Four-wheel Vehicle Research Articles

Parameter influence analysis in an optimized fuzzy stability control for a four-wheel independent-drive electric vehicle

This paper presents an optimized fuzzy logic control (FLC) applied to four-wheel independent-drive electric vehicles (FWID-EVs). The controller is developed to act as an Electronic Differential (ED), which changes the in-wheel motors torques to correct the vehicle trajectory during some specific maneuvers. The simulation determines the rotation, the lateral and longitudinal displacement of the vehicle, in which the nonlinear Magic Formula is applied to define the tires slip, associated with the load transfer during curves or drive/break situations and with the steering input. According to the literature, several parameters are used to provide stability controls of similar vehicles, for example, the sideslip angle and yaw rate. Therefore, a parameter influence analysis is carried out to find out the most relevant parameters to be monitored in the investigated FWID-EV. Once the relevant input parameters are defined, an optimum ED FLC is developed by means of a genetic algorithm multi-objective optimization with the objective of minimizing the trajectory error of the FWID-EV under a combination of the Sine with Dwell and constant steering standard maneuvers. The results show the best control configuration is a combination of steer and sideslip angles, with a reduced number of rules and less processing time (0.71 s). Besides, the proposed control presents a reduction in the trajectory error, improvement up to 95.1%, emphasizing that the parameter influence analysis allows finding an optimum, more efficient, and time-saving control solution. Therefore, a simple adjustment in the variables inputs can decrease the control process, without overshadowing the dynamic behavior.

Integration of Waste Assessment Model and Lean Automation to Improve Process Cycle Efficiency in the Automotive Industry

Purpose: This study aims to improve Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE) by reducing waste in the assembly production line. This research is a case study conducted in a four-wheel vehicle manufacturing company to create a Lean production system. Methodology/Approach: This study uses the Waste Assessment Model (WAM) and Lean Automation integration methods carried out by 5 expert judgements in the selected four-wheeled vehicle industry. Findings: Based on the WAM method, this study found the biggest waste on the assembly line, namely transportation with a percentage of 20.44%. Improvements made with Lean Automation can increase the value of PCE from 56.76% to 63.62%. Research Limitation/Implication: This research is limited to one model, namely Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV). This research provides benefits for companies related to waste reduction. For similar companies, this research can be input for manufacturing practitioners in improving manufacturing performance to compete in the global market. This Lean production can reduce manpower which has an impact on saving production costs. Originality/Value of paper: This paper provides added value related to the application of Lean terminology which aims to improve industrial automation-based manufacturing companies.

Design of vehicle using Ackermann steering with IoT concept

Electric vehicles are becoming more demanding these days. In this project the possibility of using Ackerman steering with electric drive servomotor is explained. Scalability is the advantage of using this mechanism which can be adopted for four-wheel vehicle system as well. The objective of this project is to do design a system using Ackerman steering which determines the maximum and minimum angle of the turning of the wheels. It also avoids the front tire slippage and activates pure rolling. Ackermann steering geometry is a geometric arrangement of linkages in the steering of a car or other vehicle designed to solve the problem of wheels on the inside and outside of a turn needing to trace out circles of different radii. The geometrical solution to this is for all wheels to have their axles arranged as radii of circles with a common centre point. As the rear wheels are fixed, this centre point must be on a line extended from the rear axle. Intersecting the axes of the front wheels on this line as well requires that the inside front wheel be turned, when steering, through a greater angle than the outside wheel. The microcontroller used in this project is ATMega16 andlmax232 is used for the serial data transmission.

PERENCANAAN GEDUNG PARKIR MOBIL TIGA LANTAI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN STRUKTUR BETON DI AREA DEPO MRT JAKARTA

The Jakarta MRT depot is experiencing increasing development. Currently, the car park area at the Jakarta MRT Depot is not functioning properly due to the lack of available land, so that many four-wheeled vehicles are parked inappropriately. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to build a car parking area at the Jakarta MRT Depot. The plan is to build a parking building with an area of 6,656 m2, a parking angle design of 90°, a reinforced concrete structure consisting of two floors. The beam dimensions are 650 mm x 500 mm, the column dimensions are 500 mm x 500 mm and the plate thickness is 200 mm. The parking building can accommodate as many as 400 four-wheeled vehicles. In planning the car park building, data are used, including the results of ground sondir. Analysis of calculations using the SAP2000 Version20 design and structure application.

