Four-wheel Vehicle Research Articles

Evaluation of visual acuity in drivers as studied in Kolar district

To assess the visual acuity, identify the cause for reduced vision & to advice patients regarding correction of vision in drivers for safe driving. Analysis of a cross-sectional study of people having a history of driving — two-wheeler, four-wheeler or autorickshaw was done. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) less than 6/6 in the better eye were selected for the study through screening camps for KSRTC bus drivers, Autorickshaw drivers and patients coming to the OPD of R L Jalappa Hospital & Research Center in Kolar district, having a history of driving a two-wheeler, four-wheeler & autorickshaw were included. Patients who have stopped driving due to reduced vision were excluded from the study. After taking an informed consent, patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination. Those patients who were identified as having decreased vision were advised regarding the necessary treatment. Out of 706 patients, 87.99 % of drivers in this study were males and majority belonged to the age group between 20-30 years. 29.17 % of patients did not have driving license though they were driving either 2 or four-wheeler vehicles or Autorickshaws. 41% of patients did not have any eye checkup prior to our examination and after our examination was done 58.9% of patients were advised spectacle correction. This highlights the need for intensified health education to encourage drivers who experience these defects to seek prompt medical help and advice. The prevalence of refractive errors among the study population also indicates the need to enforce the law on comprehensive eye examination by appropriate professionals, as enshrined in the law, rather than just measuring visual acuity prior to acquiring or renewing drivers’ licenses, as is currently the case. Keywords: Best corrected visual acuity; drivers; reduced vision; RTA

The Effect of Using a Rocker Arm on the Performance and Efficiency of a 200cc 4 Stroke Motor

In Indonesia, many people often use two-wheeled vehicles compared to four-wheeled vehicles, and so many people want the best speed and performance of their motorbikes compared to the manufacturer's standards. Modifying the camshaft or what is more familiarly known as "papas noken or camshaft" aims to increase volumetric efficiency and change the character of an engine, so that the engine produces more power and as needed. In racing motorbikes, modifications have been made to several systems and components, including the camshaft or camshaft to improve the motorbike's performance. Motor vehicle engine performance parameters include torque, power, mean effective pressure, specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, and air-material ratio. fuel air and fuel. In general, motorbikes for competition have been modified mechanical components and systems.

Heading tracking of 6WID/4WIS unmanned ground vehicles with variable wheelbase based on model free adaptive control

The six-wheel independent drive and four-wheel independent steering unmanned ground vehicle (6WID/4WIS UGV) with variable wheelbase has unique advantages in environmental adaptability and maneuverability. However, due to its strong nonlinearity and uncertainty, it has the great challenges in control. Based on model free adaptive control (MFAC) method and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, the heading tracking problem of 6WID/4WIS UGV under the influence of uncertainties is studied in this paper. First, to improve the convergence characteristics, the improved MFAC scheme is proposed, which can effectively overcome the influence of time delay and wheelbase. Then, based on the desired steering angle and yaw moment obtained by MFAC method and the single-track model of 6WID/4WIS UGV, the torque of six electric wheels is distributed by PSO algorithm to achieve the coordinated control of driving, braking and steering. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are verified by simulation results.

Lidi Peeling Machine Technology in Pekan Sawah Village Kecamatan Sei Bingei Kabupaten Langkat

Pekan Sawah Village is located in Sei Bingei District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province. This village is 75 km from the city of Medan, which can be reached using a four-wheeled vehicle in 1.5 hours with the asphalt road conditions that are quite good. The residents of Pekan Sawah Village are generally the Karo tribe, which covers 80% of the total population. In general, the population is now doing business with oil palm, rubber, and only a small portion of them still maintains land farming businesses such as corn, long beans, etc. The high number of oil palm planters, which reaches 80% of the population, causes high unemployment in this village. This is because the work to carry out maintenance to harvest is very limited. But on the other hand there is oil palm leaf midrib waste which is a result of the castration process and or the oil palm fruit harvesting process itself. This waste is now made into sticks, which are then sold per kilo to the estimator, which is increasingly expensive and the available stock is very limited, while market demand is high. However, the residents experienced problems in trying to separate the sticks from the leaves. Work is done conventionally one by one so it takes a long time. This results in low productivity of sticks in this area. The entry of the USU Community Services Implementation Team raises new hopes for the community to be able to find solutions that are faced by this community. Complaints about the production of oil palm stick broomsticks were immediately raised by the traditional leaders in Pekan Sawah Village. The USU Community Services Implementation Team immediately formed a problem-solving team. Several lecturers were involved in this activity, including providing education on the correct disposal of palm oil waste for residents. This activity is also assisted by 5 students who have been trained to take action to solve this problem. Now the people of Pekan Sawah Village can increase their lid production using this stick machine.

