Four-dimension Model Research Articles

Owner-rated personality in companion parrots (Aves; Psittaciformes); A four dimension model

Parrots are popular companion animals around the world. Unlike dogs and cats there are many different species kept as pets, meaning there is likely to be more variety in personality, although comparative studies are lacking. Companion psittacines are undomesticated and have complex needs in captivity, increasing the risk for rehoming and welfare issues. Although personality has been studied in birds, this is the first study which looks at personality across eight different taxonomic groups of captive parrots, rated by their owners. A survey of owners of 2200 parrots revealed a four-dimension model of personality: confidence, prosociality, neuroticism and playfulness. There were differences in the levels of these traits between taxonomic groups and variation depending on rearing history and wing clip status. African Grey parrots were lower in confidence than other groups. Hand rearing and wing clipping increased prosociality (perhaps as a substitute for domestication) but with a cost of increased neuroticism. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis showed that a highly neurotic, less prosocial personality predicted an owner’s intention to rehome their pet. To our knowledge this is the first study of personality across multiple taxonomic groups of psittacines, and the first to show the effects of common husbandry methods on personality, as well as showing personality can predict rehoming intention.

Validación del cuestionario de anosognosia en demencia en personas con trastorno neurocognitivo mayor de Colombia

ObjectiveTo establish the validity and reliability of the Anosognosia Questionnaire in Dementia (AQ-D) in individuals diagnosed with major neurocognitive disorder (MND) in the Colombian population. MethodsThe AQ-D scale was adapted and validated for MND patients in Colombia through cognitive interviews and expert review. A total of 189 pairs of participants, consisting of caregivers and patients, were included in the study and administered the AQ-D questionnaire. Structural validity, internal consistency, discriminative and concurrent criterion validity, convergent validity, and test–retest feasibility were assessed. ResultsAfter exploring three models in confirmatory factorial analysis, a four-dimension model was adopted to evaluate the validity of the AQ-D scale. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega above 0.7 for each dimension and the total scale), and acceptable test-retest reliability (ICC 0.73; 95% CI: 0.55-0.84). A sensibility was 80.0% and specificity 57.6% were found using a cutoff point of 10, indicating good discriminative validity (P<.05 for all cases). Additionally, positive correlations were found between the AQ-D and the Zarit and NPI scales, while negative correlations were observed with the Mini-mental and Yesavage scales. ConclusionThe AQ-D is valid and reliable for screening anosognosia in Colombian patients with MND.

Measurement of digital maturity in medium-sized companies in the municipality of Tecomán, Colima, Mexico

The present study aims to analyze the digital maturity of medium-sized companies in the municipality of Tecoman, Colima, Mexico, and the relation it as with the gender or level of study of the leader of the organization, by applying the Forrester four-dimension model. For this purpose, a mixed approach is used, selecting a sample of 40 economic units out of a total of 47 in the municipality, all medium-sized companies with between 51 and 250 employees. As a result, it was observed that the gender and level of education of the person in charge has no influence on the digital maturity of medium scale business.

One fidelity fits all? How civil protection simulations afford (or not) improvement opportunities for novice and occasional crisis managers

Novice and occasional crisis managers (NOCM) such as elected officials or public service managers play an essential role in civil protection. Although simulations are an important way of preparing for crisis response , conditions of simulation effectiveness for this target group are under-investigated. Specifically, high-fidelity is generally thought to be a paramount condition for simulation effectiveness. This conviction is regularly doubted in the literature, especially when it comes to novice or occasional practitioners. The aim of this study was to understand how high- and low-fidelity mechanisms in crisis simulations afford improvement opportunities for novice and occasional crisis managers. We video-recorded (i) four participants’ behavior in two contrasting typical high- and low-fidelity simulations, and (ii) four self-confrontation interviews. Using Billett’s theory of workplace learning (2001) combined with the course-of-action framework (Poizat et al., 2022), we analyzed and synthesized high- and low-fidelity simulation conditions with a four-dimension model. Results show that a slow tempo, a clearly stated fictional contract, physical and functional fidelity, a crisis element, and an appropriate pedagogical support tend to afford improvement opportunities for NOCMs. Implications for simulation design and pedagogical support are discussed. We propose an alternative for costly high-fidelity simulations: the “good enough simulation”.