Integrated Lateral and Longitudinal Control with Optimization-Based Allocation Strategy for Autonomous Electric Vehicles

This paper presents a novel approach for path-following control of a four-wheeled autonomous vehicle. The rear wheels of the vehicle are driven independently, all four wheels can be braked independently, and the front wheels are steered together. The proposed cascade structure consists of two convex optimization-based parts: one for path-following and another for the control allocation problem of the actuators. The control algorithm presents cost functions for the allocation problem focusing on safety. The proposed cost functions were examined and compared to former ones in a simulation environment. After all, the controller was tested in real-time test on a Lotus Evora test vehicle developed by ThyssenKrupp.

Vehicle Counter in Traffic Using Pixel Area Method with Multi-Region of Interest

Traffic density data plays an important role in decision making by the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). This system uses this data in the process of adaptive traffic management. The inaccuracy of the data provided into the ITS system can result in errors in decision making. This study utilizes digital image engineering technology in the detection of four-wheeled vehicles in traffic traffic for the purpose of acquiring traffic density data. In this study, we propose a multi-ROI (pixel area methodRegion of Interest). This multi-ROI proposal is to be put forward to improve reading accuracy compared to just one ROI. With the use of this multi-ROI, the information obtained from the overall ROI can strengthen the accuracy of the data of vehicles passing in a lane. Our experimental results show that the use of multi-ROI with a certain amount of ROI can produce an accuracy rate of up to 88.66% compared to single-ROI which has an accuracy rate of 84.65%.

Observer design for four-wheel independent control electric vehicle states based on dual strong tracking filter

High failure rate caused by distributed driving and the model uncertainty of the four-wheel independent control electric vehicle (FWI-EV) bring motion-state-identified challenges. For solving the identified problem and achieving accurate motion states of FWI-EV, this paper designs an innovative motion state observer based on dual strong tracking filter (DSTF), which consists of vehicle and driving identification layers. The strong tracking filter (STF) with time-varying fading factor is firstly introduced in driving identification layer to rapidly and accurately identify the driving torque mutation of driving system. The driving torque mutation is considered in the vehicle identification layer by data sharing between the two identification layers. The vehicle motion states fluctuated by driving torque mutation are accurately identified by vehicle identification layer based STF. The effectiveness of the design method has been validated by simulations.

Utilization of electric vehicles as an energy alternative to reduce carbon emissions

Energy has an important role in achieving social, economic and environmental goals, with energy being a driving force for the economy and a form of defense against the state. Because energy supports the supply of fuel, electricity and infrastructure so as to support a stable defense. The increasing needs of the community in the transportation sector and the decreasing availability of fossil energy. The Indonesian government is trying to find alternative energy as a substitute for fuel oil, namely by using electric vehicles. With the development of electric vehicles in Indonesia, it is expected to be a solution and can support the achievement of clean and environmentally friendly energy. Electric vehicles can reduce pollution and exhaust emissions due to the use of fuel oil in two or four-wheeled vehicles. In addition, using electric-fueled vehicles will certainly reduce the energy crisis and import fuel oil. In support of clean and environmentally friendly energy, Indonesia has supported the Paris Agreement policy to reduce carbon emissions in the transportation sector. The author tries to discuss the use of electric vehicles through current policies and applications and is associated with reducing carbon emissions through the use of electric cars. At the end the researcher will provide strategic recommendations related to the use and development of environmentally friendly electric vehicles to be developed in Indonesia in order to reduce carbon emissions in the transportation sector.

