Traditional Foundations Research Articles

Intercultural Communication: Russian Orthodox Church in Yakutia (XVII–XIX Centuries)

The research featured the issue of intercultural communication in the aspect of cultural and anthropological approach. The article introduces the case of the Russian Orthodox Church as it incorporated one of the remote outskirts of the Empire the Yakut region in Russia. The research was an attempt to understand the problems of intercultural communication during the intercivilizational interaction between the Orthodox (Christian) civilization and the local Arctic civilization of the peoples of North-East Asia. The author explained the permanent process of Christianization in Yakutia, as well as described the role of missionary work as a method of developing new territories and the specifics of parish activity. The relations with the nonOrthodox population improved when the state law replaced the traditional Patriarchal foundations, and representatives of non-Slavic elites entered the structure. The Orthodox Church conducted various social and educational activities, since it took secular social and educational state institutions a long time to reach this remote region. In the XVII–XIX centuries, the activity of the Russian Orthodox Church in Yakutia contributed to the intercultural communications with this marginal territory and ensured the involvement of the Yakut ethnic group in the Russian state space.

Проблемні питання сучасного миробудівництва: дискусії та перспективи

Представлено результати аналізу проблемних питань та дискусій навколо традиційних моделей миробудівництва, які мають місце у світовому англомовному миротворчому просторі. 
 На основі огляду сучасних українських досліджень у сфері миробудівництва охарактеризовано її складники та констатовано «зародковий» стан розвитку цієї галузі. 
 Висвітлено широкий спектр сучасних критичних поглядів на онтологічні основи та прикладні моделі побудови ліберального і постліберального миру, а також проблему гібридної методології. 
 Зазначено, що на сьогодні головною «проблемною зоною», на думку багатьох авторів, є зона встановлення балансу між зовнішніми впливами та пов’язаними з ними універсальними моделями побудови миру, які ґрунтуються на ідеях лібералізму, і місцевими традиціями, цінностями та уявленнями, які відображені в локальних формах управління і традиційних основах співіснування (проблема «ліберального-місцевого»). 
 Підкреслено, що головним проблемним питанням у сфері миротворчої діяльності є: «Чого місцеві жителі хочуть насправді?». 
 Також розглянуто інші аспекти дискусії з проблемних питань застосування моделі миробудівництва за принципом «згори донизу», які торкаються безпосереднього втручання міжнародних донорів у роботу місцевих «агентів миру» та побічних конфліктогенних ефектів надання міжнародної допомоги. 
 Означено проблему недостатнього розуміння та аналізу конфлікту в миробудівництві та державотворенні, описано моделі «критичної гібридності» та політичного значення «подій» і «не-подій». 
 Зроблено загальний висновок про те, що на цей час у пред­став­ників світової миротворчої спільноти немає універсальних рецептів та підходів щодо розбудо­ви постконфліктного миру. 
 Акцентовано увагу на необхідності критичного осмислення наявно­го світового досвіду миробудівництва з метою створення української моделі розбудови миру.

Combinatorial Set of Lexico-Grammatical Classes of Nouns in the Russian Language

The article focuses on the changes of nouns, the lexico-grammatical features of which make it impossible to refer them to a specific lexico-grammatical class. The article is based on the assumption, that traditional methodological foundations, generally accepted in native language studies – the grammatical classification, according to which nouns belong to one of the four classes: concrete, abstract, collective or material nouns, – is rather conventional and doesn't cover many transitional phenomena observed in substantive lexis. The expansion of nominal semantic structure is often accompanied by grammatical shifts. Semantic structures of Russian substantives are described as apt to undergo six types of changes, which reflect combinatorics of lexical and grammatical categories of polysemantic nouns: concreteness – abstractness, concreteness – collectiveness, abstractness – concreteness, abstractness – collectiveness, collectiveness – abstractness, collectiveness – concreteness. The considered polysemants demonstrate different lexico-grammatical features depending on the meaning in which they are used. The applied quantitative analysis has enabled the authors to conclude that the prevalent changes occur in nominal structures of abstraction – concreteness type, while the changes of collectivity – abstraction type are less prominent in the Russian language. The article justifies the use of the term "lexical-grammatical class" in relation to a lexical-semantic variant of the word, which refers to nouns by morphological characteristics.

