Fourth Summer Research Articles

The Colony by Audrey Magee

Reviewed by: The Colony by Audrey Magee Ann Marie Short AUDREY MAGEE The Colony New York. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. 2022. 374 pages. SET ON A REMOTE island off the western coast of Ireland in the summer of 1979 and written in a style that alternates between terse dialogue, revealing streams of consciousness, and poetic descriptions of an unforgiving [End Page 68] landscape, Audrey Magee's The Colony is a stunning meditation on place, power, and self-determination. Magee's second novel, longlisted for the Booker Prize and shortlisted for both the Women's Prize for Fiction and the Irish Book Prize, features a compelling constellation of characters struggling to assert an identity of their own design. While the violence of the Troubles escalates, first in the background but soon in ways that intrude upon their lives, they must negotiate the personal and political implications of their ambitions and desires. From the perspective of Mr. Lloyd, the English painter with a colonizer's gaze who travels there to spend the summer painting its cliffs, the island is nothing but "a large rock" located "on the edge of Europe." Although he is a landscape painter, Lloyd quickly begins to fancy himself an English Gauguin, painting portraits of "the islanders" (as they are called throughout the novel), despite having explicitly promised his hosts that he was not there to paint people. Meanwhile, French linguist JP Masson arrives on the island to spend his fourth summer in a row completing doctoral research that he hopes will help rescue the Irish language from extinction. The conflict between the two men is inevitable and immediate—each resents the other's intrusion upon a place to which he feels entitled. Neither realizes the irony of his own intrusion, both foreigners with their own agendas imposing their politics on a group of people who, historically, have not been afforded a say in much that affects them. Fifteen-year-old James and his mother, Mairéad, arguably the novel's most compelling characters, are the islanders whose lives are most upended by Lloyd's and Masson's summer projects. Each is caught in their own way between tradition and a personal desire to subvert the status quo and forge their own identities. James becomes Lloyd's student, wishing to escape his fate as a fisherman by moving to London with him to be an artist: "Despite all the troubles of Northern Ireland and the tension between Dublin and London, a wonderful new exhibition showing the work of an English artist and his Irish protégé proves that art is greater than politics." Meanwhile, the young widow Mairéad, resigned to living out the rest of her life on the island, finds other ways to challenge expectations, secretly posing nude for Lloyd's paintings. Though they should, ostensibly, resent the Englishman's presence on the island and his social and economic power over them, both James and Mairéad seek to borrow some of his authority to free themselves from the inevitability of their prescribed roles. Just as Lloyd and Masson disrupt the islanders' status quo, the narrative arc is structurally disrupted by short, factual descriptions of the killings occurring in Northern Ireland that summer, including the IRA bombing that killed Lord Mountbatten and several members of his family in August 1979. Both stylistically and in their explicitly violent content, these episodes are jarring, wrenching the reader out of the slow, quiet solitude of life on the island. The juxtaposition reminds us that the linguistic and cultural conflicts taking place on the island and the political violence of the Troubles are actually one and the same. Even as the violence occurs in different registers, this threat of destabilization looms over the entire novel. Ann Marie Short Saint Mary's College Copyright © 2023 World Literature Today and the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

Степной орёл в Алтае-Саянском регионе – результаты исследований 2019–2023 годов

Степной орёл в Алтае-Саянском регионе – результаты исследований 2019–2023 годов

Summer Research Internship for High School Students Pivots to Remote Model Emphasizing Science Reading, Writing, and Interpretation Skills in the Wake of COVID‐19‐Related Disruption