Analisis Ability to Pay dan Willingness to Pay Penggunaan Parkir di Pasar Banjaran Kabupaten Tegal

The problem of setting tariffs is often a point of conflict between communities and managers. On the one hand, the community wants tariffs at the lowest level according to their capabilities with satisfactory service, on the other hand, the management wants high rates that can generate satisfactory profits. Basically, the determination of parking rates in accordance with the ability and willingness of the community will make it easier for users of parking facilities to pay the tariffs, especially if balanced with adequate services and facilities. Formulate the problem in this study is how the ability and willingness to pay parking users in the Banjaran Market area and whether the existing parking rates are in accordance with the ability and willingness of parking users in the Banjaran Market?. The method used in this study is descriptive analysis method, descriptive is a systematic, actual and accurate depiction of facts, data on events being studied. Analysis is the arrangement of data to obtain answers to questions that arise in research. For users of parking facilities for two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles on weekdays, the ATP value is obtained. The first hour tariff is Rp. 1,629.39, the progressive parking rate is Rp. 629, 39 WTP the tariff is Rp. Rp 1.388.08. For users of two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles on weekends, the ATP value for the first hour is Rp. Rp. 1,388.08 and the next hour tariff is Rp. 388.08 with a fixed WTP rate of Rp. 1388.08. From all calculations ATP is greater than WTP. The difference between the amount of ATP and WTP from the results of the analysis can occur due to several factors, one of which is the large percentage of parking fee allocation used as a component of ATP calculations that is not suitable for the tariffs applied at the Banjaran Market.

The Role of Brand Image in Mediating the Influence of Country of Origin Image and Price on Purchasing Decisions (Study Case on Car Credit Products PT. Maybank Indonesia Finance)

The development of transportation, especially four-wheeled vehicles, is very fast, which can cause finance companies to move dynamically. The development of finance companies today leads to intense competition. The increasing need for cars and other necessities of life drives people to buy cars in cash or credit financing (Leasing). One of the car loan financing companies in Indonesia is PT. Maybank Indonesia Finance. Before purchasing the product they want, some consumers will assess and see where this product company comes from. In addition to COO, price is also one of the determining elements for consumers to purchase a product or service they want. When the image of the country of origin is good, and the price set is cheap, it will make consumers perceive the idea of the product and will later influence purchasing decisions. Therefore, this study wanted to examine the role of brand image in the mediating country of origin image and price on purchasing decisions. This research was conducted by non-probability sampling method with purposive sampling type. Researchers distributed questionnaires to 100 Maybank Finance consumer respondents in Indonesia who had purchased Maybank Finance car loans in 2018-2020. The analysis results conclude that the image of the country of origin has no positive and significant effect on buying decisions. Price has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. The idea of the country of origin has a positive and significant effect on brand image. Price has a positive and significant effect on brand image. Brand image has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. Brand image mediates the idea of the country of origin on purchasing decisions. Brand image negotiates price on buying decisions.

Optimal path tracking control for intelligent four-wheel steering vehicles based on MPC and state estimation

Four-wheel steering (4WS) vehicles have better stability control and path following performance than front-wheel steering (FWS) vehicles. Aiming at this characteristic, a new four-wheel active steering control strategy is proposed. For intelligent vehicle path tracking and nonlinear vehicle system state estimation, a path tracking control algorithm based on the MPC algorithm is designed to analyze the stability of the vehicle and set up constraints to achieve accurate tracking of the reference path. Automotive dynamic control systems require information on system variables. For example, the sideslip angle of electric vehicles cannot be measured directly. Based on UKF theory and the information input of low-cost sensors on the vehicle, an estimator is designed to estimate vehicle sideslip angle and yaw rate. According to the difference between the estimated value and the ideal value of the vehicle state, the LQR optimal controller is designed to realize the optimal control of the front and rear steering. And compared with the dynamic simulation results of front-wheel steering, proportional control four-wheel steering and yaw rate feedback four-wheel steering. The experimental results of the simulation platform show that the path tracking 4WS state feedback optimal control method has good lateral control stability and path tracking accuracy.

