Four-dimensional Minkowski Space Research Articles

Right Conoids Demonstrating a Time-like Axis within Minkowski Four-Dimensional Space

In the four-dimensional Minkowski space, hypersurfaces classified as right conoids with a time-like axis are introduced and studied. The computation of matrices associated with the fundamental form, the Gauss map, and the shape operator specific to these hypersurfaces is included in our analysis. The intrinsic curvatures of these hypersurfaces are determined to provide a deeper understanding of their geometric properties. Additionally, the conditions required for these hypersurfaces to be minimal are established, and detailed calculations of the Laplace–Beltrami operator are performed. Illustrative examples are provided to enhance our comprehension of these concepts. Finally, the umbilical condition is examined to determine when these hypersurfaces become umbilic, and also the Willmore functional is explored.

Fundamental Theorems for Timelike Surfaces in the Minkowski 4-Space

In the present paper, we study timelike surfaces free of minimal points in the four-dimensional Minkowski space. For each such surface we introduce a geometrically determined pseudo-orthonormal frame field and writing the derivative formulas with respect to this moving frame field and using the integrability conditions, we obtain a system of six functions satisfying some natural conditions. In the general case, we prove a Fundamental Bonnet-type theorem (existence and uniqueness theorem) stating that these six functions, satisfying the natural conditions, determine the surface up to a motion. In some particular cases, we reduce the number of functions and give the fundamental theorems.

Features of the geometry of the five-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space of index two

The article is devoted to the study of the geometry of subspaces of a five-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space. This space is attractive because all kinds of semi-Euclidean, semi-pseudo-Euclidean, hyperbolic three-dimensional spaces with projective metrics are realized in its subspaces. In the sphere of the imaginary radius of space, de Sitter space is realized. Here there is a space with projective metrics in the sense of Cayley-Klein. It is a three-dimensional space with a metric that preserves space on itself when mapped linearly. The corresponding linear transformation is called the motion of this space. An interpretation of de Sitter space in a four-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space is proved. Studies have confirmed that in subspaces of space , in addition to elliptic spaces, there is a geometry of three-dimensional spaces with projective metrics. De Sitter space of the second kind is also realized in the sphere of imaginary radius. De Sitter space is a geodesic mapping in four-dimensional Minkowski space.

Family of right conoid hypersurfaces with light-like axis in Minkowski four-space

<abstract><p>In the realm of the four-dimensional Minkowski space $ \mathbb{L}^{4} $, the focus is on hypersurfaces classified as right conoids and defined by light-like axes. Matrices associated with the fundamental form, Gauss map, and shape operator, all specifically tailored for these hypersurfaces, are currently undergoing computation. The intrinsic curvatures of these hypersurfaces are determined using the Cayley-Hamilton theorem. The conditions of minimality are addressed by the analysis. The Laplace-Beltrami operator for such hypersurfaces is computed, accompanied by illustrative examples aimed at fostering a more profound understanding of the involved mathematical principles. Additionally, scrutiny is applied to the umbilical condition, and the introduction of the Willmore functional for these hypersurfaces is presented.</p></abstract>

High-order field theory and a weak Euler–Lagrange–Barut equation for classical relativistic particle-field systems

In both quantum and classical field systems, conservation laws such as the conservation of energy and momentum are widely regarded as fundamental properties. A broadly accepted approach to deriving conservation laws is built using Noether’s method. However, this procedure is still unclear for relativistic particle-field systems where particles are regarded as classical world lines. In the present study, we establish a general manifestly covariant or geometric field theory for classical relativistic particle-field systems. In contrast to quantum systems, where particles are viewed as quantum fields, classical relativistic particle-field systems present specific challenges. These challenges arise from two sides. The first comes from the mass-shell constraint. To deal with the mass-shell constraint, the Euler–Lagrange–Barut (ELB) equation is used to determine the particle’s world lines in the four-dimensional (4D) Minkowski space. Besides, the infinitesimal criterion, which is a differential equation in formal field theory, is reconstructed by an integro-differential form. The other difficulty is that fields and particles depend on heterogeneous manifolds. To overcome this challenge, we propose using a weak version of the ELB equation that allows us to connect local conservation laws and continuous symmetries in classical relativistic particle-field systems. By applying a weak ELB equation to classical relativistic particle-field systems, we can systematically derive local conservation laws by examining the underlying symmetries of the system. Our proposed approach provides a new perspective on understanding conservation laws in classical relativistic particle-field systems.