Nazarbayev: the road to power and success

Former Kazakhstani president Nazarbayev started the construction of a new state quite smoothly due to the smooth transition of state power after the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the social and economic foundation Kazakhstan inherited from it. He used instruments such as elections and referendums to successfully weaken opposition parties and expand presidential power. In addition, he moved the state capital and redrew the country’s administrative divisions, developing and consolidating the demographic majority of Kazakhs at the national and local levels. Nazarbayev emphasized the cultural and traditional foundation of Kazakhstan’s power politics and developed the idea of “grassland democracy”. Upholding the secularization of the country, he valued Kazakhstan’s special characteristics and rejected the interference of Western democracy and Islamism, achieved rapid social and economic development in Kazakhstan, significantly improved people’s wellbeing, and developed stable relations with other countries.

Body-hacking: On the Relationship between People and Material Entities in the Practice of Technological Body Modifications

The text focuses on a critical reflection on research conducted among Czech bodyhackers and, in general, on the possibilities and limitations of the conceptualization of the body, which is a product of technohuman interconnections, in socialscientific research. This issue logically directs me towards theoretical and conceptual foundations of symmetrical anthropology taking into account the role of nonhuman actors and the materiality of the world (based on the works of Bruno Latour, John Law, etc.) which constitute the core of the text. This study critically reflects upon the traditional foundations of social sciences that deal with an individual’s subjective perspective when studying corporeality. This leads to a reproduction of the dichotomy of subject/object and body/mind which are revealed as restrictive in the research of technological modifications and cybercorporeality in general and require a clear definition of the concepts of the “body” and “technologies” that are, however, limiting from the point of view of the lived experience of their users. The question arises of where the human body ends and technologies begin, whether the human body in its “natural” state has a certain integrity. This approach is demonstrated in the text on the case of Czech body-hackers, the NFC chip users.

A new currency for West African states: the theoretical and political conditions of its feasibility

Recent developments in the monetary situation in West Africa, in particular the transformation for the CFA franc area and the project to build a single currency for the CEDEAO/ECOWAS, require a systematic review of the assumptions underlying the formation of monetary unions. The article provides a critical review of the traditional theoretical foundations of optimal currency areas (OCAs) and their subsequent amendments, in light of the problems that emerged in the most relevant monetary unions. On specific points, a comparison is made between the eurozone and the CFA zone. The article then investigates the specific characteristics of the monetary area affected by the reform project, and finally it indicates the main lines along which the project of a common currency to all the states that currently make up the CEDEAO/ECOWAS could evolve, identifying four possible alternative roadmaps. JEL codes : F33, F53, F45

Understanding the role of Foundation doctors through a self-reported time-mapping pilot study

IntroductionThere is a reduction in Foundation trainee applications to speciality training and this is attributed to an administrative job role, with subsequent fears of burnout. This pilot study presents the...

Socio-cultural factors forming marriage motivations of young people (on the example of Saransk)