Implementation of the Gayo Lues Regent's Regulation Policy Number 12 of 2016 concerning the Management of Property of Gayo Lues Regency (Four Wheel Service Vehicle Auction Study)

The aims of this study is to find out the Implementation of the Gayo Lues Regent's Regulation Policy Number 12 of 2016 concerning the Management of Property of Gayo Lues Regency. This study used a qualitative approach. The result show that The implementation of the Gayo Lues Regent's Regulation Number 12 of 2016 concerning the Management of Gayo Lues Regency Property (Four Wheel Service Vehicle Auction Study) has been carried out well but has not run perfectly. This can be seen from the results of the analysis of George Edward III's Theory as follows: Communication. The auction of four-wheeled official vehicles carried out by the Financial Management Agency of Gayo Lues Regency has been carried out through auction announcements through print and electronic mass media as well as providing direct information for the people who come and for goods to be auctioned which are still controlled by the head of the SKPK, a correspondence has been made written by Mr. Sekda as district property manager.

Perbaikan Proses Bisnis Pembuatan Laporan Produksi Harian untuk Memperpendek Lead Time pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Mobil

<p class="abstrak">This research was conducted at a four-wheeled vehicle manufacturing company located in Jakarta. The average lead time for making the Plant 2 Daily Production Report is currently around 12 minutes. With the long reporting time, this process is considered less efficient. In this research, business process improvement will be carried out by identifying non value-added activities and using business process improvement methodology. In improving the reporting process, Excel Macros will be used. After the implementation of business process improvements, the average time for making Daily Production Reports is reduced to 4 minutes or there is a time saving of 67%.</p><p class="abstrak"><em> </em></p><p> </p>

Utilization Of Augmented Reality In Automotive Subjects For Basic Competencies Of Four-Wheeled Vehicle Brake Systems

In automotive learning, teachers generally use books and teaching aids as learning media. Automotive learning outcomes show the low value of learning outcomes. Thus a learning media is needed that can help improve learning outcomes. One way to overcome this problem is to use learning media that utilize augmented reality technology. In this study, a learning media using augmented reality technology based on android was developed to simulate the brake system on four-wheeled vehicles in 3 dimensions. The Augmented Reality work system used is marker based tracking, and uses 3D Max software and the Vuforia plug-in. In terms of pedagogy, this learning system uses the Modality Principle.
 Participants are class XI students of SMK YPM 4 Taman. This research uses experimental research. The students involved were 44 students divided into 2 groups, with each group consisting of 22 students. Both groups received a pre-test and a post-test. The experimental group was given treatment with Augmented Reality-based learning media, while the control group did not use conventional learning media. After making comparisons, the results show less than optimal due to the pandemic period.
 The results showed that the pre-test result between the control group and the experimental group was 49.32, and the post-test result for the control group was 62.73, while for the experimental group it was 73.18. So that from the difference in the difference in post-test scores between the experimental group and the control group shows that the treatment factor by providing Augmented Reality-based learning media in the experimental group has an influence. From observations and interviews, students were more active in learning activities and students were eager to take part in learning. This proves that students are interested in this media which can generate motivation to learn.

Research on Decoupled Optimal Control of Straight-Line Driving Stability of Electric Vehicles Driven by Four-Wheel Hub Motors

The optimal control strategy for the decoupling of drive torque is proposed for the problems of runaway and driving stability in straight-line driving of electric vehicles driven by four-wheel hub motors. The strategy uses a hierarchical control logic, with the upper control logic layer being responsible for additional transverse moment calculation and driving anti-slip control; the middle control logic layer is responsible for the spatial motion decoupling for the underlying coordinated distribution of the four-wheel drive torque, on the basis of which the drive anti-skid control of a wheel motor-driven electric vehicle that takes into account the transverse motion of the whole vehicle is realized; the lower control logic layer is responsible for the optimal distribution of the driving torque of the vehicle speed following control. Based on the vehicle dynamics software Carsim2019.0 and MATLAB/Simulink, a simulation model of a four-wheel hub motor-driven electric vehicle control system was built and simulated under typical operating conditions such as high coefficient of adhesion, low coefficient of adhesion and opposing road surfaces. The research shows that the wheel motor drive has the ability to control the stability of the whole vehicle with large intensity that the conventional half-axle drive does not have. Using the proposed joint decoupling control of the transverse pendulum motion and slip rate as well as the optimal distribution of the drive force with speed following, the transverse pendulum angular speed and slip rate can be effectively controlled with the premise of ensuring the vehicle speed, thus greatly improving the straight-line driving stability of the vehicle.

