Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Spectroscopy Research Articles

FT-IR Spectral Signature of Sensitive and Multidrug-Resistant Osteosarcoma Cell-Derived Extracellular Nanovesicles.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone cancer in children and adolescents. Despite aggressive treatment regimens, the outcome is unsatisfactory, and multidrug resistance (MDR) is a pivotal process in OS treatment failure. OS-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) promote drug resistance to chemotherapy and target therapy through different mechanisms. The aim of this study was to identify subpopulations of osteosarcoma-EVs by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to define a specific spectral signature for sensitive and multidrug-resistant OS-derived EVs. EVs were isolated from sensitive and MDR OS cells as well as from mesenchymal stem cells by differential centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. EVs size, morphology and protein expression were characterized. FT-IR/ATR of EVs spectra were acquired in the region of 400–4000 cm−1 (resolution 4 cm−1, 128 scans). The FT-IR spectra obtained were consistently different in the EVs compared to cells from which they originate. A specific spectral signature, characterized by a shift and a new band (1601 cm−1), permitted to clearly distinguish EVs isolated by sensitive and multidrug-resistant OS cells. Our data suggest that FT-IR spectroscopy allows to characterize and define a specific spectral signature for sensitive and MDR OS-derived EVs.

5‐Ethylidene‐2‐norbornene Polymerization by α‐Diimine Nickel Catalyst: A Revealing Insight into the Pivotal Function of Binuclear and Mononuclear Catalyst Structure in Tailoring Polymer Architecture

AbstractThe present investigation is undertaken to provide a deeper understanding of the 5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbornene (ENB) homopolymerization. To this end, binuclear and mononuclear nickel α‐diimine catalysts, as well as modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) as a cocatalyst, are selected and utilized. Al/Ni ratio of 1000 coupled with a temperature 25 °C and a polymerization time 12 h are chosen as the optimal statistics. It is shown that the highest obtained activity for binuclear and mononuclear catalysts are 511 and 478 kg polymer/mol, respectively. Thereafter, the characterization of the obtained poly 5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbornene (PENB) is performed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Concerning the glass transition of cyclic polyolefin, DSC analysis reveals that catalyst structure is a determining factor (Tg binuclear: 176 °C and Tg mononuclear: 140 °C). As validated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), it is realized that the alteration in the catalyst structure exerts a far‐reaching influence on the polymer architecture. Surprisingly unexpectedly, excluding addition polymerization, an in‐depth examination of polymer structure uncovers the potentially tenable participation of both cationic and ring‐opening polymerization, albeit, with a diversified degree of contribution. Lastly, PENB is functionalized with three functional groups, and then the successful grafting of polar functional groups into modified cyclic polyolefin backbone is confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy.

UV-cured electroactive polyurethane acrylate coatings with superhydrophobic surface structure of biomimetic peacock feather for anticorrosion application

In this work, UV-cured electroactive polyurethane acrylate (EPU) materials with the superhydrophobic surface structure of biomimetic peacock feather were firstly prepared and applied in anticorrosive coatings. Firstly, amine-capped aniline trimer (ACAT) and vinyl-capped aniline trimer (VCAT) were synthesised and characterised by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectroscopy. Polyurethane acrylate (PUA) was synthesised and characterised by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. EPU was then prepared through the UV curing of PUA with 0, 1, 3 and 5 wt% VCAT (named EPU0, EPU1, EPU3 and EPU5, respectively) and characterised via FTIR. The redox capabilities of the as-prepared EPU series were investigated by cyclic voltammetry studies. EPU with higher VCAT loading (EPU5) exhibited better corrosion protection performance than those with lower VCAT loadings (EPU0, EPU1 and EPU3) based on a series of electrochemical corrosion measurements because of the formation of a dense metal oxide layer as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, EPU5 with the surface structure of biomimetic peacock feather (denoted by BEPU5) was prepared by nanocasting technique with polydimethylsiloxane as the flexible transparent negative template. The surface morphology and wettability of BEPU5 was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle (CA) analysis. The CA of BEPU5 remarkably increased to 145° compared with that of EPU5 63°. This massive increase in CA indicates efficient superhydrophobic properties, which were induced by the biomimetic peacock feather and produced outstanding corrosion protection performance for short and long terms based on a series of electrochemical corrosion measurements. This study is the first of its type to produce a biomimetic feather with massive increase in superhydrophobic properties, which is expected to revolutionise biomimetic industrial coating technologies towards better corrosion protective coatings.