To increase opportunities for participation in authentic research experiences for high school students, we previously developed a collaborative Summer Research Internship Program between California State University, Sacramento (Sac State) and Sacramento Country Day School (SCDS). Outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic disrupted our original plans for the Internship Program in summer 2020; thus, we redesigned the Program as a remote internship focusing on science reading, writing, and interpretation skills in order to continue providing an authentic research experience for our high school interns. During the first three years of the Program, we focused on hands‐on participation in physiology research to expose students to an academic research environment and to explore mechanisms for mentoring students in early phases of the STEM pipeline. As we planned for our fourth summer, we originally aimed to expand the Program by increasing the number of high school students placed in research labs at Sac State. With on‐campus research severely limited due to COVID‐19, we instead worked with the mentoring professors at Sac State to pivot the Program's emphases and create a remote internship experience. Feedback gathered from previous student interns indicated their desire to be more involved in the entire scientific process and learn how to read, write, analyze, and communicate data for a scientific audience. We embraced the unexpected turn of events due to the COVID‐19 pandemic as an opportunity to focus on these skills and continue providing authentic research experiences, even if we were not able to conduct traditional, hands‐on laboratory research with the student interns. Three Sac State mentors and five student interns participated in the remote version of the Internship Program in summer of 2020. Student interns participated in a wide range of training activities, including the following: quantitative data analysis, statistics and computer coding tutorials, strategies for reading scientific manuscripts, journal club presentations, protocol development, writing funding proposals, literature search techniques to develop new lines of inquiry, and oral communication of science. At the conclusion of the Program, informal feedback from the student interns indicated general satisfaction with the remote internship model; they valued the opportunity to learn and practice science reading, writing, and interpretation skills and felt they were truly members of their research teams. However, they also commented their research experiences were not as impactful as they could have been, since they could not conduct hands‐on experiments in the laboratory. For future iterations of our Internship Program, either in‐person or remote, including a component that emphasizes science reading, writing, and interpretation skills merits consideration based on positive feedback from the initial pilot of this component during our pivot to a remote internship model due to COVID‐19.

Fourth Annual Summer Research Summit on Health Equity Organized by the Center of Excellence in Health Equity, Training and Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA on May 20, 2021.

ABSTRACT: Strengthening Our Commitment to Racial and Social Justice to Improve Public HealthThe fourth annual summer research summit organized by the Center of Excellence (COE) in Health Equity, Training and Research, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) was held on May 20, 2021. The theme of this year’s summit was ‘Strengthening Our Commitment to Racial and Social Justice to Improve Public Health.’ Given the ongoing pandemic, the summit was conducted virtually through digital platforms. This program was intended for both BCM and external audiences interested in advancing health equity, diversity and inclusion in healthcare among healthcare providers and trainees, biomedical scientists, social workers, nurses, individuals involved in talent acquisition and development such as hiring managers (HR professionals), supervisors, college and hospital affiliate leadership and administrators, as well as diversity and inclusion excellence practitioners. We had attendees from all regions of the United States, India, Pakistan and the Demographic Republic of the Congo. The content in this Book of s encapsulates a summary of the research efforts by the BCM COE scholars (which includes post-baccalaureate students, medical students, clinical fellows and junior faculty from BCM) as well as the external summit participants. The range of topics in this year’s summit was quite diverse encompassing disparities in relation to maternal and child health (MCH), immigrant heath, cancers, vaccination uptakes and COVID-19 infections. Various solutions were ardently presented to address these disparities including community engagement and partnerships, improvement in health literacy and development of novel technologies and therapeutics. With this summit, BCM continues to build on its long history of educational outreach initiatives to promote diversity in medicine by focusing on programs aimed at increasing the number of diverse and highly qualified medical professionals ready to introduce effective and innovative approaches to reduce or eliminate health disparities. These programs will improve information resources, clinical education, curricula, research and cultural competence as they relate to minority health issues and social determinants of health. The summit received very positive response in terms of zealous participation and outstanding evaluations; and overall, it was a great success.Copyright © 2021 Dongarwar et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0.

The Why, What, How and What if-The method to present your research and clinical cases.