Basic classes of timelike general rotational surfaces in the four-dimensional Minkowski space

In the present paper, we consider timelike general rotational surfaces in the Minkowski 4- space which are analogous to the general rotational surfaces in the Euclidean 4-space introduced by C. Moore. We study two types of such surfaces (with timelike and spacelike meridian curve, respectively) and describe analytically some of their basic geometric classes: flat timelike general rotational surfaces, timelike general rotational surfaces with flat normal connection, and timelike general rotational surfaces with non-zero constant mean curvature. We give explicitly all minimal timelike general rotational surfaces and all timelike general rotational surfaces with parallel normalized mean curvature vector field.

Heterotic quantum cohomology

It is believed, but not demonstrated, that the large radius massless spectrum of a heterotic string theory compactified to four-dimensional Minkowski space should obey equations that split into ‘F-terms’ and ‘D-terms’ in ways analogous to that of four-dimensional supersymmetric field theories. This is not easy to do directly as string theory is first quantised. Nonetheless, in this paper we demonstrate this splitting. We construct an operator overline{mathcal{D}} whose kernel amounts to deformations solving ‘F-term’ type equations. In many previous works in this field, the spin connection is treated as an independent degree of freedom (and so is spurious or fake); here our results apply on the physical moduli space in which these fake degrees of freedom are eliminated. We utilise the moduli space metric, constructed in previous work, to define an adjoint operator overline{mathcal{D}} †. The kernel of overline{mathcal{D}} † amounts to ‘D-term’ type equations. Put together, we show there is a overline{mathcal{D}} -operator in which the massless spectrum are harmonic representatives of overline{mathcal{D}} . We conjecture that one could better study the moduli space of heterotic theories by studying the corresponding cohomology, a natural counterpart to studying the overline{partial} -cohomology groups relevant to moduli of Calabi-Yau manifolds.

Darboux Vector in Four-Dimensional Space-Time

As the space-time model of the theory of relativity, four-dimensional Minkowski space is the basis of the theoretical framework for the development of the theory of relativity. In this paper, we introduce Darboux vector fields in four-dimensional Minkowski space. Using these vector fields, we define some new planes and curves. We find that the new planes are the instantaneous rotation planes of rigid body moving in four-dimensional space-time. In addition, according to some characteristics of Darboux vectors in geometry, we define some new space curves in four-dimensional space-time and describe them with curvature functions. Finally, we give some examples.

Slant Helices of (k,m)-Type According to the ED-Frame in Minkowski 4-Space

In differential geometry, relations between curves are a large and important area of study for many researchers. Frame areas are an important tool when studying curves, specially the Frenet–Serret frame along a space curve and the Darboux frame along a surface curve in differential geometry. In this paper, we obtain slant helices of k-type according to the extended Darboux frame (or, for brevity, ED-frame) field by using the ED-frame field of the first kind (or, for brevity, EDFFK), which is formed with an anti-symmetric matrix for ε1=ε2=ε3=ε4∈{−1,1} and the ED-frame field of the second kind (or, for brevity, EDFSK), which is formed with an anti-symmetric matrix for ε1=ε2=ε3=ε4∈{−1,1} in four-dimensional Minkowski space E14. In addition, we present some characterizations of slant helices and determine (k,m)-type slant helices for the EDFFK and EDFSK in Minkowski 4-space.

