-Mexican Border, the former approach "has gained widespread currency in academic writing, particularly in cultural studies" (1-2). Numerous conferences have been held and many books and special journal issues (including the current one) have been published that reflect both approaches. My purpose in this introduction is to briefly review some important theorizations of the border that are representative of both of them. As Paul Jay has pointed out in his excellent review essay, "The Myth of America,'" the politics of location "has brought with it a proliferating set of terms to designate spaces that exist between, on the margins of, or within traditional borders" (169). The critics who have originated and developed these terms have in common their attempts to grapple with how identities , cultures, and nations [...] are produced, fractured, and continually reproduced within spaces or locations where there are no fixed borders or absolutes, where previously conArizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies Volume 4, 2000 94 Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies structed 'essences' are deployed, transformed , and reconstructed into cultural spaces whose very nature is defined by their contingency and constructed -ness. 0ay 169) For example, Homi Bhabha has identified the "Third Space" between national borders. Edouard Glissant has developed the concept of "cultural zones" and has speculated about some of the links between novels written in various parts of the Americas. Cultural zones are spaces where historical, political, social, and religious experiences overlap national boundaries in ways that inform the literature of these zones (Jay 172-73). Each cultural zone has a particular cultural genealogy that is historical in terms of different colonial origins and the different concerns that grow out ofthem (Glissant, quoted by Jay 173). Glissant maintains that the literature of the U.S. can be divided into different zones that have more in common with zones found elsewhere in the hemisphere than they do with geographically contiguous but culturally distant zones. For example, the literature of the American West and Southwest has more in common with the literature of Mexico, Spain, and the Caribbean than it does with the literature of New England. Glissant 's formulations on cultural zones definitely fall within the non-site-specific category of borders between nations. Mary Louise Pratt's idea of "contact zones" is similarly non-specific. In her book on travel writing, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation, contact zone [...] refer[s] to the space of colonial encounters , the space in which peoples geographically and historically separated come into contact with each other and establish ongoing relations, usually involving conditions of coercion , radical inequality, and intractable...

Frankreich und Deutschland: Forschung, Technologie und industrielle Entwicklung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert ed. by Yves Cohen, Klaus Manfrass

430 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE are to be found not only in the cited 1875 brochure, but also in Peter Borscheid’s 1978 book on the Wiirttemberg textile industry in the 19th century.) In 1867, Staub was awarded a gold medal at the Paris Universal Exposition for his social accomplishments, a prize for which he had lobbied intensely. The study is well researched: the authors drew heavily on local and business archives; there are detailed statistics on the workers in the Staub era, their reasons for leaving the firm, and their gender and origins; and there is a rich bibliography. The marvelous illustrations deserve special mention, but it is hard to understand why the editors could not have included a map to help readers locate Kuchen. Stephan Lindner Dr. Lindner is a research fellow at the Centre de Recherche en Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques in Paris. He is currently working on the development of the French and German textile industries since 1929. Frankreich und Deutschland: Forschung, Technologie und industrielle Entwicklungim 19. und 20.Jahrhundert. Edited by Yves Cohen and Klaus Manfrass. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1990. Pp. xl+491; tables, notes, bibliography. DM 88.00. This volume presents the results of a remarkable four-day confer­ ence at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, convened in 1987 at the invitation of the German Historical Institute and the Cité des Sciences et de l’Industrie, both in Paris. Topics include national styles, indus­ trial supremacy and backwardness, technological transfer, competi­ tion and cooperation, technoscientific elites, and the interplay be­ tween industry and politics. Besides the two national perspectives, there are those of three subcultures: most of the papers were presented by historians of technology and science, while the sessions were chaired by general historians and the commentaries were presented by influential practitioners of technological transfer be­ tween France and Germany such as Adolf Weber, Jean Michel, Jean Delmas, Hubertus Rolshoven, Volker Knoerich, Stephane Thouvenot , and Heinz Maier-Leibnitz. This book includes the 45 papers (twenty-five in German, eighteen in French, and two in English) and the comments, but not the discussion. A brilliant introductory over­ view is provided by the medievalist Karl Ferdinand Werner, while François Caron and Emmanuel Chadeau consider the economic and cultural determinants of German and French technology in the past two centuries. When historians of technology address national styles, they are easily trapped by cliches: Cartesian purity in the French way of thinking, German thoroughness (or irrationality), the English incli­ nation toward pragmatism. We hear that French industry has been TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 431 more interested in the market, German industry in product develop­ ment. Fortunately, most of the papers at this conference aimed to counter such facile generalizations. Germany often appears as the more rationalistic and centralized country. According to André Grêlon, the French system of engineering education was more heterogeneous. Aimée Moutet, Peter Hinrichs, and Ingo Kolboom suggest that the French Taylorist movement of the 1920s was lacking the drive toward central management of its German counterpart. Germany was more effective than France in the organization of electrification and telecommunications under governmental control, according to Patrice Carré. Such assessments of German industrial might, it should be noted, have a tradition in France dating at least from the Franco-Prussian War. As Robert Fox points out here, the French have been looking across the Rhine both in admiration and scorn of rigid German models, while devaluing their own attainments. This attitude, which has been extensively documented in the writings of Allen Mitchell, is still evident in some of the French contributions to this volume. The papers on technoscientific elites address only the school culture, not the shop floor, though professionalization of the engineer by academization was not totally successful in Germany and even less so in France. Peter Lundgreen, André Grêlon, and Albert Broder note the larger education budgets in Germany. Regarding the vaunted “international community of scientists,” Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus and Herbert Mehrtens describe the nationalistic bias and indifference to mutual exchange before 1945. Only after World War II, according to Dominique Pestre, has there been intensive exchange, the result not only of political détente...

HURRICANE STUDIES FOR NARRAGANSETT BAY

Hurricane flooding has emerged as one of the major coastal engineering problems of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast areas of the United States. Engineering and scientific investigations have been made to determine the fundamental mechanics of the hurricane surges that cause inunda tion of coastal areas and to develop practical and economical protection. Mathematical models and large hydraulic models were used for the Narragansett Bay studies of two major projects. The discussions presented herein are limited to the hydraulic studies of barriers at the mouth of the bay, known as the Lower Bay Barri Plan, and a brief description of this plan and the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier which is now under construction.

Design of Fox Point Hurricane Barrier

Design problems of Fox Point, Providence, RI, hurricane barrier including establishing of hurricane tide levels and wave forces, provisions for passage of estuary flow under normal conditions and at flood periods, protection of nearby steam power plant from damaging effects during construction and subsequent thereto, and provisions necessitated by poor foundation conditions.

Design of Fox Point Hurricane Barrier

Design problems of Fox Point, Providence, RI, hurricane barrier including establishing of hurricane tide levels and wave forces, provisions for passage of estuary flow under normal conditions and at flood periods, protection of nearby steam power plant from damaging effects during construction and subsequent thereto, and provisions necessitated by poor foundation conditions.