Risk Factors for Road Traffic Injury-Related Mortality in Iran; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction:Gathering information regarding the risk factors of mortality and disability due to road traffic injuries can provide evidence for adopting effective interventions to reduce the burden of the injury. Therefore, the present study intends to identify the most important risk factors of road accident-related mortality in Iran by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods:Search was done in English and Persian electronic databases, for articles published until the end of 2020. Cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies were included. Risk factors were divided into age and sex, road related factors, exceeding speed limit, road user behaviors, vehicle related factors, weather condition, and light condition. Data were reported as adjusted odds ratio (OR) of death with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results:20 studies were included (2,682,434 traffic accident victims and 23,272 deaths; mortality rate=1.28%). The risk of death in road traffic injuries in men was 1.66 times higher than women (OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.68) and with each year increase in age, the risk increased by 1% (OR = 0.01; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.01). In addition, accident in urban streets (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.88), roadway defects (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.59, 2.91), and not driving on a flat and straight road (OR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.24) were the most important road-related risk factors for mortality. Exceeding the speed limit was another risk factor of death (OR = 3.16; 95% CI: 2.83, 3.54). However, regarding exceeding safe speed, only three studies have been included, which greatly reduces the power of analysis. Not maintaining focus on the road (OR = 2.99; 95% CI: 1.49, 6.04), not fastening seatbelt (OR = 3.11; 95% CI: 1.08, 8.91), and reckless overtaking (OR = 4.04; 95% CI: 3.34, 4.89) were independent road user-related risk factors for mortality. Risk of pedestrian mortality in comparison with drivers and passengers is 2.07 times higher (OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.53, 2.58). In addition, risk of death in accidents occurring during daylight hours (OR = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.37) is lower than that of other hours. No significant relationship was present between mortality and vehicle types (four-wheeled vehicle: OR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.050, 1.97; two-wheeled vehicle: OR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.48, 1.16). In the case of vehicle-related factors, only 2 studies were included, which also dealt only with the type of vehicle (two-wheeled/four-wheeled). Vehicle-related factors such as the car model, its safety rating, and safety standards were not mentioned in any study. Conclusion:Low to very low-level evidence shows that there is a significant relationship between factors related to age, sex, road, road user, exceeding the speed limit, and light condition with the mortality of traffic accident victims. However, all studies included in the present study were retrospectively designed and the analyses were not adjusted for most of the key potential confounders. Therefore, it seems that despite years of effort by researchers in the field of traffic accidents in Iran, there is still no comprehensive and reliable picture of the most important risk factors for road accident mortalities in Iran.

Electric vehicle powertrain and fuzzy controller optimization using a planar dynamics simulation based on a real-world driving cycle

The four-wheel independent-drive electric vehicle (FWID-EV) stands out among the electrically-propelled vehicles due to its higher efficiency. This EV configuration faces an energy management challenge, needing a controller to define the best power split among the motors, decreasing the energy consumption while keeping the EV performance. Aiming to overcome this challenge, this paper presents a fuzzy logic control (FLC) strategy to perform the power split among the electric motors to improve vehicle energy efficiency and dynamic performance under real driving conditions. The implemented controller is developed hierarchically, ensuring the speed follows a driving cycle and acting as an electronic differential to correct the vehicle trajectory along the path. Multi-objective optimization is presented using a particle swarm algorithm (MOPSO) to minimize the mass of the electrical components (motors and battery) and extend the driving range throu gh the maximization of the battery state of charge (SoC). Moreover, the optimization process also aims to enhance vehicle handling by minimizing the driver steering input during the cycle. The best trade-off solution was able to reach a 124.2 km drive range with a 235.8 kg battery (387.8 V and 91.2 Ah), presenting improved handling performance with 78.5% decrease in the driver steering action.