Maxwell Klein-Gordon System with General Gauge Coupling on 4-Dimensional Flat Spacetime

In this paper, we study the Maxwell Klein Gordon system (MKG) with the addition of general gauge couplings on four-dimensional Minkowski space. This system analyzes the interaction of the electromagnetic field (photon) coupled with the complex scalar field (spin-0 particles). This research considers the multi-field interactions by adding general coupling. Our method begins from the Lagrangian of Maxwell Klein Gordon equation with potential turn on. We derive the energy of the system, then write the equation of motion in the form of a non-linear partial differential equation. By using the spherical means method, we express the solutions in an integral form of its curvature. Then, by using temporal gauge condition and conservation of energy, we prove the inequality for some general coupling. The result shows that the first and the second derivative of it bounded by the energy and IL norm. This result will become the main key to proving the global existence of Maxwell Klein-Gordon’s theory.

$d$-Minimal Surfaces in Three-Dimensional Singular Semi-Euclidean Space $\mathbb{R}^{0,2,1}$

In this paper, we investigate surfaces in singular semi-Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^{0,2,1}$ endowed with a degenerate metric. We define $d$-minimal surfaces, and give a representation formula of Weierstrass type. Moreover, we prove that $d$-minimal surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^{0,2,1}$ and spacelike flat zero mean curvature (ZMC) surfaces in four-dimensional Minkowski space $\mathbb{R}^{4}_{1}$ are in one-to-one correspondence.

Инвариантные подпространства однопараметрической группы подобий пространства Минковского

We consider a one-parameter group of similarities of the four-dimensional Minkowski space, which has more than one invariant isotropic direction. Find all two-dimensional subspaces that are invariant under the action of this group. The resultsobtained are very important for the study of automorphisms of four-dimensional Liealgebras, which are simultaneously similarities and isometries with respect to theLorentzian scalar product given in the Lie algebra.

On asymptotic symmetries in higher dimensions for any spin

We investigate asymptotic symmetries in flat backgrounds of dimension higher than or equal to four. For spin two we provide the counterpart of the extended BMS transformations found by Campiglia and Laddha in four-dimensional Minkowski space. We then identify higher-spin supertranslations and generalised superrotations in any dimension. These symmetries are in one-to-one correspondence with spin-s partially-massless representations on the celestial sphere, with supertranslations corresponding in particular to the representations with maximal depth. We discuss the definition of the corresponding asymptotic charges and we exploit the supertranslational ones in order to prove the link with Weinberg’s soft theorem in even dimensions.

On the infrared divergence and global colour in mathcal{N} = 4 Yang-Mills theory

The mathcal{N} = 4 superconformal Yang-Mills theory on flat four-dimensional Minkowski space is a de-confined gauge theory in the sense that the string tension for fundamental representation coloured quarks vanishes. In fact, static fundamental representation quarks which lie in certain half-BPS super-multiplets do not interact at all. An interesting question asks whether such quarks would carry a well-defined global colour charge which, when the gauge is fixed, should have the status of an internal symmetry. We shall present a simple paradigmatic model which suggests that the answer to this question lies in the way in which infrared divergences are dealt with.

Cosmological correlators, In–In formalism and double copy

We are investigating if the double copy structure as product of scattering amplitudes of gauge theories applies to cosmological correlators computed, in a class of theories for inflation, by the operatorial version of the In–In formalism of Schwinger–Keldysh. We consider tree-level momentum–space correlators involving primordial gravitational waves with different polarizations and the scalar curvature fluctuations on a three-dimensional fixed spatial slice. The correlators are sum of terms factorized in a time-dependent scalar factor, which takes into account the curved background where energy is not conserved, and in a so-called tensor factor, constructed by polarization tensors. In the latter, we recognize scattering amplitudes in four-dimensional Minkowski space spanned by three points gravitational amplitudes related by double copy to those of gauge theories. Our study indicates that gravitational waves are double copy of gluons and the primordial scalar curvature is double copy of a scalar with Higgs-like interactions.