Soil organic matter qualification with FTIR spectroscopy under different soil types in Estonia

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a heterogeneous material consisting of different functional groups depending on soil texture and moisture regime. The lability of SOM (rapidity of turnover rate) is also an important indicator in soil quality evaluation. In this study, SOM lability (p-WEOC) was assessed based on the proportion of total soil organic carbon (SOC) represented by water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) for a wide range of Estonian arable soils. We applied Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to examine the SOM relationships between qualitative (functional groups, SOM lability (p-WEOC), hydrophobicity (HI), degree of degradation (DDI), and water repellency (W)) and quantitative (total SOC and WEOC concentration) parameters depending on soil texture and moisture regime. Gleysols had the highest SOC and WEOC concentrations and p-WEOC was typically highest in automorphic sandy soils and lowest in sandy Gleysols. Overall, p-WEOC values for Gleysols were lower than those for automorphic soils. SOC and WEOC concentrations were positively correlated with all measured absorbance peaks and p-WEOC was negatively correlated with some peaks but positively correlated with DDI. HI and W were highest in Gleysols; however, sandy and automorphic soils had higher DDI. In general, automorphic soils had higher lability and the SOM was more degraded than wet soils. In summary, it is possible to assess and compare SOM composition in different soil types with FTIR spectroscopy, although eliminating inorganic material from soil will provide more accurate results.

Synthesis and catalytic study of CeO2 heterostructures with (Zn0.003-xCdx)S0.003 for the removal of crystal violet dye

In the present work different CeO2 heterostructures are synthesized with (Zn0.003-xCdx)S0.003 via co-precipitation method by varying the concentration of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd). The synthesized heterostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopy. XRD results confirmed the formation of NPs with average crystallite size of 3–5 nm. TEM micrographs depicted the formation of agglomerated non-symmetrical NPs. EDS spectra gives confirmation for the presence of all the elements in synthesized material. FTIR, PL and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of ZnS and CdS in synthesized heterostructures with CeO2 NPs. The photocatalytic activity has been studied by the UV–visible spectrophotometer. The crystal violet (CV) dye was used to check the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized heterostructures. It has been observed that the heterostructures of CeO2 with (Cd0.0015Zn0.0015)S0.003 has shown enhanced catalytic activity and large rate constant than all other synthesized samples.

Rheological properties and dynamic thermal stability ofPVC/La L2/Ca‐Zncomposite stabilizer

AbstractLanthanum complex with curcumin (La L2)/Ca‐Zn composite stabilizer was prepared using La L2and Ca‐Zn stabilizer, in which Ca‐Zn stabilizer was obtained from calcium stearate and zinc stearate at their mass ratio of 5:1. The rheological properties and dynamic thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stabilized by La L2/Ca‐Zn composite stabilizers were estimated through a torque rheometer. The degraded fragments obtained from the torque experiments were measured by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet–visible (UV‐vis) spectroscopy. La L2had an effective synergistic effect with Ca‐Zn stabilizer. Compared with La L2, La L2/Ca‐Zn composite stabilizer could more significantly improve the rheological properties and dynamic thermal stability of PVC. An optimal synergistic effect could be observed when the mass ratio of La L2with Ca‐Zn stabilizer was about 8:2, in which the plasticizing torque and equilibrium torque of PVC was 33.3 N m and 22.5 N m, respectively, and its dynamic thermal stabilizing time was 25.1 min. The possible thermal stability mechanism of La L2/Ca‐Zn composite stabilizer for PVC was suggested based on the evaluation of FTIR spectroscopy and UV‐vis spectroscopy.

Defect- and H-Free Stoichiometric Silicon Carbide by Thermal CVD from the Single Source Precursor Trisilacyclohexane

Stoichiometric silicon carbide (SiC) thin films were grown using thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD) from the single source precursor 1,3,5-trisilacyclohexane (TSCH) on c-Si (100) substrates within an optimized substrate temperature window ranging from 650 to 850 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses revealed that the as-deposited films consisted of a Si-C matrix with a Si:C ratio of ~1:1. FTIR and photoluminescence (PL) spectrometry studies showed that films deposited ≥ 750 °C were defect- and H-free within the detection limit of the techniques used, while ellipsometry measurements yielded an as-grown SiC average refractive index of ~2.7, consistent with the reference value for the 3C-SiC phase. The exceptional quality of the films appears sufficient to overcome limitations associated with structural defects ranging from failure in high voltage, high temperature electronics to 2-D film growth. TSCH, a liquid at room temperature with good structural stability during transport and handling as well as high vapor pressure (~10 torr at 25 °C), provides a viable single source precursor for the growth of stoichiometric SiC without the need for post-deposition thermal treatment.