During the fourth Summer Camp (SC) held by the European Association of Osseointegration (EAO), 20 junior representatives from various European and non-European universities and associations were selected to partake in oral presentation and communication skill development. The aim of the EAO Summer Camp (EAO SC) was to identify new methods of enhancing participants' abilities to engage, influence and lead in a professional environment, on both a clinical and scientific level. Four different groups were assigned to discuss one of two topics: (1) an Implant Register and (2) Digital Dentistry. The method that was used during the EAO SC, for training presentation skills, was the 4MAT learning model. The 4MAT learning model is a framework for creating an engaged, dynamic and more involved style of training by accurately visualizing the learning process that each learner goes through. All four groups, including each participant, presented outcomes in the format of 4MAT learning model answering four key questions, the Why, the What, the How and the What if. After the event, each group prepared a written summary of the thought processes. The outcome of the summer camp, for the chosen participants, was gaining skills to engage and influence in a professional environment, both clinically and scientifically. It was also expected from participants to share gained knowledge in their own respective environments after the EAO Summer Camp had ended. In conclusion, most of participants gained a valuable insight into presentation skills and also demonstrated their enthusiasm by presenting their experience at universities, institutes and clinics.

Recolonisation by Spontaneous Vegetation of a Rewetted Peatland after Topsoil Removal: a Focus on Biomass Production and Nutrient Uptake

The ability of spontaneous vegetation to recolonise a Mediterranean peatland was investigated to assess the combined effect of rewetting and topsoil removal on restoration of a drained area. The experiment tested the concept of converting the cultivated area into a constructed wetland system (CWS) of five cells. A mixed approach was used based on orthophotos from an unmanned aerial vehicle, phytosociological surveys, and destructive samplings performed during the fourth summer after the CWS set-up. Two spontaneous species dominated: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. and Typha latifolia L.. Distance of the CWS from the inlet influenced the biomass yield of P. australis, which progressively decreased (from 7.81 to 3.87 kg/m2) and thus influenced other parameters, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake per unit area (from 153 to 74 g N/m2, from 13 to 7 g P/m2). Typha latifolia, with a mean production of 3.58 kg/m2 (in the last two (4th and 5th) CWS cells), took up 51 g N/m2 and 6 g P/m2. From these data, we determined that plants took up 1144 kg of N and 103 kg of P in their aboveground biomass and were able to store nearly 25% of the nutrient loads yearly.

Students of the University of Szczecin as Candidates for the Olympic or Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020

Balancing sports practice at the highest world level with university education is a difficult – but feasible – task. An example of such skilful balance are some graduates of the Higher Pedagogical School in Szczecin, University of Szczecin, majoring in Physical Education, who graduated from the university with a successfully defended Master's thesis while being active athletes. The aim of this paper is: to present current students of the Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion of the University of Szczecin (WKFiPZ US) and a graduate of the Institute of Physical Culture of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Szczecin (IKF WNP US) as potential candidates of various disciplines for the 32nd Summer Olympic or 16th Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020; to show their sports achievements in previous Olympic and Paralympic Games; to present the indicators and qualification rules that the analysed athletes must follow to represent Poland in the Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020. The study involved a group of seven athletes, current students of the University of Szczecin, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion: Patryk Dobek, Michal Gadowski, Marcin Lewandowski, Piotr Lisek, Katarzyna Mądrowska, Paulina Woźniak, Krystian Zalewski and one graduate of the Institute of Physical Culture of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the University of Szczecin, Anna Harkowska. All of them are members of the national Polish team in their respective sport disciplines. They compete in their respective sports disciplines in which they strive for qualifying standards which guarantee a start in the 32nd Summer Olympic or the 16th Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020. Piotr Lisek has the best chance of winning a medal in Tokyo in pole vault, as well as the following disabled athletes: Anna Harkowska in cycling, Michal Gadowski in rowing, and Paulina Woźniak in swimming. Marcin Lewandowski – a titled European medallist in the 800 m race will probably compete in his fourth Summer Olympics Tokyo 2020 (he participated in 2008, 2012, and 2016) and this time will fight for the best place amongst the finalist in the 1,500 m race.