TOWARDS A FOUR-DIMENSION ISLAMIC FRAMEWORK FOR REDEFINING POVERTY

This study proposes a four-dimension model to redefine poverty based on the Islamic tradition. The extant literature is deficient in holistic discussion on poverty and its multidimensionality. The study employs inductive and deductive reasoning as a part of the qualitative research method to analyze the existing literature. It draws on the primary sources of Islam and works of Muslim scholars on poverty and other related aspects. It has also reviewed the conventional literature on poverty from social policy, economics, sociology, psychology, psychiatry, and health, among others. The study can influence policymaking and research directions and shed light on critical measures and strategies related to poverty alleviation. The study's novelty lies in developing an original Islamic model for redefining poverty and setting a new yet comprehensive direction for future research.

Understanding, Investigating, and promoting deep learning in language education: A survey on chinese college students' deep learning in the online EFL teaching context

This study aims to (1) develop and validate the four-dimension model hypothesis of deep learning to better understand deep learning in language education; (2) investigate and promote deep learning by conducting a survey involving 533 college students in the online learning English as a foreign language (EFL) teaching context in China. Concretely, this study initially synthesized theoretical insights from deep learning in the education domain and related theories in the second language acquisition and thus proposed the four-dimension model hypothesis of deep learning involving the motivation of deep learning, the engagement of deep learning, the strategy of deep learning, and the directional competence of deep learning. This study subsequently undertook a questionnaire survey utilizing a standardized instrument to confirm the model hypothesis and further investigate the current status and salient differences in students' deep learning in online EFL teaching. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmation factor analysis (CFA), and Pearson's correlation test validated a positively correlated four-dimension model of deep learning with high composite reliability and good convergent validity. Moreover, the descriptive and inferential statistics revealed that the level of students' deep learning marginally reached the median, with the lowest mean of directional competence and the highest mean of motivation; students manifested more instructional motives, neglect of deploying skilled-based cognitive strategies, and deficiency of language application skills, etc.; there existed some significant differences between deep learning and four sub-dimensions across the grade, English proficiency, EFL course, and vision groups. Eventually, this study proffered primary reasons and five appropriate strategies to scaffold and promote students' deep learning in online EFL teaching. Hopefully, this study will be a pioneering effort to clear away the theoretical muddle of deep learning construct in language education and be illuminating to further improve effectiveness in the online EFL teaching context.

Testing the Uncertainty-of-Stress Model: Developing the Adolescent Uncertainty Scale for Taiwanese Adolescents

This study developed an Adolescents’ Uncertainty Scale (AUS), with the aim of understanding individual differences in uncertainty among adolescents. In the pretest phase, 507 ninth-grade students were recruited. After exploratory factor analyses, a 25-item AUS with four dimensions—irresoluteness, instability, lack of self-knowledge, and uncertainty of future—was obtained. During the formal testing phase, 3106 ninth grade students were recruited. The internal consistency reliability of the subscales was between .85 and .90, and the overall reliability was .95. Confirmatory factor analysis also indicated that the four-dimension model had acceptable internal validity. To assess external validity, 1967 ninth-grade students were recruited. Gathering the data of students’ test anxiety and academic achievement, the results revealed that uncertainty partially mediated the effect of academic achievement on test anxiety, which is in line with the uncertainty-of-stress model (USM). On the basis of the preliminary results, the scale may be used for counseling and by educators.

Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Heart Failure Treatment Adherence Questionnaire (HFAQ) for Military Personnel and Their Family: A Mixed, Exploratory, and Sequential Study

Background: Heart failure (HF) is an important public health issue whose prevalence, hospitalization rate, and costs have increased over the years. Treatment adherence is the behavior of the patient in taking medications, correcting diet, and ability to change lifestyle with the recommendations of the health care provider. Poor treatment adherence contributes to worsening disease outcomes. Currently, according to the literature, no specific instrument is available to measure treatment adherence of HF patients. Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the heart failure treatment adherence questionnaire (HFAQ) for military (Artesh) personnel and their family. Methods: Items were generated by literature review, patient field interviews, and expert opinions. Content validity was assessed by measuring CVR and CVI, while face validity was evaluated by measuring the impact score of each item. The research team performed EGA, bootEGA, and CFA to assess the construct validity, and reliability was assessed by measuring ICC and Cronbach’s alpha. Results: Item pool with 86 items was generated consisting of 45 medications, 10 lifestyles, nine diet items, and 22 common items between these three categories. Forty-three items with CVR score lower than 0.62 were removed from the HFAQ. All remained items had acceptable face validity. Cronbach’s alpha and ICC of HFAQ were reported as 0.73 and 0.97, respectively. EGA results represented a four-dimension model for HFAQ with a relatively narrow confidence interval (CI 95% [3.769, 4.231]), and the stability of items, in constructs, ranged from 0.96 to 1. Goodness-of-fit results was reported as χ2 = 535.657, df = 293, χ2/df = 1.828, P-value &lt; .001, CFI = 0.851, and RMSEA = 0.050. Conclusions: HFAQ is the first treatment adherence questionnaire developed specifically for assessing treatment adherence of HF patients and is a valid and reliable 26-item questionnaire that evaluates patients' treatment adherence in three main contexts of medication, physical activity, and diet. HFAQ has four dimensions of health literacy, social and economic, barrier, and patient-provider relationship, which can be used as an intervention for improving treatment outcomes and disease burden.