Introduction. The study of marriage intentions in the attitudes of young people summarizes the experience of the past and create a prototype of the future of the family. The style of prenuptial behavior of young people is not isolated, but largely determines the state of the demographic structure of the whole society. The research novelty of the research is that the conceptual empirical analysis of the trends in the culture of family and marriage attitudes of young people and the prospects of its increase in the crisis of family values. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is represented by a set of concepts and theoretical approaches in accordance with the subject and the problem of the study, which required an appeal to the methodological tools of family sociology, psychology, pedagogy, cultural studies, sociology of youth, demography. When writing the work, general reasearch methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, interpretation, system method, secondary analysis of empirical data were used. The author’s empirical research was conducted by the method of questioning. A questionnaire survey of Saransk youth was conducted (300 people). Results and Discussion. The research has proved the contradiction of the simultaneous influence on the motives and attitudes of premarital behavior of young people of traditional and modern sociocultural norms, attitudes, relationships and relationships is empirically substantiated. Conclusion. Today young people face a choice of traditional foundations of the family and more radical orientations in the marital and family sphere. As a result, the relations between young adults in the system of premarital behavior are carried out in a difficult situation, which affects marital and family motivation, premarital attitudes and raises the age of marriage. Young people do not have rules of premarital relations enshrined, sanctioned by society and parents. Being the bearer of the innovative potential for the development of society, they have special opportunities for the implementation of their attitudes and needs in the field of premarital behavior.

THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS

The modern world is entering a new state of its development associated with the digitalization process. It affects all aspects of society, changes the traditional foundations and imposes new requirements for the educational process. National educational systems cannot remain aloof from this process. The purpose of this article is to study the digitalization process and its impact on the education system of the world and the Russian Federation. The methodology of the article is based on a systemic and structural-functional approach. The validity of the results of the study is based on the use of popular scientific and special methods, including analysis, synthesis, historical and comparative analysis. On the basis of the analysis of scientific literature, the authors formed an overall picture of the problem under consideration. The work analyzes the processes occurring in the world associated with the beginning of a new historical period. The new time also imposes new requirements on various branches of knowledge, updates approaches to the use of modern and future information technologies. A particular place is given to the synergistic approach, which is an optimistic alternative to mastering the knowledge and competencies of the digital education. In the article the authors point to the lag in the theoretical base of the digitalization process, the lag in infrastructure, shortcomings in the organization of the educational process, reveal cognitive contradictions and, at the same time, show possible ways to solve them.

Numerical Analysis of Deformation of Deep Foundation Excavation in Soft Clay Considering Influences of Time-effect

The traditional foundation pit design generally only considers the transient deformation. However, the excavation deformation characteristics of deep foundation pits in soft soil layers not only consider the small strain characteristics during the excavation, but also consider the time effect. Taking a foundation pit in Wenzhou as the engineering background, based on the HSS model and the SSC model, PLAXIS finite element software was used to simulate the excavation process of the deep foundation pit. The deformation characteristics of retaining structures and deep excavation are compared and analyzed. Calculations prove that: The deformation rules of the foundation pit with the time effect is basically the same as those without the time effect. During the excavation of the foundation pit, the horizontal displacement of the diaphragm wall, the ground settlement and the foundation upheaval calculated based on the SSC model are larger than those calculated based on the HSS model. The calculation results based on the SSC model show that after the completion of the excavation, the deformations of the foundation pit continue to increase with time, showing a rheological effect. The conclusion can provide theoretical guidance for the construction of foundation pit excavation in Wenzhou area to ensure the safe implementation of the construction process.