A Reason to Stay: Staff Retention at Jewish Overnight Summer Camps

ABSTRACTVeteran staff members play a key role in a camp’s success. They preserve camp culture, maintain traditions, and serve important roles in the peer-training environment that camps depend on. It is not surprising, then, that camp counselor retention is important to the business of camping. This study focused on five counselors from Jewish camps in the United States, all of whom were about to return for a fourth summer. The research explored common phenomena of young adults’ experiences as counselors, how they made sense of their experiences, and their motivations for returning to camp. The data offer insights to camp directors interested in increasing counselor retention.

A Summer PhUn Week for English Language Learners

Our ongoing hypothesis has been that PhUn Week activities can help students learn about science and build English Language skills at the same time. In the summer of 2016, twenty‐nine students in grades 7–12 who are English Language Learners took part in PhUn Week, an annual international physiology program that engages K‐12 students in physiology activities and introduces them to science careers. The participating students were enrolled in the EXCELL‐in‐STEM program (Educational Excellence for English Language Learners in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) at the University of New Hampshire, Manchester. This was the fourth summer in which the EXCELL‐in‐STEM students took part in this project. During PhUn Week, students perform an exercise physiology experiment, led by a physiologist, in which they learn about the heart and about the scientific method. As a group these young English Language Learners create their hypothesis: exercise increases heart rate and blood pressure. To test this hypothesis, they use monitoring equipment to measure their pre‐exercise heart rate and blood pressure; then they run a prescribed distance and take post‐exercise measurements. Selected students report their results to the group. After discussion, students each year have consistently agreed that their results support their hypothesis. In addition to exploring physiology as a subject and a career through this PhUn week activity, students learn science vocabulary and the appropriate English Language structures for stating a hypothesis, asking relevant questions, and reporting their results. This foundation in the scientific method in the first week of the five‐week program prepares the students for upcoming STEM/English projects and for participation in STEM courses in their schools.

A Twofold Strategy for Riparian Restoration: Combining a Functional Flow Regime and Direct Seeding to Re‐establish Cottonwoods

AbstractThe transboundary St Mary River drains Glacier National Park, USA, and was progressively dammed and diverted over the 20th century to support agricultural irrigation in northern Montana and southern Alberta, Canada. Following reduced instream flows, the riparian cottonwoods collapsed, and by 2000, few parental trees remained to provide seeds for cottonwood replenishment. As a novel twofold restoration strategy we: (1) worked with the dam operators to deliver a functional flow regime, a regulated instream flow pattern intended to recover some ecological function and specifically seedling recruitment, and (2) delivered cottonwood seeds by direct spreading and by sticking cuttings with seed catkins to allow gradual seed dispersal. The combination of river regulation and seeding enabled cottonwood colonization, and around 1.5% of the applied seeds produced seedlings after the first summer, at sites without livestock or heavy recreational use. Around 15% of those seedlings survived through the fourth summer, with mortality due to drought stress and flood scour, and establishment and survival were higher for the prairie cottonwood, Populus deltoides, than the narrowleaf cottonwood, Populus angustifolia. This study confirmed that the lack of seed source trees limited cottonwood colonization and demonstrated that the twofold restoration strategy provides promise for severe situations where parental trees have been lost. However, this would require substantial effort, and it would be more efficient to provide survivable instream flow patterns that avoid cottonwood collapse. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Encounters of Royal Terns (Thalasseus maximus) Banded in South Carolina

Abstract Encounters of Thalasseus maximus (Royal Terns) (n = 1387) banded as chicks in South Carolina were used to expand our knowledge regarding winter and migration sites of immature and mature birds, to identify causes of mortality, and to examine natal-site fidelity. Ages of encountered terns ranged from zero (less than one year old) to 27 years old. Mortality was highest in the first year of life. The majority of the encounters (64%, n = 879) were in Florida. Banded birds were also observed outside the US as far west as the Gulf coast of Mexico, east to Guyana, and south to Peru. Royal Terns appear to delay their first migration from winter grounds to breeding sites until the fourth summer. The vast majority of encounters (92%, n = 1275) were due to mortalities; the remaining 8% (n = 112) were of live terns encountered by resighting or capturing. In total, 35% (n = 485) of live or dead encounters were directly attributed to human activities, including entanglement in fishing gear (recorded as late as...