Wheel torque distribution optimization of four-wheel independent-drive electric vehicle for energy efficient driving

With the help of several in-wheel motors, four-wheel independent-drive electric vehicle (4WIDEV) has tremendous potential to improve vehicle performance. Except for the theme of stability enhancement during the past two decades, energy saving topic becomes more attractive recently. However, it is difficult to achieve stability and economy performance simultaneously. Given the commonly used control method of rigid yaw rate tracking may limit the energy saving potential of 4WIDEV in cornering. Therefore, be different from previous studies which often focus on a sole target, in this paper, a driving energy management strategy for 4WIDEV based on multi-objective online optimization of four-wheel torque distribution is proposed in this paper, which includes weighted yaw rate tracking error into its parameterized control objectives besides electric drive system efficiency, tire slip losses and wheel torque ripple. Meanwhile, for better coordination of stability and economy in different situation, fuzzy logic control is adopted to dynamically adjust the weight of the control objective indexes of the proposed multi-objective online optimization function. Then, a particle swarm optimization algorithm is adopted to solve the optimization function. Finally, the proposed strategy for energy-efficient driving is verified based on the built Simulink and CarSim co-simulation model. The results show that the proposed four-wheel torque distribution strategy based on the multi-objective online optimization is more effective than average distribution strategy and offline optimization strategy.

Development of Android Based Application for Monitoring Engine Lubricant Condition in Four Wheeled Vehicle and Driving Behaviour Effects on Engine Lubricant Condition

Engine lubricant is a liquid chemical that is given between two moving objects to reduce the frictional force that occurs. Engine lubricant needs to be replaced periodically to maintain the durability of four-wheeled vehicles. Manufacturers of four-wheeled vehicle manufacturers have given the lubricant replacement period to consumers, but this time period is only a reference. The purpose of this research is to study the calculation method to find the right time to replace the lubricant along with its parameters, study the relationship and characteristics between engine lubricant temperature with coolant temperature, and study the relationship of driving behaviour to decrease engine lubricant conditions. This research was carried out by taking data on engine lubricant temperature and coolant using ANCEL and then analysed it to get the formula for determining engine oil temperature and found the mean absolute error of 0 to 3.60. This research is done by testing the driving behaviour of eco, normal, and sport as far as 300 km for each driving behaviour. In this study, engine speed and coolant temperature data are taken through OBD II and then processed using Raspberry Pi into RPS and engine lubricant temperature then further processed by the backend then the data is sent to Android. On the Android application, the output of the data processing results is displayed as a percentage of engine lubricant conditions, engine lubricant remaining distance, and engine lubricant remaining time. The test results show that in sports driving behaviour, the condition of engine lubricants decreased the most at 3.9% followed by normal at 3.18% and the lowest decreased was eco with 2.39%.

OpenCV and Machine Learning Implementation for the Vehicles Classification and Calculation in the Parking Tax Monitoring System at the Bantul Regency Regional Financial and Asset Agency (BKAD)

After regional autonomy has been implemented in Indonesia, local governments must maximize its revenue through various sectors, including the Bantul Regency government. One source of regional income is a local tax, based on law no 28 of 2009, one type of tax-managed by local government is the parking tax. Either an off-street parking lots, those provided in connection with the business principal, those provided as a business, or motor vehicle daycare (Indonesian Law No.28 of 2009). The parking tax is a self-assessment tax. Taxpayers will calculate their amount of tax that must be paid to the government. Therefore, the local government should conduct oversight of the reports of taxpayers. One form of supervision carried out is to monitor the number of vehicles at the taxpayer’s location. Officers then record the number of vehicles based on vehicle classification, whether they were two-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicles or other vehicle types. Currently, monitoring is done manually using a mechanical counter. This monitoring may have the risk of being miscalculated or wrongly recorded due to the monitoring officer’s oversight. Computer vision (OpenCV library) and machine learning (Mask R-CNN), is expected to minimize these errors and optimize the officers’ performance on duty.