Духовность как категория музыкального искусства и образования

Postmodern methodology, which influenced the development of the human sciences of the XXI century, teaches researchers to freely use any concepts and definitions outside of the original semantic context. The author of the article, opposing this practice, defends the traditional methodological foundations of the national pedagogy of music education, identifying the problem of ambiguity and inconsistency of understanding the category of spirituality in modern music and pedagogical research. Identification of the original meanings and clarification of the categorical specifics of spirituality is impossible outside of theological sources that capture the “mechanisms” of centuries-old experience of spiritual knowledge of the world and man. Recognizing the spirituality as the highest reality of human existence, it is suggested that in the pedagogy of music education this category is the basis for a dialogue of scientific and religious knowledge. Scientific interpretation of the category of spirituality in musical art and education is impossible without the correct “translation” of theological pedagogical attitudes into the language of music and musical creativity. Historical and cultural analysis of spirituality as a “super-understanding” of the existence of music is revealed using a comparison of religious meanings with the real sound “analogs”. The appeal to the Russian musical heritage allowed us to identify significant trends between “spiritual” and “artistic”. The first trend is the dominance of spirituality in temple music. It is confirmed by the birth of the artistic Canon of Orthodox temple singing, which emphasizes the semantic depth and grace of prayer texts. The article highlights the norms of the embodiment of spirituality in music, born in the bowels of the theory of its “inspired” origin, as well as the time cycle of the revival of the spiritual dominant in the phenomenon of the “Orthodox musical Renaissance”. Another trend is related to the development of spirituality in secular musical genres. The article notes the ambiguity of the contact between “spiritual” and “artistic” in secular music, the semantic diversity in the implementation of spirituality by Russian composers from its Evangelical understanding to mystical “author’s” interpretations. The transformation of the content components of spirituality into morality in the public consciousness of Russia and their further interaction contributed to the formation of the now widespread, but clearly insufficiently researched concepts of “spiritual and moral education” and “spiritual and moral culture”. In the content of modern music and pedagogical education, the moral component outside of its spiritual context is taken into account to a greater extent. All the above points to the need to develop a new master’s degree program that takes into account the following interrelated factors: the centuries-old experience of embodying spirituality in the musical art, the secular nature of the training of future music teachers.

Social development axiological fundamentals in the information age

The article attempts to reflect correlation of the traditional values and axiological foundations of the information society. The purpose of the article is to present the values being formed during the social development in the Information Age. Particular attention is paid to understanding the modern society moral state, the analysis of information societies value systems, the identification of the managed information field influence on the moral axiological foundations transformation. It is noted that increasing influence of information space on consciousness correlates with the growth of conflict situations in society. Sociocultural and comparative methodological approaches in their dialectical unity have been used to reveal the content of traditional cultural values and values of the information society.

Social security of the individual and technological determinism: human dialectics, science and technology

The aim of the study is to assess the multidimensional nature of the relationship between the social security of the individual and the new technical and technological reality. Using the example of the dialectics of science and technology, the noosphere and the technosphere, the article reveals the nature and features of such interrelations in the conditions of modern globalism, a new scientific and technological revolution and the transition of society to a new technological order. An analysis of the concepts of “transhumanism”, “posthuman” and a number of other terms is given, as well as the results of modern discussions of the problem under study. The article substantiates the idea that effective management of the modern technosphere is associated with the preservation of the basic traditional value foundations of society’s existence, which made it possible to create modern engineering and technology and which are able to provide the necessary dynamic balance between science and technology in the face of steadily growing social instability, uncertainty and risks.

Archaization of the Russian Society in the Focus of Scientific Research Practices and Methodological Parameters of Research

The article analyzes the scientific potential of the study of such an important phenomenon for the modern world as archaization, on the basis of which the author's methodological and conceptual space for the socio-philosophical study of the archaization of Russian society is formed. The concept of the plurality of modernity, and therefore the alternatives to national modernization, is recognized as a conceptual position. In the framework of the proposed concept, archaization, traditionalization and modernization are considered as modes of tradition - a substance of the sociocultural system that ensures reproduction and preservation of the society’s culture. Under the influence of socio-cultural transformation, the tradition can take the form of these processes, depending on the degree of destruction of traditional foundations and bases of society's life and the adequacy of the implemented innovations, their organic socio-cultural roots. Archaization as a modus of tradition, in turn, under the influence of sociocultural transformation, can develop in the format (modus) of rearchaization and neoarchaization as a result of interaction with the processes of traditionalization and modernization. At the intersection of the development trajectories of modernization and traditionalization processes, a modus of development called neotraditionalization is formed. The modes of archaization (neoarchaization and rearchization) affect the development of social processes in different ways, and therefore archaization is not considered as a uniquely regressive process.