Multi-year persistence of beach habitat degradation from nourishment using coarse shelly sediments

Beach nourishment is increasingly used to protect public beach amenity and coastal property from erosion and storm damage. Where beach nourishment uses fill sediments that differ in sedimentology from native beach sands, press disturbances to sandy beach invertebrates and their ecosystem services can occur. How long impacts persist is, however, unclear because monitoring after nourishment typically only extends for several months. Here, monitoring was extended for 3–4years following each of two spatially separated, replicate nourishment projects using unnaturally coarse sediments. Following both fill events, the contribution to beach sediments of gravel-sized particles and shell fragments was enhanced, and although diminishing through time, remained elevated as compared to control sites at the end of 3–4years of monitoring, including in the low intertidal and swash zones, where benthic macroinvertebrates concentrate. Consequently, two infaunal invertebrates, haustoriid amphipods and Donax spp., exhibited suppressed densities over the entire post-nourishment period of 3–4years. Emerita talpoida, by contrast, exhibited lower densities on nourished than control beaches only in the early summer of the first and second years and polychaetes exhibited little response to nourishment. The overall impact to invertebrates of nourishment was matched by multi-year reductions in abundances of their predators. Ghost crab abundances were suppressed on nourished beaches with impacts disappearing only by the fourth summer. Counts of foraging shorebirds were depressed for 4years after the first project and 2years after the second project. Our results challenge the view that beach nourishment is environmentally benign by demonstrating that application of unnaturally coarse and shelly sediments can serve as a press disturbance to degrade the beach habitat and its trophic services to shorebirds for 2–4years. Recognizing that recovery following nourishment can be slow, studies that monitor impacts for only several months are inadequate.

Recruitment, growth, and vertical distribution of the endangered mud snail Cerithidea rhizophorarum A. Adams, 1855: implications for its conservation

Some fundamental natural-history traits of the endangered mud snail Cerithidea rhizophorarum were investigated for three years in an open, bare, sandy tidal flat located on the east of Shikoku Island in southwestern Japan. Our study demonstrated a highly aggregated distribution of younger snails and complicated differences in vertical migration patterns between younger and older snails that might have prevented comprehensive understanding of the precise demography of C. rhizophorarum in previous studies. From late summer, juveniles of the first-year cohorts appeared patchily at 12–16 cm lower tidal heights than snails of the oldest cohorts and reached 5.0–7.5 mm in mean shell length by the first mid-autumn. In the second year, juveniles gradually moved upward and appeared at higher tidal heights. The second-year cohorts reached 15.6–19.1 mm in mean shell length by the end of the second autumn and converged into the oldest cohorts during the third year or later. Our results suggest that C. rhizophorarum matures sexually and starts reproduction from the fourth summer at the earliest. On the other hand, older snails showed a similar seasonal migration pattern every year—downward movement in summer and upward movement in autumn—probably associated with their reproductive activity and/or a seasonal change in the maximum tidal height. For conservation of C. rhizophorarum, it is very important to preserve both the higher area as a main habitat for older snails and the lower tidal flat as the nursery ground.