Degradation Data–Driven Analysis for Estimation of the Remaining Useful Life of a Motor

AbstractHighly dynamic loading conditions on clutch motors used in four-wheeled passenger vehicles cause them to fail quite often. The current diagnostic tools have proven to be inefficient to dete...

Geographical mapping of road traffic injuries in Lilongwe, Malawi.

Road traffic injuries are a leading cause of death and disability, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Identifying injury hotspots are valuable for introducing preventive measures. This is usually accomplished by using police data, but these are often unreliable in low-income countries. This study aimed to identify hotspots for injuries by collecting geographical data in the emergency room. This was a cross-sectional study of adult road traffic injury patients presenting to the Casualty Department in the central hospital in Lilongwe, the capital of Malawi. An electronic tablet with downloaded maps and satellite photos was used to establish the exact location of the injuries. The geographical data were analyzed with geographic information software. We included 1244 road traffic injured patients, of which 23.9% were car passengers or drivers, 18.6% were motorcyclists, 17.8% were pedestrians and 18.0% were cyclists or bicycle passengers. Heatmaps of the injuries identified 5 locations where the incidence of injuries was especially high, and 148 patients were injured in these hotspots during the 90 days of inclusion. Four of these hotspots were along the main road through the capital. Age over 55, rural setting, alcohol use before the injury, high speed limit at the site of injury and being a pedestrian or motorcyclist were significantly associated with a higher degree of injury severity. Around half of the patients that were injured in a four-wheeled vehicle did not use a seat belt, and these patients had a much higher risk of getting a more severe injury. We have identified specific locations with a high incidence of road traffic injuries in Lilongwe, Malawi, with a simple methodology and within a short time frame. The study demonstrates the feasibility of collecting geographical data at admission to hospital.

Klasifikasi Jenis Kendaraan Menggunakan Metode Extreme Learning Machine

The number of vehicles in Indonesia has increased each year, both two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles; this is inversely proportional to the development of road infrastructure in Indonesia, which has not experienced much change or improvement. Supposedly, with the increase in the number of vehicles, road infrastructure must also keep pace so that things such as the accumulation of cars on the road do not occur, traffic accidents and congestion become obstacles to carrying out activities. Therefore, it is necessary to make a system to detect and classify vehicles' types in this study using two types of vehicles, namely cars and motorbikes. According to the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency (BPS), it is the highest number. The classification system uses digital image processing techniques, a science to study how an image is formed, processed, and analyzed by a computer to produce information that humans can understand. The method used in this research is the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), a part of artificial intelligence in feedforward neural networks, where this method can solve regression and classification problems. The data used in this study are 25 images of cars and motorbikes as training data and 15 photos of cars and motorbikes as test data, respectively. The results obtained from this study are a system for classifying two types of vehicles, namely cars and motorbikes, with an accuracy rate of 86.6%.

Vehicle drifting dynamics: discovery of new equilibria

ABSTRACT This study deals with drifting as one of the most important nonlinearities in vehicle dynamics. A four-wheel vehicle model is used to calculate the equilibria in planar motion, numerically, by introducing an assumption on constant longitudinal tyre slips. Other than the unstable drifting points that were reported by previous researchers, a new pair of drifting equilibria are identified and the difference between the two types is studied. The phase portrait approach is used to identify the type of these equilibria, and they reveal the type of instability in the primary and the secondary drifting points, and provide control suggestions to stabilise the drifting equilibria. It is observed that the rear-wheel-drive vehicles have primary drifting equilibria, while the four-wheel-drive vehicles have secondary drifting equilibria. There is a transition point between the primary and the secondary drifting types when the front longitudinal tyre slips increase from zero to saturation. It is further shown that primary drifting becomes stable by regulating the yaw rate at the equilibrium value; whereas the secondary drifting may be stabilised through a constant forward velocity. The stabilisation methods are applied through control designs and validated in simulations.

Research on Steering Stability Control Strategy of Four-wheel Independent Electric Drive Special Vehicles

In order to solve the steering stability problem of a special four-wheel independent electric vehicle, a dynamic model of the vehicle was established to analyze the cause of vehicle instability. A steering stability controller was designed, which included the upper yaw moment controller and the lower driving force distribution controller. Based on the sliding mode control algorithm, the yaw moment controller determines the yaw moment required while the vehicle is moving by controlling the yaw rate and sideslip angle. Based on the safety distribution method, the driving force distribution controller selects the sum of tire utilization rate as the optimization function to realize the optimal distribution of yaw moment. Software of MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim were used to build a co-simulation platform, and the designed steering stability controller was analyzed and verified. The simulation results show that the steering stability controller is helpful to improve the steering ability and handling stability of the vehicle in the extreme working conditions.

