Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy Research Articles

Quantum Chemical Analysis and Effect of Super Alkali/Super Halogen Doping on the Opto-Electronic Properties of L-Lysine p-Nitrophenolatemonohydrate (LLPNP) Using First Principle

In the present communication geometry optimization of LLPNP (L-lysine p-nitrophenolate monohydrate) has been done by using CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G (d,p) and CAM-B3LYP/6-311G(d, p). The calculated correlation factor by both method shows that both methods well-define geometry of LLPNP. The QTAIM (quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules technique) analysis of title molecule is used to explain the geometry of LLPNP. The vibrational frequencies of LLPNP are compared one-to-one by experimental FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and FT-Raman (Fourier transform RAMAN spectroscopy) frequencies. The correlation factor shows that calculated frequencies are well-matched with experimental frequencies. The Fukui function (FF), NBO (Natural bond orbitals) analysis, HOMO (Highest occupied molecular orbitals) LUMO (Lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals MESP (Molecular electrostatic potential) plot are calculated by CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p). The TDDFT (time-dependent density functional theory) calculation has been performed on LLPNP in benzene solvent by using the same level theory and calculated UV (Ultraviolet) spectra is compared with experimental UV spectra in benzene solvent. The NLO (Nonlinear optical properties) analysis shows that the title molecule is NLO active agent. The calculated NLO parameters of LLPNP are compared with doped OM3-LLPNP-MF2 (M = Li, Na, K).

Investigation of Glycine Polymorphic Transformation by In Situ ATR-FTIR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy

The solution-mediated phase transformation of α-form to γ-form glycine, including dissolution of metastable α-form, nucleation, and growth of stable γ-form during polymorphic transformation, was investigated using in situ attenuated total-reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman). The mechanistic influence of operating parameters such as agitation speed, crystallization temperature, α-form seed concentration, and NaCl concentration on polymorphic phase transformation was examined. When the agitation speed, crystallization temperature, and NaCl concentration were increased, the polymorphic transformation process was improved due to the promotion of nucleation and growth of stable γ-form, in addition to the promotion of dissolution of metastable α-form. Moreover, the time to induce γ-form nucleation and complete conversion of α-form to γ-form was also reduced with increasing α-form seed concentration.

The Effects of Radiotherapy on Microhardness and Mineral Composition of Tooth Structures.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microhardness and mineral composition alterations in enamel and dentine after radiotherapy. Forty human maxillary premolar teeth (20 pairs) were assigned to nonirradiated and irradiated groups, the latter irradiated by fractional radiation to achieve a total dose of 70 Gy. Microhardness measurement was performed on a Knoop microhardness tester. Chemical components were analyzed using energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The morphology was observed using a scanning electron microscope. The microhardness data were analyzed using a paired t-tested and one-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the mineral composition data using related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test and related-samples Friedman's two-way ANOVA by ranks. The irradiated teeth had a significantly lower microhardness in both enamel and dentine compared with the nonirradiated teeth. The irradiated dentine at 50 μm from the external tooth surface at the cemento-enamel junction showed the lowest microhardness compared with other locations. There was no statistically significant difference in calcium:phosphate ratio and chemical components. There was a reduction in protein:mineral ratio in dentine and at the cemento-enamel junction after irradiation. The irradiated teeth exhibited crack lines at the dentine-enamel junction and in dentine. Fractional radiation reduced microhardness in both enamel and dentine. The cervical dentine exhibited the highest microhardness reduction compared with other enamel and dentine locations.

Investigations of cysteine isomers using Terahertz and Raman spectroscopies

The properties of chiral compounds are closely related to their molecular interactions, and differences in their interactions are usually manifested in their corresponding vibrational spectra. In this study, we measured the vibrational spectra of L- and DL-cysteine over a wide range of frequencies from 20 to 4000 cm−1 using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, far-infrared spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy. To analyze the origins of the characteristic peaks in the measured spectra, the vibrational spectra of L- and DL-cysteine were first calculated using density functional theory, and the intermolecular/intramolecular interaction regions were graphed using the Interaction Region Indicator. The results showed that the intramolecular interactions between L- and DL-cysteine were very similar, but there were some differences in the types of hydrogen bonds that formed between the different molecules, and the positions of the intermolecular interactions were related to the positions of the intramolecular functional groups. These calculated differences in interactions between L- and DL-cysteine molecules also were seen in the measured vibrational spectra. This study provides a framework and unique approach to understanding polymorphisms in molecular crystals as well as intermolecular interactions.