Production of di-rhamnolipid with simultaneous distillery wastewater degradation and detoxification by newly isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa SRRBL1

Distillery industries generate around 12–15 L aqueous waste per liter of alcohol production. Characteristics of distillery wastewater (DWW) dark brown color containing organic and inorganic pollutants with heavy metals (HMs) cause pernicious effects on the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Unknowingly untreated DWW irrigation adversely affects the productivity of the crops due to the unavailability of minerals, reduction in seed germination and seedling growth. So, this study screened potential isolates that have plant growth promotion (PGP) and biosurfactant (BS) production properties. 5% inoculum of Pseudomonas aeruginosa SRRBL1 produced 2.9 g/L BS from minimal salt media (MSM) amended with 20% (v/v) DWW at 37 °C and 120 revolutions per minute (rpm) after 72 h incubation. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis indicated that extracted BS was di-rhamnolipid in nature. Simultaneously SRRBL1 reduced color, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), heavy metals (HMs) such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) were 61.76%, 53.53%, 61.32%, 56.61% 74.44%, 70.76%, 51.56%, 73.06% 58.96% and 27.49%, respectively from DWW. In addition, FT-IR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identify functional groups and metabolites found in DWW. Major identified metabolites listed as endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) such as octadecane; heneicosane; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 8-methylnonyl ester; oxirane, tetradecyl-; 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-diol, 2TBDMS derivative; n-tetracosanol-1 octadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid in untreated DWW were diminished and some new metabolites produced after bacterial treatment. Furthermore, phytotoxicity assay on Triticum aestivum confirmed that treated wastewater enhanced seed germination up to 73%. Hence it indicated that SRRBL1 can be applied for di-rhamnolipid production from DWW with simultaneous pollutants reduction.

Direct, Rapid, and Simple Evaluation of the Expression and Conformation of Beta-Amyloid in Bacterial Cells by FTIR Spectroscopy.

The expression and conformation of bacterial proteins and peptides can be monitored in situ by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), provided that the concentration of the protein of interest is sufficient. Here, we describe a simple protocol to analyze the conformation adopted by a specific amyloid protein in Escherichia coli cells, the pleiotropic regulator Hfq.E. coli cells expressing Hfq under an inducible promoter are analyzed. The change in protein conformation is analyzed by comparing the different populations versus controls (i.e., Δhfq cells, totally devoid of the Hfq protein) by difference spectroscopy, second derivation, curve-fitting, and principal component analysis. All the analyses were performed in the free, open-source software Quasar. We describe the detailed protocol for analyzing the data in Quasar. We show that the specific absorption of the β-amyloid conformation can be easily detected in the WT-Hfq, with bands at 1624cm-1 and 1693cm-1 indicating the presence of both parallel and antiparallel β-sheets. Furthermore, we show that FTIR spectroscopy is sensitive enough to probe the conformation of an amyloid protein backbone in vivo and to analyze its conformation in situ, directly in bacterial cells, without the need for protein purification.

Molecular structure characterization of middle-high rank coal via 13C NMR, XPS and FTIR spectroscopy

Elemental analysis, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), combined with Grand Canonical ensemble Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations and energy minimizations were used to establish the molecular structure model of middle-high coal rank accurately. The three-dimensional molecular structure models of middle-high coal rank (from the No. 6 Mine of Pingdingshan (PDS) Mining Area and the No. 4 Mine of Hebi (HB) Mining Area in Henan Province, Xiegou (XG) Mine, Changping (CP) Mine, and Sihe (SH) Mine in Shanxi Province, China) were optimized and constructed. The results showed that the structural arrangement is more orderly and compact with the increase of coal rank. The established molecular formulae for PDS, HB, XG, CP, and SH are respectively C69H43NO3, C166H93N3O8, C191H125N3O7, C169H105N3O7, and C221H123N3O7.