Developing and Validating an Instrument for Measuring Teachers’ Informatization Teaching Ability in Primary and Secondary Schools in China for the Sustainable Development of Education Informatization

Teachers’ informatization teaching ability (TITA) is the core ability of teachers to engage in educational activities in the informatization environment. It is an essential indicator of the quality of education and affects teachers’ professional development in the technological age. To get a precise teachers’ informatization teaching ability scale and to measure TITA more accurately, the quality of existing scales needs to be improved. This study analyzed and generalized definitions, models and frameworks for TITA, proposed a four-dimension model (teachers’ informatization teaching metacognitive ability, informatization teaching design ability, informatization teaching implementation ability and informatization teaching evaluation ability), and developed the TITA scale. Three experts were involved in the content validity of the TITA scale process. A total of 403 valid questionnaires answered by Chinese primary and secondary school teachers were used to test the reliability and convergent validity of the scale. The results showed that the TITA scale has high reliability and good validity, and it can be used to evaluate TITA in future studies. The TITA scale also provided a theoretical framework to help teachers consider how to transfer knowledge and skills to students by various technologies more effectively.

Validity and reliability of the motivation for physical activity (RM4-FM) questionnaire.

There is a lack of validated instruments measuring motivation for physical activity (RM4-FM) in the Finnish language. The study examined the translated RM4-FM instrument’s psychometric properties in a sample of healthy, older Finnish adults. RM4-FM was translated and linguistically validated adhering to published guidelines. 65–75-year olds (n=102), completed the RM4-FM, the physical activity acceptance questionnaire (PAAQ) and sociodemographic characteristics questionnaires electronically. The RM4-FM was readministered one month after the initial assessment. RM4-FM translated well into Finnish. Motivation dimension scores were skewed towards high internal and low external motivation. A floor effect was confirmed in the external regulation dimension and a ceiling effect was confirmed in the identified regulation dimension. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated inadequacy of the four-dimension model. Separate assessment of each of the four motivation dimensions with Exploratory factor analysis showed unidimensionality for all dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis provided a best-fit model of three factors (influence of other people, intention of well-being and emotional aspect of motivation). Readministration of the instruments showed good test-retest reliability in all motivation dimensions. Female gender, higher education, and higher PAAQ score were associated with higher internal motivation and lower external motivation scores. The Finnish version of the RM4-FM instrument provides valid and reliable scores in assessing motivation for physical activity in healthy, older Finnish adults. The score distributions suggested shortages in the scale when evaluating internal motivation. The three-factor model of the RM4-FM provided more favorable structural validity compared to the original version.

Improving Skills by Engaging in Student Organizations (A Case Study on Engineers Without Borders)

The attributes of 21st century engineers are a culmination of skills from different domains including both technical and non-technical skills, ranging from core skills, teamwork, communication, lifelong learning, problem-solving, etc. These skills together are known as the four-dimension model of the 21st century engineer. While the core skills by default are nourished throughout the graduation program, we need to find ways to induce the rest of the non-technical skills. This paper discusses one such approach by highlighting how student bodies/chapters such as �Engineers Without Borders� helps one grow themselves. The study was conducted on students at the Hyderabad Institute of Technology and management of different years. Evaluating them before and after they engaged with engineers without borders student chapter based on metrics quantifying their communications skills, problem-solving skills, teamwork, leadership skills, etc. At the end of the study, the performance of students was improved for most of the students. As such when students are involved in such activities, they were better equipped with skills at the time of graduation giving them an edge over others. Therefore, it is paramount that such activities exist and more importantly encourage students to get involved.