Morphological, UV blocking, and antimicrobial features of multifunctional cotton fibers coated with ZnO/Cu via sonochemistry

Multifunctional textiles have been quoted as a technologically and economically viable alternative to prevent the contamination and proliferation of microorganisms, increasing biomedical devices' safety by combining different properties with antimicrobial activities. The present work applied ultrasound waves to coat cotton fibers with ZnO and copper nanoparticles, using citric acid as an eco-friendly reductant/binder agent with different concentrations. We evaluated the cellulose morphology change caused by the surface treatment and the modification impact on different properties of cotton fibers using X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Fourier-Transform Raman Spectroscopy (FT-Raman), colorimetry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), agar diffusion tests, and uniaxial tensile tests. The surface functionalization caused significant changes in the properties of the cotton fibers, including the relative proportions of cellulose Iβ and II, present in the cotton fibers, as demonstrated by the Rietveld refinement using X-ray diffractogram data. The multifunctional fibers are effective against Escherichia coli under photoirradiation, indicating that ROS generation is the most responsible mechanism for the bactericidal properties of the fibers. The sonochemical treatment present here is suitable for developing fabrics with multiple functional capacities, such as antimicrobial properties and UV blocking, using renewable sources.

Crystal structure analysis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, spectral investigations (FT-IR, FT-R), DFT calculations, ADMET studies and molecular docking of 3H-Methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide (3MPC)

On 3H-Methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide (3MPC), Single crystal XRD, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy, Molecular Electrostatic Potential, Density function theoretical analysis and Molecular docking analysis are conducted. The target protein docking experiments revealed that the small molecule (MET) is a good molecule that docks well with several Nav channel 1 targets. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) aids in the optimization of protein-ligand electrostatic interactions. The molecular surface and hydrogen bonding interactions in the 3MPC crystal structure were located and analyzed using a fingerprint plot and Hirshfeld Surfaces. DFT–B3LYP calculations with the 6-31G (d,p) basis set are used to establish the optimised structure of the MET molecule, and the measured vibrational frequencies are compared to experimental values. The parameters of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and toxic (Tox) were assessed using the online server preADMET.

Synthesis and characterization of ZnGa2O4 composites and its photocatalytic properties for energy applications.

ZnGa2O4 nanocomposites have been widely used for photocatalytic degradation of industrial dyes. In this work, ZnGa2O4 was synthesized from zinc sulphate heptahydrate ZnSO4.10H2O and Gallium (III) oxide (Ga2O3) by hydrothermal method. As prepared, ZnGa2O4 nanocomposites was used as a photocatalyst degradation of three organic dyes rhodamine-B, methylene blue, and methyl orange, under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The ZnGa2O4 nanocomposites structure, morphology, size and optical properties were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) and photoluminescence spectra (PL). Moreover, the results explained the rate-controlling mechanisms of the dye degradation process followed by second-order kinetics. After 100min of adsorption kinetic models, the decomposition of rhodamine-B (7.2 Ct mg/L, 5.2 Ct mg/L, and 4.1 Ct mg/L), methylene blue (42.8 qt mg/g, 44.8 qt mg/g, and 45.9 qt mg/g), and methyl orange (42.8 qe mg/g, 44.8 qe mg/g, and 45.9 qe mg/g) respectively. This investigation study offers a promising method to design more efficient ZnGa2O4 nanocomposites based photocatalytic degradation of industrial organic dyes.

Thread‐Based Wristwatch Sensing Device for Noninvasive and Simultaneous Detection of Glucose and Lactate

AbstractAn electrochemical sensing device based on a cotton‐thread electrode for real‐time and simultaneous detection of sweat glucose and sweat lactate is reported. The cotton thread surfaces are simply modified by cellulose nanofibers/carbon nanotube ink‐Prussian blue/chitosan to enhance liquid adsorption, bioreceptor immobilization, and sensor performance in addition to minimize potential irritation and allergies on the wearer's skin. The modified thread surfaces are characterized by laser scanning confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. Amperometry is carried out via hydrogen peroxide detection for electrochemical characterization of the modified thread electrodes. A circuit and digital readout of this wearable sensor are customized designed to be integrated with thread electrodes for real‐time and simultaneous detection of sweat glucose and sweat lactate. The wristwatch sensing device provides a linear range of 0.025–3 × 10−3 m with a detection limit of 0.025 × 10−3 m for glucose and a linear range of 0.25–35 × 10−3 m with a detection limit of 0.25 × 10−3 m for lactate. This device can effectively determine the cut‐off levels of both glucose and lactate, which can distinguish between a normal individual and one with a diabetic condition. This platform opens a new avenue for noninvasive and real‐time detection of other sweat biomarkers.