Synthesis and Zn Doping's Impact on CeO2 Nanoparticles for Improved Photocatalytic Evaluation, Antibacterial and Anticancer Analyses

This work uses Psidium guajava leaf extracts to easily and quickly synthesise Cerium nanoparticles (Ce NPs) and Zn: CeO2 NPs (Zn-Ce NPs) (PGE). The generated G - CeO2 and Zn: CeO2 NPs were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The presence of OH, -NH2, and C=O groups, which were essential for the synthesis of G-CeO2 and Zn: CeO2 NPs, was detected by FT-IR spectroscopy. The XRD analysis supports the fluorite cubic structure of the resulting particles for G-CeO2 and Zn: CeO2 NPs. The findings of the elemental analysis by EDX demonstrated that the doping effects of Zn2+ in G-CeO2 NPs effectively enhanced the percentages of cerium and oxygen. G-CeO2 and Zn: CeO2 nanoparticles were evenly dispersed, and a SEM microscopic investigation also revealed that the produced nanoparticles were spherical in shape. Both the G-CeO2 and Zn: CeO2 nanoparticles demonstrated effective antibacterial and antifungal properties. To measure photocatalytic activity, the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation was utilised. The findings demonstrated that Zn doping considerably increased Ce NPs' photocatalytic activity. Using Zn dopant, it has been discovered that the optical band gap of Ce NPs has decreased from 3.69 eV to 3.55 eV. Both the G-CeO2 and Zn: CeO2 nanoparticles demonstrated effective antibacterial and antifungal properties. By increasing the concentration of both G-CeO2 and Zn: CeO2 NPs, the viability of the cancer cells L929 and HCT 116 was partly reduced.

Identification of CaCO3 polymorphs of shellfish by FTIR spectroscopy and evaluation of metals adsorption by powdered exoskeleton shell

Shellfish are found in the coastal region throughout the tropical, sub-tropic and temperate zone. A variety of shellfish species are known in nature. Being filter-feeding organisms, organic and inorganic substances easily gain entry into them. Very often, heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, and even Hg can accumulate in their bodies. The presence of these heavy metals in shellfish is an indicator of environmental pollution, and a threat to humanity as these fish are widely consumed in coastal regions. Here, biochemical analysis of exoskeleton shell mainly composed of polysaccharides, proteins and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - have been studied. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) which is one of the major constituent of the exoskeleton part of the shellfish exists in three polymorphs viz., calcite, aragonite and vaterite. The identification of CaCO3 polymorphs in shellfish is extremely important as it gives information on the structural arrangement of the calcium carbonate lattice in these organisms. Here, we present a convenient method for the identification of CaCO3 polymorphs in shellfish collected from Goa, west coast of India, with Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and further confirmed by powder X-ray analysis. Additionally, the potential of the powdered shell biomass for metal removal from an aqueous medium has also been investigated.

SYNERGETIC EFFECT OF Sn3+ ON STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF ZnO NANOSTRUCTURES

This work shows the impact of Sn3+ ion doping on structural, optical and dielectric properties of ZnO synthesized via co-precipitation technique. The synthesized samples were examined using XRD (X-ray Diffractometer), FeSEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), PL (Photoluminescence) and Impedance Spectroscopy. The XRD patterns confirmed the hexagonal structure with P63mc space group and the crystalline sizes, strain and volume of cell are 37.4 nm, 2.5968Å and 59.85Å3 . The morphological micrographs were recorded via S EM. The photoluminescence spectra were measured using a photoluminescence spectrometer with a 325 nm excitation wavelength. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) spectrometer was used to measure IR spectra in the range 500 − 3600 cm-1 . Complex impedance spectroscopy of the Sn3+ /ZnO − 400 samples was performed at 310 K using a galvenostat in the frequency range of 5MHz to 50 Hz at applied voltage of 50mV. The grain edge resistance of the Sn3+ /ZnO − 400 sample is 14.57MΩ (at 310 K).

THE USE OF GC-MS AND FTIR SPECTROSCOPY COUPLED WITH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS FOR THE DETECTION OF RED GINGER OIL ADULTERATION

The ginger oil traded worldwide could come from various sources. Standard quality is the most critical aspect of ensuring customer safety. This study aims to develop an analytical method for red ginger oil (RGO) authentication. Chemical compositions of red ginger oil were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with multivariate analysis (discriminant analysis (DA), partial least square (PLS), and principal component regression (PCR) were used to identify and quantify the adulterant. The total terpenoid compounds were 55.72%, with the percentage of monoterpenes at 34.29% and sesquiterpenes at 21.43%. E-Citral (19.01%), Z-Citral (14.82%), Geranyl Acetate (11.90%), Geraniol (9.56%), 1,8-Cineole (5.84%), and camphene (4.92%) were identified as the main constituents. The best PLS model for quantifying the level of palm oil in RGO was at the wavenumber 3100–2700 cm–1, while the region of 3100 – 2700 and 1850 – 650 cm–1 was suitable for detection of soybean adulterants. FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics produced accurate and fast authentication of red ginger oil without the used solvent. Then, the GC-MS technique could identify the chemical constituents present in the red ginger oil.