Civil Liability Applicable to Artificial Intelligence: A Preliminary Critique of the European Parliament Resolution of 2020

On 20 October 2020, the European Parliament approved a Resolution with recommendations to the Commission on a civil liability regime for artificial intelligence (2020/2014(INL)) (the 2020 Resolution). The Resolution highlighted the importance of defining a clear and harmonised civil liability regime in Europe for the development of artificial intelligence technologies and the products and services that benefit from them, so as to provide due legal certainty for producers, operators, affected persons and other third parties. The same motivation had previously led the European Parliament to put forward a series of proposals on the subject of liability in its 2017 Resolution (European Parliament Resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL)). There are some important differences between the two documents. These differences reflect the deeper analysis that the European Commission, in particular, has been engaged in with regard to civil liability for harm attributable to artificial intelligence systems. On this subject, we may note, lastly, the “Report on the safety and liability implications of Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things and robotics” (COM(2020) 64 final - Report), which accompanies the European Commission White Paper on Artificial Intelligence – COM(2020) 65 final, of 19 February 2020 (White Paper). One important element underpinning the 2020 Resolution is the distinction made between two different regimes for establishing civil liability for harm attributed to artificial intelligence-systems: strict liability for high-risk situations, and subjective liability with a presumption of fault, in other situations. The aim of these brief notes is to, on one hand, provide a critical assessment of how far this option corresponds to the assumptions on which the Resolution is based, also taking a brief look at the concept of wrongdoing proposed and the scope of compensable harm, and, on the other hand, to assess the adequacy of the distinction indicated in the light of the choices made in the 2017 Resolution and, above all, in the light of the challenges that the development of artificial intelligence raises for the traditional foundations on which compensation regimes have been based up to the present.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ КУЛЬТУРНОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА: СИНЕРГЕТИЧНИЙ ПІДХІД

The article attempts to outline the essence of transformation processes in Ukrainian culture. Analyzed are both positive and negative phenomena in the cultural sphere of modern Ukrainian society. The analysis of culture from the point of view of a synergistic approach, which is based on the provisions of holism, the recognition of the integrity of culture as its immanent property, is supported thanks to and despite differentiation and integration, changes in instability and stability, qualitative changes associated with the emergence of new formations and the preservation of traditional foundations in culture. It is noted that the likelihood of the emergence of new cultural forms and institutions of culture is still not guaranteed to overcome social instability. The level of chaos and risk increases in a situation of changes in the external context for the socio-cultural organism and corresponding changes in culture in society. It is substantiated that the dialectical connection between «chaos and risk», a one-sided interpretation of sociocultural instability arises from an underestimation of the capabilities of culture, many of its components, such as anthropo-socio-cultural systems that self-organize. It has been proved that socio-cultural processes of self-organization allow a certain degree of influence on them, because at one of the stages of development, the «measure of chaos» and «measure of order» are violated, due to which the spontaneity, unstructuredness of changes contribute to the formation of «false attractors» that enhance negative processes and tendencies. Comprehension of the unity of all components of the sociocultural sphere in the integral system of sociocultural reality creates the preconditions for the regulation of contradictory cultural and transformational processes. One of these mechanisms of state regulation is cultural policy. Based on a comparison of the basic principles of cultural policy of Ukraine and the countries of the European Union, it was stated that the latter approve the concepts of «public-private partnership» and «distribution of efforts» between state and non-state sources of funding for culture. One of the main tasks of cultural policy was the desire for democratization, decentralization and development of the cultural life of the population as a whole. In Ukrainian society, the processes of self-organization in culture are activated, there are manifestations of a new social order — civil society and its socio-cultural institutions, a legal state based on democratic principles.