Synthesis, Characterization and Use of Alumina Doped with TiO2 and ZrO2 to Produce Biofuels from Soybean Oil by Thermal Cracking, Transesterification and Hydroesterification

In this work, different metal oxides containing Ti, Zr and Al were prepared and characterized and their catalytic activities for cracking, transesterification, and hydroesterification reactions of soybean oil were evaluated. It is described the synthesis of the solids by co-precipitation, and their characterization by thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface area determination, Fourier-transformed Raman spectroscopy, and the determination of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites by pyridine adsorption and detection through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The hydrocarbons obtained by soybean pyrolysis were analyzed by fractional distillation, acid number, FTIR, density (at 20 °C), viscosity (at 40 °C), and calculation of the cetane number. The results suggest that all of the solids exhibit catalytic activity at the second stage of the cracking reaction (deoxygenation), lowering the final acidity of the products. The solids also exhibited catalytic activity for transesterification and hydroesterification of triacylglycerides, leading to good yields in methyl fatty acid esters.

Cold-modulated leaf compounds in winter triticale DH lines tolerant to freezing and Microdochium nivale infection: LC-MS and Raman study.

Tolerance to freezing and seedling diseases caused by Microdochium spp. is an essential trait for the wintering of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) and other cereals. Preceding multi-year studies indicate that after long-term exposure to the low temperature, cereal seedlings acquire a genotype-dependent cross-tolerance to other subsequent stresses. This paper presents the first non-gel protein profiling performed via high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry as well as Fourier Transform-Raman spectroscopy measurements performed directly on leaves of triticale seedlings growing under different conditions. The research used doubled haploid lines selected from the mapping population, with extreme tolerance/susceptibility to freezing and M. nivale infection. These non-targeted methods led to the detection of twenty two proteins cold-accumulated in the most tolerant seedlings in relation to susceptible ones, classified as involved in protein biosynthesis, response to different stimuli, energy balancing, oxidative stress response, protein modification, membrane structure and anthocyanin synthesis. Additionally, in seedlings of the most freezing- and M. nivale -tolerant line, cold-hardening caused decrease of the carotenoid and chlorophyll content. Moreover, a decrease in the band intensity typical for carbohydrates as well as an increase in the band intensity characteristic for protein compounds were detected. Both studied lines revealed a different answer to stress in the characteristics of phenolic components.

Experimentally and theoretically via high quality density function theory modelling technique and nonlinear optical analyses of 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

In this study, we reported the results of experimental and density of functional theory (DFT) of 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (DMHB). The interpretation of active functional groups has been characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) and Fourier Transform-Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopies with the help of potential energy distributions. DFT calculations of the DMHB compound were carried out by B3LYP/6–311 + G(d,p) method. In addition, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectral parameters that have been seen are produced from derivative structures and compared to experimental spectral frequencies. The practical application of DMHB is investigated by determining their electronic and NLO properties, which shows that both molecules have the potential for optoelectronic and photonic applications.

Study on effect of deposition temperature on photoelectrocatalyatic performance of immobilized TiO2

This work reports the preparation of polycrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films using spray pyrolysis technique at various temperatures to access their photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) performance. The films were characterized by photocurrent response measurements, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Elemental analysis, Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy. The TiO2 showed heterogeneous photocatalytic potential against the oxidative degradation of Phthalic acid (PA) and Benzoic acid (BA) which were used as model pollutants. The PEC behavior of the typical TiO2 film was excellent for oxidative degradation of both pollutants under UV irradiation.

Structural, spectral elucidation, wavefunctional properties, natural bond orbitals, and molecular docking analysis of synthesized 1-phenyl-3(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenone: protease kinase inhibitor

In this present work, structural, spectral, and electronic properties of newly synthesized 1-phenyl-3(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenone compounds are examined by making the use of the density functional theory Gaussian 16 W tool. Optimized structural parameters, topological properties (Electron localization function and Localized orbital locators) are investigated in the aqueous phase. Experimental spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy) investigation and quantum chemical analysis are performed on the title compound. Non-covalent interaction analysis is performed in different solutions. Bandgap energies are calculated from molecular orbital energies in various solvent atmospheres. Electrophilic site strength of headline compound is identified and analyzed from molecular electrostatic potential surface and Mulliken atomic charges analysis in different polar and non-polar liquids. Experimental and theoretical chemical shift values are recorded and predicted in a nonpolar solvent by Nuclear magnetic resonance spectral investigation. Hyperconjucative interactions are studied from the natural bond orbitals method. Drug likeness and mol inspiration properties are calculated. Moreover, a Molecular docking study is performed with breast cancer and anti-malarial receptors.