Knockdown of death receptor 5 antisense long noncoding RNA and cisplatin treatment modulate similar macromolecular and metabolic changes in HeLa cells.

Despite great progress in complex gene regulatory mechanisms in the dynamic tumor microenvironment, the potential contribution of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to cancer cell metabolism is poorly understood. Death receptor 5 antisense (DR5-AS) is a cisplatin inducible lncRNA whose knockdown modulates cell morphology. However, its effect on cell metabolism is unknown. The aim of this study is to examine metabolic changes modulated by cisplatin and DR5-AS lncRNA in HeLa cells. We used cisplatin as a universal cancer therapeutic drug to modulate metabolic changes in HeLa cervix cancer cells. We then examined the extent of metabolic changes by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We also performed transcriptomics analyses by generating new RNA-seq data with total RNAs isolated from cisplatin-treated HeLa cells. Then, we compared cisplatin-mediated transcriptomics and macromolecular changes with those mediated by DR5-AS knockdown. Cisplatin treatment caused changes in the unsaturated fatty acid and lipid-to-protein ratios and the glycogen content. These observations in altered cellular metabolism were supported by transcriptomics analyses. FTIR spectroscopy analyses have revealed that DR5-AS knockdown causes a 20.9% elevation in the lipid/protein ratio and a 76.6% decrease in lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, we detected a 3.42% increase in the chain length of the aliphatic lipids, a higher content of RNA, and a lower amount of glycogen indicating relatively lower metabolic activity in the DR5-AS knockdown HeLa cells. Interestingly, we observed a similar gene expression pattern under cisplatin treatment and DR5-AS knockdown HeLa cells. These results suggest that DR5-AS lncRNA appears to account for a fraction of cisplatin-mediated macromolecular and metabolic changes in HeLa cervix cancer cells.

Infrared micro-spectroscopy coupled with multivariate and machine learning techniques for cancer classification in tissue: a comparison of classification method, performance, and pre-processing technique.

The visual detection, classification, and differentiation of cancers within tissues of clinical patients is an extremely difficult and time-consuming process with severe diagnosis implications. To this end, many computational approaches have been developed to analyse tissue samples to supplement histological cancer diagnoses. One approach is the interrogation of the chemical composition of the actual tissue samples through the utilisation of vibrational spectroscopy, specifically Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Cancerous tissue can be detected by analysing the molecular vibration patterns of tissues undergoing IR irradiation, and even graded, with multivariate and Machine Learning (ML) techniques. This publication serves to review and highlight the potential for the application of infrared microscopy techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Quantum Cascade Laser Infrared Spectroscopy (QCL), as a means to improve diagnostic accuracy and allow earlier detection of human neoplastic disease. This review provides an overview of the detection and classification of different cancerous tissues using FTIR spectroscopy paired with multivariate and ML techniques, using the F1-Score as a quantitative metric for direct comparison of model performances. Comparisons also extend to data handling techniques, with a provision of a suggested pre-processing protocol for future studies alongside suggestions as to reporting standards for future publication.

Emerging lignocellulosic ionic liquid biomass pretreatment criteria/strategy of optimization and recycling short review with infrared spectroscopy analytical know-how

• Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) using ionic liquid solvent review in general. • Pretreatment optimization with recycling technique on LCB review information. • Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) shift and change of FTIR peaks/curve prediction/relationship comparing the untreated to the pretreated lignocellulosic biomass sample of oil palm source of oil palm frond (OPF), empty fruit bunch (EFB), oil palm trunk (OPT) and micro crystalline (MCC) biomass analytical area under the curve data. Pretreatment of various types of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) being shortly reviewed as criteria concerning emerging pretreatment solvents, recycling strategies and optimization. Review findings presented include pretreatment methods, recycling techniques, ionic liquid types, optimization parameters (dependent/independent), optimization model and references. In this article, original investigated research Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) pretreatment data on oil palm frond (OPF), empty fruit bunch (EFB), oil palm trunk (OPT) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were also presented, aiding the indirect indicator strategy of the effect of pretreatment via FTIR analysis to support the criteria analysis. The strategy covers certain spectroscopy changes when 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIM]Ac and electron beam irradiation (EBI) pretreatments on untreated and treated LCB samples, predicting shift in peaks or change of shape of the FTIR curve at specific wavenumber spectral region. Fundamentally, the obvious decrease of area under the curve values relationship with the pretreatment effects for three (3) spectroscopy FTIR functional groups representing stretching and vibration of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon combinations within the range of 3125 to 3600, 2850 to 2950 and 890 to 1200 cm −1 on four (4) different microcrystalline cellulose conditions of being untreated together with ionic liquid pretreatments of 50% (v/v) and 100% (v/v) [EMIM]Ac and finally with radiation pretreatment of 1000 kGy EBI conditions, can be useful for the criteria analytical understanding spectroscopically.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in monitoring the wine production

The complexity of the wine matrix makes monitoring of the winemaking process from the grapes to the final product crucial for the wine industry. In this context, analytical methodologies that can combine good accuracy, robustness, high sample throughput, “green character”, and by preference real-time analysis, are on-demand to create high-quality vitivinicultural products. In the last years, Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with chemometric analysis has been evaluated in several studies as an effective analytical tool for the wine sector. Some applications of FTIR spectroscopy have been already accepted by the wine industry, mainly for the prediction of basic oenological parameters, using portable and non-portable instruments, but still many others are waiting to be thoroughly developed. This literature review aims to provide a critical synopsis of the most important studies assessing grape and wine quality and authenticity, and to identify possible gaps for further research, meeting the needs of the modern wine industry and the expectations of most demanding consumers. The FTIR studies were grouped according to the main sampling material used - 1) leaves, stems, and berries; 2) grape must and wine applications - along with a summary of the basic limitations and future perspectives of this analytical technique.

The Key Factors for the Fate and Transport of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil With Related in/ex Situ Measurement Methods: An Overview

Once petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) are released into the soil, the interaction between PHs and soil media is dependent not only upon the soil properties but also on the characteristics of PHs. In this study, the key factors influencing the interactions between PHs and soil media are discussed. The key factors include: 1) the characteristics of PHs, such as volatility and viscosity; and 2) soil properties, such as porosity, hydraulic properties and water status, and organic matter; and 3) atmospheric circumstances, such as humidity and temperature. These key factors can be measured either ex-situ using conventional laboratory methods, or in situ using portable or handheld instruments. This study overviews the current ex/in situ techniques for measuring the listed key factors for PH contaminated site assessments. It is a tendency to apply in situ methods for PH contaminated site characterisation. Furthermore, handheld/portable Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) instrument provides tremendous opportunities for in-field PH contaminated site assessment. This study also reviewed the non-destructive FTIR spectroscopy analysis coupling with handheld FTIR for in-field PH contaminated site characterisation, including determining the concentration of total PH, dominant PH fractions and soil key properties for PH transport modelling.

Fabrication and characterization of a pH-sensitive intelligent film incorporating dragon fruit skin extract.

A novel intelligent pH‐sensing indicator based on gelatin film and anthocyanin extracted from dragon fruit skin (Hylocereus polyrhizus) (DFSE) as a natural dye was developed to monitor food freshness by the casting method. Anthocyanin content of DFSE was 15.66 ± 1.59 mg/L. Dragon fruit bovine gelatin films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moisture content, mechanical properties, water solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP), light transmittance, color, and pH‐sensing evaluations were evaluated for potential application. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that the extracted anthocyanin could interact with the other film components through hydrogen bonds. When the extract was added, films showed a smooth and clear surface as observed by SEM. The addition of anthocyanin increased the moisture content, thickness, and water solubility of the films, but decreased the WVP and light transmittance of films. Also, the incorporation of 15% v/v DFSE decreased the tensile strength from 17.04 to 12.91 MPa, increasing the elongation at break from 91.19% to 107.86%. The films showed higher ΔE with increasing DFSE content, which indicated that the film had good color variability. A significant difference in the color of the films was observed with exposure to different pH buffer solutions. The findings demonstrated that gelatin film incorporated with DFSE could be used as a visual indicator of pH variations to monitor the freshness of foods during storage time.