An Analysis The Impact Of Modern Gamalama Plaza Contraction To The Traffic Movement

In this study, a descriptive method was used. From 15 equations tested, the value of Y = 2.64080272306193X2 + 4.05031889744212E-06X3+ 0.0882328648259467X4 + 0.752392757509762X5 + 22.7120066091058 with r and R values was 0.543, determinant coefficient was 0.548, significant value was 0.000 and f-count value was 111.886. From this equation, we found that the number of visitor attractions to Modern Plaza Gamalama is 15778 visitors, also increases to 17600 and 19622 for the next 5 years and 10 years. For the peak hour analysis, the volume of vehicles for the traffic was on monday at 16.00 – 17.00 WIB with 2515.4 pcu/hour capacity. The peak hour volume of vehicles was 1630.6 pcu/hour, while the peak hour volume after the square operated was 2123.32 pcu/hour for Pahlawan Revolusi Street and 3802.2 pcu/hour at Nukila Street. The provided parking capacity for four-wheeled vehicles at Plaza Gamalama Modern is for 60 cars, which cannot accommodate visitor vehicles parking. This is seen by the turnover of the four-wheel parking capacity at the beginning of the operation, namely 1.95 > 1.00. For the next 5 years, it will be 3.03 > 1.00. Meanwhile, for the next 10 years, it will be 4.70 > 1.00.

Development of a design concept for a prototype transport device using the Design Thinking method

The article presents the development of a multifunctional prototype transport device mounted on a towing hook of a passenger car, used to transport motorcycles and light four-wheeled vehicles, based on the Design Thinking method. The device, in its original design, has obtained patent protection from the Patent Office [1]. The use of the device in real road conditions requires the solution of many technical, ergonomic, endurance and functional problems, and in the final phase the implementation of the final device. The authors of the study presented the most important construction works described in terms of the analysis of the key strength nodes of the transport device. The boundary conditions for the weight of the device and the forces acting on the device were based on literature data on the load capacity of hooks used in passenger vehicles, the weight of motorcycles in accordance with the classification, which was verified in the identification tests on the real model, taking into account the height of the front wheel suspension of the transported motorcycle. According to the data analysis, the mass of the transport device should oscillate within 10 kg, and the reference point for the construction work is the prototype model made of s235 steel with a net weight of 28 kg. On this basis, the work presents simulations of a static load with the determination of stresses in the material, deformation and mass calculation for various design versions. In the final stage, the target construction version, designed from two materials, i.e. steel s235 and aluminium 6081, was compared. As a result of the analysis, the target construction reduced the weight of the transport device by 17 kg.

Attitude Stabilization of Dynamically-Stable Four-Wheeled Vehicle with Independent Suspension

Attitude Stabilization of Dynamically-Stable Four-Wheeled Vehicle with Independent Suspension

Preliminary study on the issues of 4WS car control

The article is an overview and it focuses on the control of 4WS cars (with four steered wheels). The most important ideas concerning the control of four-wheeled vehicles, the historical development, the present state and prospects for the construction of 4WS cars were presented. Theoretical issues related to the control of vehicle movement direction (including issues related to mathematical modelling and simulation studies of vehicle motion, synthesis and analysis of 4WS control algorithms) were discussed. The presented study is based on a fairly extensive literature review on 4WS cars and on thoughts that shaped the concept of the doctoral dissertation on control algorithms in 4WS cars.