How does group cooperation help improve self-directed learning ability in nursing students? A trial of one semester intervention

BackgroundSelf-directed learning (SDL) ability prepares nursing students to adapt to learning after graduation. Jiang An-li's four-dimension model of SDL ability includes the “ability of self-management, ability to apply learning strategy, ability to obtain information and ability to cooperate”. Students learning in small heterogeneous groups get the opportunity to work with peers from different backgrounds. ObjectiveTo explore the effect of group cooperative learning on improving SDL ability and its possible path. DesignA quasi-experimental design was adopted. ParticipantsNinety nine sophomore nursing students (Mean age 21.29 ± 0.57) were enrolled in the study. Using the cluster sampling method, thirty students in one administrative class were arranged as a Group Cooperative Class (GCC) and another class (with 69 students) were arranged as a Conventional Class (CC). MethodsThe teaching materials in both the GCC and the CC were from the same course - Fundamental Nursing Theories. The teaching activities in the GCC focused on group learning while those in the CC focused on the educator. Scale of SDL Ability (SSDLA) was employed to measure the SDL ability. SSDLA data and class evaluations were collected. ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in the total scores of SSDLA and sub dimensions of “ability of self-management”, “ability to cooperate” between the GCC and the CC. The GCC scores of a paper test at the end of the semester were higher than those in the CC, with no statistical significance (p > 0.05). GCC students' evaluation of the course was higher than the CC's evaluation, but there was no statistical significance except on the questions of “diversity of teaching methods” and “flexibility of teacher-student interaction” (P < 0.05). ConclusionsThe result of the current study is consistent with Jiang's four-dimension model and suggests that heterogeneous group learning in a small capacity class improves nursing students' SDL ability, possibly through improving their self-management and cooperation abilities.

FOODLIT-PRO: conceptual and empirical development of the food literacy wheel

Pursuing food systems’ sustainability is crucial. Given the risk constituted by unhealthy diets, scarce research on food-related adjacent fields, and inconsistency across food literacy conceptualizations, this study aims to explore the constructs’ definition and develop a conceptual and empirical framework of food literacy. A quantitative approach was taken on previously obtained qualitative outcomes from 30 interviews with experts from food-related fields. Food literacy was defined by a four-dimension model: Cooking Skills, Preserve and Analyse, Choice and Acquisition, Search and Plan. The framework Food Literacy Wheel integrates the construct definition, food literacy determinants (Internal, External) and influential factors (Nutritional, Psychological, Health, Learning Contexts, Policy, Industry, Sustainability, Social and Cultural). Allowing a broader perspective of food literacy within major food systems, this study contributes with new insights for future instruments and interventions, paving the way to develop/implement food literacy-related multi-sectorial and multilevel actions.

Research on Evaluation and Development of Human Resource in State-owned Enterprise in China

The purpose of this research is to establish a human resource evaluation system, which can be used to evaluate human resource management in Chinese state-owned enterprise. A four-dimension model has been developed and applied to evaluate the effects of human resource management in Chinese state-owned enterprise in power industry. This model may reflect the human resource effect in three aspects which are manager, party member and employee. Suggestions on how to enhance human resource management have also be supplied for Chinese state-owned enterprise.

Reforming the Portuguese mental health system: an incentive-based approach

BackgroundTo promote an effective mental health system, the World Health Organization recommends the involvement of primary care in prevention and treatment of mild diseases and community-based care for serious mental illnesses. Despite a prevalence of lifetime mental health disorders above 30%, Portugal is failing to achieve such recommendations. It was argued that this failure is partly due to inadequate financing mechanisms of mental health care providers. This study proposes an innovative payment model for mental health providers oriented toward incentivising best practices.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive review of healthcare providers’ payment schemes and their related incentives, and a narrative review of best practices in mental health prevention and care. We designed an alternative payment model, on the basis of the literature, and then we presented it individually, through face-to-face interviews, to a panel of 22 experts with different backgrounds and experience, and from southern and northern Portuguese regions, asking them to comment on the model and provide suggestions. Then, after a first round of interviews, we revised our model, which we presented to experts again for their approval, and provide new suggestions and comments, if deemed necessary. This approach is close to what is generally known as the Delphi technique, although it was not applied in a rigid way.ResultsWe designed a four-dimension model that focused on (i) the prevention of mental disorders early in life; (ii) the detection of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence; (iii) the implementation of a collaborative stepped care model for depression; and (iv) the integrated community-based care for patients with serious mental illnesses. First, we recommend a bundled payment to primary care practices for the follow-up of children with special needs or at risk under 2 years of age. Second, we propose a pay-for-performance scheme for all primary care practices, based on the number of users under 18 years old who are provided with check-up consultations. Third, we propose a pay-for-performance scheme for all primary care practices, based on the implementation of collaborative stepped care for depression. Finally, we propose a value-based risk-adjusted bundled payment for patients with serious mental illness.ConclusionsThe implementation of evidence-based best practices in mental health needs to be supported by adequate payment mechanisms. Our study shows that mental health experts, including decision makers, agree with using economic tools to support best practices, which were also consensual.