Effects of green tree retention, prescribed burning and soil treatment on pine weevil (Hylobius abietis and Hylobius pinastri) damage to planted Scots pine seedlings

1 Feeding damage and mortality caused to planted Scots pine seedlings by the pine weevils Hylobius abietis and Hylobius pinastri were studied on burned and unburned sites with 0, 10 and 50 m3 per hectare levels of green tree retention from the second to the fourth summer after logging and burning of the sites. 2 The rate of severe feeding damage to pine seedlings caused by pine weevils was higher on burned clearcut sites than on unburned ones, whereas burning did not increase the feeding damage rate on sites with groups of retention trees. The damage rate in the fourth summer was approximately the same on burned and unburned sites. 3 Pine weevil feeding was the major cause of mortality of freshly planted pine seedlings on unburned sites. On burned sites, mortality was higher than the rate of severe feeding damage, particularly in the second summer after burning, possibly owing to fungal attack and abiotic factors. 4 At a retention tree level of 50 m3, feeding damage to the seedlings was lower than on clearcuts and at a 10 m3 retention tree level. Furthermore, on sites with 50 m3 of retention trees, scarification of the soil was found to decrease feeding damage more effectively than on clearcuts and 10 m3 sites. If the seedlings were situated in the centre of scarified patches, scarification alone was as effective as insecticide treatment on unscarified soil for decreasing feeding damage and mortality. 5 The results suggest that when burning is applied as silvicultural treatment after clear-cuts, retention of trees is recommended to reduce the damages caused by pine weevils on pine seedlings.

Life History of the Marine Isopod <em>Cyathura polita</em> in the Saint John River Estuary, New Brunswick: a Species at the Northern Extent of its Range

The marine isopod, Cyathura polita, inhabits estuaries on the east coast of North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Bay of Fundy, Canada. We studied C. polita in the Saint John estuary to test for potential differences in life history that might occur because of the northern location of the population. In the Saint John, based on our interpretation from a six-month sampling program (May-October), the population exhibits a three-year life cycle, one year longer than more southern populations, and stretching over four summers. Our study supported the occurrence of protogynic hermaphroditism. After two summers as juveniles, individuals matured as females during their third summer, then displayed sex reversal by becoming males that fall, and finally reproducing as males in their fourth summer of life before death. Mean length of C. polita from the Saint John was greater than individuals from more southern populations (females, 13.8 ± 2.14 mm; males, 16.3 ± 2.41 mm). Annual brood release occurred in late July-early August. Mean fecundity of females was 53.2 ± 18.9 embryos per brood, which was greater than found in southern populations. Cyathura polita is rare in Canada and is known only from the Saint John and along the northern shore of the Bay of Fundy to the border of the United States.

Effects of green tree retention, prescribed burning and soil treatment on pine weevil (Hylobius abietis and Hylobius pinastri) damage to planted Scots pine seedlings

Abstract1 Feeding damage and mortality caused to planted Scots pine seedlings by the pine weevils Hylobius abietis and Hylobius pinastri were studied on burned and unburned sites with 0, 10 and 50 m3 per hectare levels of green tree retention from the second to the fourth summer after logging and burning of the sites.2 The rate of severe feeding damage to pine seedlings caused by pine weevils was higher on burned clearcut sites than on unburned ones, whereas burning did not increase the feeding damage rate on sites with groups of retention trees. The damage rate in the fourth summer was approximately the same on burned and unburned sites.3 Pine weevil feeding was the major cause of mortality of freshly planted pine seedlings on unburned sites. On burned sites, mortality was higher than the rate of severe feeding damage, particularly in the second summer after burning, possibly owing to fungal attack and abiotic factors.4 At a retention tree level of 50 m3, feeding damage to the seedlings was lower than on clearcuts and at a 10 m3 retention tree level. Furthermore, on sites with 50 m3 of retention trees, scarification of the soil was found to decrease feeding damage more effectively than on clearcuts and 10 m3 sites. If the seedlings were situated in the centre of scarified patches, scarification alone was as effective as insecticide treatment on unscarified soil for decreasing feeding damage and mortality.5 The results suggest that when burning is applied as silvicultural treatment after clear‐cuts, retention of trees is recommended to reduce the damages caused by pine weevils on pine seedlings.

‘Grasslands Sensation’ red clover (Trifoliumpratense L.)