The Meaning of Symbolic Interaction in the Towing Process

The current study discusses the Meaning of Symbolic Interaction in the Towing Process among the Towing Officers from the Office of Transportation for Dealing with the Illegal Parking-Committing Four-Wheeled Vehicle Driver Communities. The objective of the study is to uncover, describe, and explain the meaning of symbolic interaction in the towing process by the Towing Officers from the Office of Transportation West Jakarta when they deal with the illegal parking committing four-wheeled vehicle driver communities on 2020. At the same time, the objective of the study is also to uncover the obstacles that the Towing Officers from the Office of Transportation West Jakarta should deal with when they have to ticket the illegal parking committing four-wheeled vehicle driver communities in 2020. Theoretically, symbolic interaction refers to the social life which basically deals with the interaction between the human beings and the use of the symbols. Therefore, symbols are not formed by mental force but, instead, symbols appear due to the manings that the human beings have assigned. Thus, the specific focus of the study is to uncover how the Office of Transportation West Jakarta has made use of the symbols that represent the information within the towing process.
 In conducting the study, the theory of Symbolic Interaction developed by Herbert Blummer was adopted in order to analyse the meaning of symbolic interaction in the towing process among the Towing Officers from the Office of Transportation West Jakarta in dealing with the Illegal Parking Committing Four-Wheeled Vehicle Driver Communities. In relation to the statement, the method that had been adopted was the case study. The data for the study were gathered by means of three techniques namely: (1) observation; (2) in-depth interview; and (3) documentation. For guaranteeing the data validity, the source triangulation was adopted. Then, the results of the study show that the towing process by the Office of Transportation West Jakarta contains the symbols that have been represented to the communities. However, there are still arguments between the communities and the Towing Officers when the symbols are displayed during the transfer of the vehicles.

Stochastic dynamic analysis of vehicle-bridge coupled systems with nonlinear Hertz contacts by explicit time-domain method

ABSTRACT Vibration analysis of vehicle-bridge coupled systems has received considerable attentions over the past two decades. This work is dedicated to the stochastic dynamic analysis of vehicle-bridge coupled systems with nonlinear Hertz wheel-rail contacts subjected to random track irregularities. An explicit time-domain method (ETDM) is proposed for efficient nonlinear dynamic analysis of vehicle-bridge coupled systems with a dimension-reduced iteration scheme focusing on the nonlinear wheel-rail contact forces. The high-efficient ETDM is further utilised to implement the numerous nonlinear dynamic analyses required in the Monte-Carlo simulation (MCS) for obtaining the response statistics of the vehicle-bridge coupled systems. A numerical example involving a single-wheel vehicle traversing a simply-supported beam with nonlinear Hertz wheel-rail contacts considering random track irregularities is presented to demonstrate the computational accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method, and an engineering application involving a four-wheel vehicle moving across the Egongyan suspension bridge is further analysed to indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method for large-scale engineering problems.

Regenerative Braking Control Method Based on Predictive Optimization for Four-Wheel Drive Pure Electric Vehicle

Regenerative braking is the key to achieve efficient use of energy and extend the driving range in pure electric vehicles. This study proposes a new predictive control method integrating adaptive cubic exponential prediction and dynamic programming to address the problem of efficient energy recovery during the regular braking process of four-wheel pure electric vehicles. The method considers the dynamic characteristics of an electro-hydraulic combined braking system. The adaptive cubic exponential prediction is adopted to predict the vehicle velocity and braking intensity. The dynamic programming is employed to optimize the motor braking torques and wheel cylinder pressures under the condition of braking regulations, road constraints, and vehicle constraints. To verify the effectiveness of the new predictive control method, the ideal and multi-stage braking force distribution methods are employed for comparison. The results confirm that, under gradual braking conditions, the energy recovery efficiency achieved via the proposed method is improved by 1.55% and 6.40% considering the ideal and multi-stage braking force distribution methods, respectively.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM PENGUNCIAN RODA SATU ARAH UNTUK MENGEMUDIKAN KENDARAAN RODA EMPAT DI JALAN MENANJAK

Handbrake of a vehicle is the most important thing in a safety system in maintaining theposition of the vehicle in its stop position. The hand brakes function to brake or lock the rearwheels mechanically through the connecting rods and cables. The hand brake is also to parkthe vehicle on a down/climb road. In order to facilitate the ability of four-wheeled vehicles whenstopping on the ramp due to traffic jams, a special wheel locking system is used on the ramp. Ina one-way wheel shooting system when a four-wheeled vehicle stops on the ramp, the systemlocks the wheel when the wheel rotates slightly backwards without having to pull the handbrakelever. Therefore, this research aims to describe how the work of the one-way wheel lockingsystem when on the ramp of a four-wheeled vehicle. At the design of this system researchersmake prototype as a simulation system that is approaching similar to the shape of componentsof a four-wheeled vehicle. Researchers perform test system work when the prototype movesforward and backwards to find out if the system is capable of locking the wheels when the moveis backward and release the locking wheel when moving forward without using the hand brake.Using a one-way wheel locking system is expected to facilitate the driver in driving four-wheeledvehicles on the ramp without having to use the hand brake.