Geometrical model of massive spinning particle in four-dimensional Minkowski space

We propose the model of a massive spinning particle traveling in four-dimensional Minkowski space. The equations of motion of the particle are obtained from the requirement that its classical paths lie on a cylinder with the time-like axis in Minkowski space. All the paths on one and the same cylinder are gauge equivalent. The equations of motion are found in implicit form for general time-like paths, and they are non-Lagrangian. The explicit equations of motion are derived for trajectories with small curvature and helices. The momentum and total angular momentum are expressed in terms of characteristics of the path in all the cases. The constructed model of the spinning particle has a geometrical character, with no additional variables in the space of spin states being introduced.

Lagrangian formulation of an infinite derivative real scalar field theory in the framework of the covariant Kempf–Mangano algebra in a [formula omitted]-dimensional Minkowski space–time

In 2017, G. P. de Brito and co-workers suggested a covariant generalization of the Kempf–Mangano algebra in a (D+1)-dimensional Minkowski space–time (Kempf and Mangano, 1997; de Brito et al., 2017). It is shown that reformulation of a real scalar field theory from the viewpoint of the covariant Kempf–Mangano algebra leads to an infinite derivative Klein–Gordon wave equation which describes two bosonic particles in the free space (a usual particle and a ghostlike particle). We show that in the low-energy (large-distance) limit our infinite derivative scalar field theory behaves like a Pais–Uhlenbeck oscillator for a spatially homogeneous field configuration ϕ(t,x→)=ϕ(t). Our calculations show that there is a characteristic length scale δ in our model whose upper limit in a four-dimensional Minkowski space–time is close to the nuclear scale, i.e., δmax∼δnuclearscale∼10−15m. Finally, we show that there is an equivalence between a non-local real scalar field theory with a non-local form factor K(x−y)=−□x(1−δ22□x)2δ(D+1)(x−y) and an infinite derivative real scalar field theory from the viewpoint of the covariant Kempf–Mangano algebra.

Uplifting AdS3/CFT2 to flat space holography

Four-dimensional (4D) flat Minkowski space admits a foliation by hyperbolicslices. Euclidean AdS3 slices fill the past and future lightcones of the origin, while dS3 slices fill the region outside the lightcone. The resulting link between 4D asymptotically flat quantum gravity and AdS3/CFT2 is explored in this paper. The 4D superrotations in the extended BMS4 group are found to act as the familiar conformal transformations on the 3D hyperbolic slices, mapping each slice to itself. The associated 4D superrotation charge is constructed in the covariant phase space formalism. The soft part gives the 2D stress tensor, which acts on the celestial sphere at the boundary of the hyperbolic slices, and is shown to be an uplift to 4D of the familiar 3D holographic AdS3 stress tensor. Finally, we find that 4D quantum gravity contains an unexpected second, conformally soft, dimension (2, 0) mode that is symplectically paired with the celestial stress tensor.

Vacuum Polarization in a Zero-Range Potential Field

The effects of vacuum polarization for a massless scalar field φ(x) in the vicinity of a pointlike source that has a zero-range potential are analyzed in four-dimensional Minkowski space. An exact expression for the regularized scalar-field Hadamard function is obtained by means of the technique of self-adjoint extensions, and the renormalized vacuum expectation values of the scalar field squared, ⟨φ2 (x)⟩ren, and of the operator of the scalar-field energy—momentum tensor, ⟨Tμν(x)⟩ren, are calculated.

General form of the full electromagnetic Green function in materials physics

In this article, we present the general form of the full electromagnetic Green function which is suitable for the application in bulk materials physics. In particular, we show how the seven adjustable parameter functions of the free Green function translate into seven corresponding parameter functions of the full Green function. Furthermore, for both the fundamental response tensor and the electromagnetic Green function, we discuss the reduction of the Dyson equation on the four-dimensional Minkowski space to an equivalent, three-dimensional Cartesian Dyson equation.