Consumers' perceptions of luxury brands’ CSR initiatives: An investigation of the role of status and conspicuous consumption

Abstract This research challenges the notion that luxury and CSR are incompatible by investigating whether and under what conditions consumers react positively to different kinds of CSR initiatives among luxury companies. Extending Carroll's four-dimension model of CSR, we argue that some CSR initiatives, namely those in the economic and ethical dimensions, are less noticeable and visible to consumers than those in the legal and philanthropic dimensions. We categorized the former as “internal” dimensions and the latter as “external” dimensions as part of a novel classification of Carroll's four CSR dimensions. To test our hypotheses, we conducted three experiments – one in a laboratory, one online and one in the field – with a total of 461 respondents. Our results demonstrate that luxury companies' external (compared to internal) CSR initiatives increase consumers' willingness to buy; this effect is accentuated for consumers with higher status and conspicuous consumption orientation.

The Role of Response Perceptions in Couples’ Ongoing Cancer-Related Disclosure

ABSTRACTIn efforts to better understand the intricate nature of response, we tested a four-dimension structure of response patterns (measured as support, reciprocity, emotional reaction, and avoidance) as well as four single dimension models within the context of couples managing cancer. All models incorporate dyadic data, including both patient and partner perceptions that relational quality influences response patterns, and response patterns influence ongoing disclosure (measured as breadth and depth). Participants were 95 dyads in which one partner had been diagnosed with cancer. We conducted multilevel analyses using an actor-partner interdependence model. Results supported the four-dimension model as well as individual dimension models. All response types predict within person disclosure. However, only reciprocity predicts the other person’s disclosure, and only patient’s reports of partner reciprocity predict partner disclosure.

Viewer perceptions of television commercials: a conceptual replication

PurposeThe authors conceptually aim to replicate and update an early stream of research to find the key dimensions used by today’s audiences. They also show that the dimensions are directly related with attitude toward the ad, product attitude change and product recommendation and test the moderating impact of FCB Grid product type.Design/methodology/approachAcross two studies, the authors survey a nationally representative sample of 1,223 US adults.FindingsConsumers evaluate commercials using the dimensions: Dislikable, Meaningful, Ingenious and Warm. The latter three are positively related with ad attitude, attitude change and recommendation, whereas Dislikable is negatively related. Furthermore, results show that High and Low Involvement Think products moderate the relation between all four dimensions and all three outcomes. Only Meaningful affects the outcomes for High Involvement Feel products, whereas only Ingenious affects Low Involvement Feel product outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited to TV commercials, limiting generalizability to other media. Furthermore, the sample is limited to the USA.Practical implicationsThe paper provides a parsimonious four-dimension model for advertiser use. These dimensions also predict ad attitudes, product recommendation, and attitude change. The results further show that for emotionally driven products with high involvement, commercials should focus on meaningfulness. For emotionally driven products with little involvement, ads should emphasize creative elements.Originality/valueAddressing the paucity of replications in marketing, this paper replicates and extends a stream of research to reveal dimensions consumers use to evaluate commercials and demonstrates their practical applications.

Older Men’s Blueprint for “Being a Man”

Does the cultural blueprint for “being a man” direct older men into patterns of conduct and emotions similar to younger men? In the absence of cultural guidelines for aging as a man, this theoretically grounded article discusses the masculinity standards that are likely to influence how older men go about their lives. Framed by Brannon’s mid-1970s conceptualization of masculinity as an ideology, we reexamined existing narrative and interview-based research within ninety-eight prior studies to identify the masculinities voiced by older men. The narratives mirrored Brannon’s four-dimension model of the cultural guidelines for being a man. Masculinity matters, and without unique guidelines for being an older man, men live by and struggle with traditional masculinities that have influenced them across their life course.

EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS SISTEMAS DE GESTIÓN DE CONTENIDOS: HACIA UN ENFOQUE HOLÍSTICO

Este artículo hace una revisión bibliográfica de los sistemas de gestión decontenidos (CMS) desde sus inicios, cuando se centraban en gestionar la información departamental, hasta abarcar toda la organización, donde se puede hablar de gestión de contenidos empresariales (ECM) enfocados en el aprendizaje organizacional y la gestión del conocimiento. Se presenta un modelo con cuatro dimensiones para un mejor entendimiento de las implicaciones de este tipo de proyectos, contrastando los problemas encontrados en cada dimensión con las mejores prácticas en la implementación de CMS propuestas por diversos autores. Finalmente, se enfatiza que es crítico tener en cuenta no solo la tecnología y el contenido, sino también los procesos y la empresa en la cual la solución es implantada, para tener una visión holística de las dimensiones y asegurar que no se escape ningún detalle para maximizar las probabilidades de éxito de dicho proyecto.