Novel strategy for establishment of an FT-Raman spectroscopy based quantitative model for poplar holocellulose content determination

Raman spectroscopy is effective for studying the ultrastructure, lignin content, and cellulose crystallinity of lignocellulosic materials. However, the quantitative analysis of holocellulose in lignocellulosic materials by this technique is challenging. In this study, based on Fourier-transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy, a novel strategy for building poplar holocellulose content quantitative model was proposed. Different algorithms were applied, including Principal component regression (PCR), partial least square regression (PLSR), ridge regression (RR), lasso regression (LR), and elastic net regression (ENR). Combined with different algorithms, twelve candidates of internal standard were selected. Sixty models combined by five regression algorithms and twelve internal standards were performed by five-fold cross validation. Consequently, the models constructed through RR, LR, and ENR combined with the internal standard of peak intensity of 2945 cm−1 were credible (Rp > 0.9, RMSEp < 1.0, and MAEp < 0.9). Credible models were obtained, indicating the high potential of FT-Raman spectroscopy for predicting the holocellulose content of lignocellulosic materials.

Dynamic Detection of Thiol Oxidation/Reduction Status During the Conversion of Cysteine/Cystine

• Dynamic detection of thiol oxidation/reduction status during the conversion of cysteine/cystine. • The thiol redox state is intuitively reflected by terahertz spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy in varying degrees. The thiol redox state (TRS) plays a key role in evaluating essential biochemical processes, such as evaluating intracellular enzymatic activity. The TRS, characterized by the kinetic parameters of the thiol (–SH)/disulfide bond (–SS–) redox process, was measured by the Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy (FT–Raman) and the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz–TDS) in this study. A good correlation was observed between the disulfide concentration in samples and the intensities of the disulfide characteristic peaks in the FT–Raman and THz–TDS spectra. And the linear regression analysis correlation coefficients had values of 92.2% for FT–Raman-derived data and 95.4% for THz–TDS-derived data. The dynamic response of the cysteine/cystine experimental spectrum and characteristic peaks were analyzed by solid-state density functional theory. It can be found that both Raman and terahertz vibrational spectroscopy techniques can quantitatively analyze the ratio of cysteine/cystine. This provides a new method for the biological analysis of sulfur-containing amino acids and other related mixtures in basic science.

The study of Dominican amber-bearing sediments from Siete Ca\xf1adas and La Cumbre with a discussion on their origin

The paper presents comprehensive mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Dominican amber-bearing sediments from Siete Cañadas, Hato Mayor Province of the Eastern Mining District (EMD) in the Cordillera Oriental. The characteristics of rocks collected from the borehole in Siete Cañadas area (EMD) were compared with petrography of coaly shales from La Cumbre in the Northern Mining District (NMD). The mineralogy of the rocks was determined using transmitted and reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy. Biomarker analyses by the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were used to trace the genetic source and transformation stage of organic matter hosted in the core sediments. In this study, the characteristics of rocks from La Cumbre were supplemented with the petrographic data from our studies reported earlier. Based on the findings, it has been concluded that the basins in the investigated parts of the EMD and NMD regions were likely characterized by different, isolated palaeosettings. Transformation and maturation of terrigenous material were affected by locally occurring physicochemical conditions. In both amber deposits, the sedimentation of clastic and organic material proceeded in the presence of marine conditions. In case of the La Cumbre deposit (NMD area), the sedimentation underwent probably in the conditions of the lagoon environment, a shallow maritime lake or periodically flooded plain that facilitated organic matter decomposition and carbonation from meta-lignite to sub-bituminous coal (random reflectance of coal—Rro = 0.39%). In the Siete Cañadas (EMD region), the sedimentation took place in a shallow saltwater basin, where terrigenous material was likely mixed with material found in situ (fauna fossils, carbonate-group minerals) to form the mudstones enriched in bituminous substance of low maturity. The organic matter found in the rocks from both deposits is of mixed terrestrial/marine origin and was deposited in the presence of low oxygen concentration and reducing and/or dysoxic conditions.