Moral Foundations theory in the context of a political scandal

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the moral foundations structure in the Croatian population, and to examine possible changes in moral foundation structure after a major political scandal in Croatia. Methods: We conducted an online survey using Moral Foundations Questionnaire and Key Social Issues Scale, which was distributed in two waves, in 2009 and 2014. Participants were invited from the Faculties of Humanities and Social Sciences at the universities in Zagreb and Split and asked to distribute the survey to colleagues and friends. Results: 3000 participants completed the survey in 2009, 1323 participants completed the survey in 2014. In both samples, most participants reported that they relied more on individual foundations of “Care/Harm” and “Fairness/Cheating”, than on relational foundations of “Loyalty/Betrayal”, “Authority/Subversion” or “Sanctity/Degradation”, which are typically more valued by traditionally oriented or conservative individuals. Comparison of the two measurement time points indicated that scores on traditional foundations significantly decreased, while liberal values increased. These changes were triangulated and confirmed by the results on the Key Social Issues Scale. Conclusion: In order to encourage students and training doctors to more readily engage in research, exposure to re-search and research participation could have an incremental value to existing research education in medical schools.

THE FOLKLORIC ELEMENTS IN THE G. BASHIROV’S WORKS

The article is devoted to the study of folkloric elements in the works of Tatar writer of the second half of the twentieth century, Gumer Bashirov. Verbal folklore reflects the spiritual world of the people, its ideals and dreams, values of life, centuries-old creative experience of the people, language features, poetic idea of the world. Also, folklore is unique in its form and content, themes and subjects, which attract writers and poets. In the works, which depicts the spiritual world, the way of life of the people, their rural life, the use of folk traditions and elements is an integral part of the work of art. In the Tatar village prose, which includes the work of the studied writer, in order to reflect the Tatar life in the countryside, elements of family and household and calendar customs are often included in the skeleton of the work. In this work, the objects of study are the folklorisms used in Bashirov’s autobiographical novel "My homeland is a green cradle." The aim of the study is identifying and studying of switching the function of the folkloric elements in the studied novel. The author sees one of the purposes for writing this novel is in the preservation of Tatar folk customs, rituals, traditional foundations of rural life and language specifics. The study enables to conclude that the autobiographical novel "My homeland is a green cradle" by G. Bashirov has prominently many examples of Tatar verbal folklore. The author uses almost all the main genres of Tatar folklore: fairy tales, tales and legends, song folklore and baits (lyrical epic), small genres – proverbs, sayings, omens, winged words, good wishes, curses, conspiracies, oaths, as well as family and household and calendar customs that existed in the early twentieth century.

Оптимизация песчаной подушки

It is known that the stress values and the distribution of the latter in depth depend to a large extent on the size of the Foundation sole and especially the width. In this article, in order to select the optimal width of the Foundation sole and the thickness of the sand cushion, the influence of the sole width on the distribution of vertical stresses in the ground base is studied on the example of foundations for metal pipes. The presence of weak water-saturated clay soils within the construction site was taken into account. Variants of the device from traditional prismatic piles and foundations of small laying on a sandy pillow are offered. a technical and economic comparison of options was carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of each option are analyzed. Using the methodology of verification calculations in the design of sandbags, the optimization of the accepted version of the foundations was made.

6. La comprensión de la realidad geográfica del inicio del nuevo milenio desde la enseñanza de la Geografía

El propósito del artículo es comprender la realidad geográfica del inicio del nuevo milenio, desde la enseñanza de la geografía. Al respecto, se asume la existencia de tiempos complicados en rápido proceso de transformación y cambio, en una situación impregnada de difíciles problemáticas de notable influencia en el orden social y humano. Allí el problema obedece a la vigencia de los fundamentos tradicionales en la geografía y su enseñanza, mientras se aportan apoyos significativos e innovadores en el ámbito científico y pedagógico en la geografía y su enseñanza. Metodológicamente se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para explicar los hechos sociohistóricos del inicio del nuevo milenio y la necesidad de innovar la enseñanza de la geografía. Se concluye al resaltar la importancia de promover una orientación científica y pedagógica de la geografía, con capacidad de concientizar la sociedad sobre cómo entender y mejorar las dificultades de la época.