Web and Application Program Interface (API) Design “Parmon” Modern Parking Application

Samarinda city is one of the cities with large local revenue potential in the large parking fee sector. This is evidenced by the quite fast increasing number of users of two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. But due to the increase in vehicle users in Samarinda it has not had a significant impact on the parking fee sector. This is because there is no clear record of every parking transaction. In this case the parking lot is open or roadside. The collection of parking fees in Samarinda there are still many obstacles faced by UTPD parking management, there are still many illegal parking spaces managed by irresponsible elements. One technology that is currently quite developed is the web. With the web, all data and information can be distributed effectively and efficiently and contain and display various information that can be accessed by various devices. Based on the problems and technological developments that have been presented, an idea emerged about the need to create a web-based information system to store and record transactions at any time and create an API for supporting applications. It is expected from this study that every transaction for drivers and drivers can be recorded so that the government can clearly know the income and the amount of levy tax from parking that must be paid by each parking attendant in the “Parmon” application.

An Analysis of Rear-End Impact Crash Characteristics and Injury Pattern in Malaysia


 
 
 Rear-end crashes are one of the most common types of accidents. The characteristics of rear impact crash (based on accident data in Malaysia) have not been well studied. The objective of this study is to investigate the rear impact crash characteristics in Malaysia between 2016 and 2018 using data obtained from Bukit Aman Traffic Investigation and Enforcement (JSPT), Royal Malaysia Police (RMP) Pol 27. The analysis revealed that motorcycles (40.3%) were the largest contributor to rear-end crashes, followed by occupant car (36.3%), lorry (16.3%), four-wheel (3.8%), bus (1.6%) and other vehicles (1.6%). The majority did not suffer any injury (60.8%), while there were fatalities (16.8%), injuries (14.3%), and severe injuries (8.1%). The highest percentage of fatal crashes occurred at the speed limit area 110 km/h (23.6%). The chi-square test showed that speed limit and type of crash were significantly associated (p<0.01). The result also showed a significant association between main vehicle part damage and injury level (p<0.01). The study shows a thorough examination and analysis of rear impact crash characteristics can provide important and useful information to guide transport policy, vehicle design, and driver education. Further research is needed to fully understand the key factors that contribute to rear-end impact crashes in Malaysia.
 
 

Effect of service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction at the Nikisa Body Repair Workshop in Malang

This type of research is explanatory research, namely explaining the relationship between research variables and testing the hypotheses that have been formulated previously. The background for taking the title in this study is the fairly tight competition in the four-wheeled vehicle maintenance service business, which causes the NIKISA BODY REPAIR workshop to have an advantage in winning the competition. Excellence can be realized, one of which is by improving the quality of service from the NIKISA BODY REPAIR workshop so that consumer satisfaction can be realized. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction at NIKISA BODY REPAIR workshops, and to determine which service quality dimension factors most dominantly influence satisfaction at NIKISA BODY REPAIR workshops in Malang. The research method used was a sample population by distributing questionnaires to predetermined respondents (purposive sampling) to obtain research data. The data analysis used is using statistical methods such as multiple linear regression, F test, t test, to test the determined hypothesis. Based on the theoretical study used, the authors draw a hypothesis. Hypothesis I where there is significant influence simultaneously and partially between service quality dimension variables such as Physical Evidence (X1), Reliability (X2), Responsiveness (X3), Assurance (X3), and Empathy (X5) to customer satisfaction variables (Y1). And the second hypothesis is suspected that the empathy variable (X5) has a dominant influence on the Customer Satisfaction variable (Y1) compared to the other four variables. From the processed data, the resulting variable dimensions of service quality have a significant effect on customer satisfaction either partially or simultaneously. And the variable dimension of service quality that has a dominant influence on customer satisfaction is the variable Empathy (X5).