Structural, spectral, electronic and optical investigations of D-(-)-alpha-Phenylglycine: protease kinase inhibitor

The structural and biological mechanism of a drug material was investigated by spectroscopic techniques and molecular modeling methods. The experimental spectroscopic techniques, namely Fourier Transform Infrared and Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopies are recorded for the structural confirmation and were also compared with computed values. The stability of the compound, the intermolecular and intra molecular interactions is studied using the density functional theory tool Gaussian 16 W. The optimized molecular geometry, vibrational wavenumbers, infrared intensities, and Raman scattering activities are calculated. Natural Bond Orbital analysis has been carried out to explain the charge transfer (or) delocalization of charge due to the intra molecular interactions. The Time dependent-Density functional theory is used to evaluate the excitations between different energy levels, the interpretation which affords good information about D-(-)-alpha-Phenylglycine’s electronic properties with different solvation effects. Reactive sites were also analyzed using topological studies. To explore the biological activities docking studies of D-(-)-alpha-Phenylglycine is performed with Prolactinoma and hyperprolactinemia diseases.

Tyrosine and Tryptophan vibrational bands as markers of kidney injury: a renocardiac syndrome induced by renal ischemia and reperfusion study

Renal injury caused by renal ischemia and reperfusion strongly influences heart morphology, electrophysiology, and redox unbalance. The so-called cardiorenal syndrome is an important class of dysfunction since heart and kidneys are responsible for hemodynamic stability and organ perfusion through a complex network. In the present work we investigate the vibrational spectral features probed by Fourier-Transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy due to physiological alterations induced by renal ischemic reperfusion aiming to detect molecular markers related to progression of acute to chronic kidney injury and mortality predictors as well. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to unilateral occlusion of the renal pedicle for 60 min and reperfusion for 5, 8, and 15 days. Biopsies of heart and kidney tissues were analyzed. Our findings indicated that cysteine/cystine, fatty acids, methyl groups of Collagen, α-form of proteins, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan were modulated during renal ischemia and reperfusion process. These changes are consistent with fibroblast growth factors and Collagen III contents changes. Interestingly, Tyrosine and Tryptophan, precursor molecules for the formation of uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate were also modulated. They are markers of kidney injury and their increase is strongly correlated to cardiovascular mortality. Regarding this aspect, we notice that monitoring the Tyrosine and Tryptophan bands at 1558, 1616, and 1625 cm−1 is a viable and and advantageous way to predict fatality in cardiovascular diseases both “in vivo” or “in vitro”, using the real-time, multiplexing, and minimally invasive advantages of FT-Raman spectroscopy.

Assessment of Biotechnologically Important Filamentous Fungal Biomass by Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy.

Oleaginous filamentous fungi can accumulate large amount of cellular lipids and biopolymers and pigments and potentially serve as a major source of biochemicals for food, feed, chemical, pharmaceutical, and transport industries. We assessed suitability of Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy for screening and process monitoring of filamentous fungi in biotechnology. Six Mucoromycota strains were cultivated in microbioreactors under six growth conditions (three phosphate concentrations in the presence and absence of calcium). FT-Raman and FT-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic data was assessed in respect to reference analyses of lipids, phosphorus, and carotenoids by using principal component analysis (PCA), multiblock or consensus PCA, partial least square regression (PLSR), and analysis of spectral variation due to different design factors by an ANOVA model. All main chemical biomass constituents were detected by FT-Raman spectroscopy, including lipids, proteins, cell wall carbohydrates, and polyphosphates, and carotenoids. FT-Raman spectra clearly show the effect of growth conditions on fungal biomass. PLSR models with high coefficients of determination (0.83–0.94) and low error (approximately 8%) for quantitative determination of total lipids, phosphates, and carotenoids were established. FT-Raman spectroscopy showed great potential for chemical analysis of biomass of oleaginous filamentous fungi. The study demonstrates that FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopies provide complementary information on main fungal biomass constituents.

Simultaneous detection of glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol in whole blood by Fourier-Transform Raman spectroscopy

In this paper, a reagent-free simultaneous and direct detection method of three analytes in human blood based on Fourier-transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy with 1064 nm laser radiation was proposed for the first time. A total of 161 human blood samples were characterized by FT-Raman spectroscopy under the excitation laser source of 1064 nm. In order to achieve a robust regression model, the Nonlinear Iterative Partial Least Squares (NIPALS) with orthogonal signal correction (OSC) algorithm and sample set partition based on a joint x-y distance (SPXY) is used to establish multivariate calibration models. The root means square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), correlation coefficients (R2) and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) were 0.34255 mg/dL, 0.3662 mg/dL, 0.99982 and 56.3524 for glucose, 0.33656 mg/dL, 0.75736 mg/dL, 0.99967 and 34.9169 for total cholesterol (TC), and 0.29956 mg/dL, 0.27469 mg/dL, 0.99998 and 173.5098 for triglycerides (TG), respectively. The analysis results showed that the proposed method could be able to accurately predict the concentration of glucose, TC and TG in blood. This method can instantaneous multi-component detection on whole blood.