‘Grasslands Sensation’ red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), also known as ‘G40’, or ‘Swiss’, is a semi‐erect and early flowering diploid cultivar, showing persistence and seasonal growth under close to hard grazing, especially in summer and early autumn. The cultivar has been bred from four Swiss red clover cultivars, and is the result of two breeding generations. It has a moderate formononetin level. The potential of ‘Sensation’ lies in pure or mixed pasture situations, and it will give high herbage production in the temperate regions that already use red clover. ‘Sensation’ was consistently more productive than the diploid cultivar ‘Grasslands Colenso’ in field trials, and also outyielded tetraploid cultivars up to the fourth summer.

Variability in oviposition by workers of six species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Oviposition by workers of 6 species from genus Myrmica - M. rubra, M. ruginodis, M. sabuleti, M. scabrinodis, M. schencki and M. sulcinodis - was compared under a variety of laboratory conditions. Experiments were initiated using freshly overwintered, queenless cultures of workers i.e., at the start of a second summer of adult life. Some cultures (c 30 workers) of all six species accumulated eggs; most contained an embryo which could develop into a male but usually a few were sterile trophic eggs. The presence of overwintered 3rd instar larvae had no effect upon the numbers of eggs. For each species, the frequency distributions of the numbers of eggs laid per culture were highly overdispersed with many accumulating no eggs and a few culture many eggs. Despite the intraspecific variation, interspecific differences were statistically significant - M. ruginodis and M. schencki laid the most eggs and M. sabuleti the fewest. Generally oviposition rates were greatest during the first 3 weeks following hibernation and thereafter, eggs were laid intermittently until the next winter period. Workers of all species oviposited in their third summer of life following a second laboratory winter and showed similar initial per capita egg-production to that of the previous year. M. ruginodis and M. schencki lived longer than other species (which all died before the third winter) and had some workers which survived another winter and laid eggs in their fourth summer. No relationship could be detected between the propensity for worker oviposition in the 6 species, and other characteristics such as worker size, average level of polygyny in the species or its taxonomic position.

First results of the restoration of Lake Geerplas

In 1986 lake restoration was started in the Langeraar lakes, three small connected lakes in the western part of The Netherlands. In one of the lakes, Lake Geerplas, both the internal and external phosphorus load to the lake was reduced. Water quality parameters have been monitored six years after the measures were taken, in both Lake Geerplas and in one of the other Langeraar lakes. Water quality improved in Lake Geerplas during four years, indicated by decreased phosphorus concentrations and turbidity. At the end of the third fourth summer, phosphorus concentrations increased rapidly, presumably due to excessive phosphorus release from the lake sediment. Phytoplankton biomass and phytoplankton composition changed as well. In the sixth year phosphorus concentrations decreased slowly without any additional measures taken. Chlorophyll-a concentrations and turbidity are at the same level now as shortly after the measures were taken. At this moment, the effects of the measures are evaluated and additional measures are considered. Though the changes in water quality variables during the years are clearly related, the driving forces are not yet identified.

First results of the restoration of Lake Geerplas

In 1986 lake restoration was started in the Langeraar lakes, three small connected lakes in the western part of The Netherlands. In one of the lakes, Lake Geerplas, both the internal and external phosphorus load to the lake was reduced. Water quality parameters have been monitored six years after the measures were taken, in both Lake Geerplas and in one of the other Langeraar lakes. Water quality improved in Lake Geerplas during four years, indicated by decreased phosphorus concentrations and turbidity. At the end of the third fourth summer, phosphorus concentrations increased rapidly, presumably due to excessive phosphorus release from the lake sediment. Phytoplankton biomass and phytoplankton composition changed as well. In the sixth year phosphorus concentrations decreased slowly without any additional measures taken. Chlorophyll-a concentrations and turbidity are at the same level now as shortly after the measures were taken. At this moment, the effects of the measures are evaluated and additional measures are considered. Though the changes in water quality variables during the years are clearly related, the driving forces are not yet identified.