Fossil Energy Supply Research Articles

Production of Bioethanol from Bunches of Palm Oil Using Purification Equipment with Bioethanol Traps

Due to the rising demand for motor vehicle fuel, Indonesia's requirement for fossil fuels rises by an average of 10% annually. The supply of fossil energy, which serves as the primary raw material for generating fuel oil, is negatively correlated with the demand for fuel (BBM). Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB), Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB), and fiber were the types of oil palm bunches employed in this investigation. EFB and fiber are industrial by products that are currently being used inefficiently and frequently pollute the environment. This trash is still only very minimally processed; it is still stored, burned in the incinerator, used as mulch on oil palm fields, and composted. 51.2 percent cellulose and 16.30 percent lignin are both present in EFB. Lignin makes up 20.0 percent of fiber, whereas cellulose makes up 57.0 percent. Through chemical and enzymatic procedures, this cellulose content may be exploited as a source of reducing sugars. FFB is used as a benchmark to evaluate how effectively the prototype tool works. Different kinds of high-quality bioethanol are produced from each raw source. Different kinds of high-quality bioethanol are produced from each raw source. Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB), which have a refractive index of 1.35676 and a volume of 2,192 ml, are the best quality of bioethanol made from raw materials. The findings demonstrated that varied volumes and refractive indices were produced depending on how raw materials were treated. The quality generated improves with increased treatment volume. Alkaline delignification was followed by acid delignification to get the optimum grade. Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) material, which had a refractive index of 1.34376, 2,105 ml of bioethanol, and a 68.15 percent ethanol concentration. This study is unique in that it includes a bioethanol trap to quicken the conversion of steam into liquid bioethanol. Condensation is completed in 15–20 minutes less time thanks to the bioethanol trap.

Implications of novel cold plate design with hybrid cooling on thermal management of fast discharging lithium-ion battery

Electric cars powered by a green power Lithium-ion battery (LIB) system are realistic options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and rely on fossil energy supplies. However, the heat dissipation of LIB is critical, especially at high discharge rates. In order to guarantee safety, the present work proposes a novel hybrid cooling approach for the thermal management of fast discharging LIB modules. A dual cooling approach wherein composite phase change material (CPCM) is coupled with forced convection cooling via nanofluid flow through convergent channels is analyzed. Two CPCM configurations viz., CPCM sandwiched between the cold plate (D1) and CPCM wrapped around the width of the cell (D2) are considered. The numerical simulations are performed using the finite element method to study the effects of inlet velocity, nanofluid volume fraction, and the direction of flow on the thermal management of the module. The results show that the module temperature is reduced below the safety limit when hybrid cooling is applied. Further, better cooling performance is observed when CPCM is wrapped around the battery cell as compared to when CPCM is sandwiched in between the cold plates and battery cell both in terms of uniform distribution of temperature and maximum temperature. This is evident from the reduction in maximum temperature (Tmax) by 1.55 K and temperature difference (ΔT) of 2.04 K at Reynolds number (Re) = 150. The effectiveness of the hybrid cooling improves with the increase in Re and becomes thermally stable when Re > 200. The maximum temperature decreases substantially by 8.76 K when the Reynolds number increases from Re = 50 to Re = 200. In addition, the increase in the nanofluid concentration of flowing fluid through the convergent channel in cold plates reduces the maximum temperature of the battery module by 3.05 K at ϕ = 5 % and Re = 200 although does not seem to affect the uniformity in temperature distribution substantially. Further, the temperature distribution is found more uniform when the direction of flow reverses in converging channels in alternate cold plates.

The Non-linear impact of renewable energy and trade on Consumption-based carbon emissions

One of the most pressing issues in today’s society is environmental pollution. The principal source of historically high global carbon emissions (CO2) in the atmosphere is human-caused anthropogenic activities based on non-renewable energy sources. As a result, renewable energy systems have emerged as an alternative source of energy that is seen to be less harsh than fossil energy supplies, drawing substantial economic, environmental, and technological attention during the last decade. Our study aims to analyze the non-linear impacts of renewable energy used by human and their trading with each other on consumption-based CO2 for the Pakistan’s economy. The study covers the period from 1990 to 2019 and employed the non-linear autoregressive distributive lag model (NARDL) for assessing the non-linear impacts of renewable energy on consumption-based CO2. As NARDL provides the best results when there is a non-linear relationship between the variables of analysis, as well as their stationary at the different levels and on first difference. Our results show that there exists asymmetry in consumption-based CO2 association with renewable energy consumption and trade. The positive shocks in renewable forms (oil and gas) of energy consumption and negative shock in trade increase consumption-based CO2 emissions. This implies that policymakers can promote non-renewable energy distributed and environmentally-friendly trade for conserving the environment for future generations.

Earth energy evolution, human development and carbon neutral strategy

Energy is the basis of human development and the impetus of society progress. There are three sources of energy: energy of celestial body outside the Earth, the Earth energy and energy of interaction between the Earth and other celestial bodies. Meanwhile, there are three scales of co-evolution: the evolution of the Sun-Earth-Moon system on an ultra-long time scale has provided energy sources and extra-terrestrial environmental conditions for the formation of the Earth system; the evolution of the Earth system on a long time scale has provided the material preconditions such as energy resources and suitable sphere environment for life birth and the human development; on a short time scale, the development of human civilization makes the human circle break through the Earth system, expanding the extraterrestrial civilization. With the co-evolution, there are three processes in the carbon cycle: inorganic carbon cycle, short-term organic carbon cycle and long-term organic carbon cycle, which records human immoderate utilization of fossil energy and global sphere reforming activities, breaking the natural balance and closed-loop path of the carbon cycle of the Earth, causing the increase of greenhouse gases and global climate change, affecting human happiness and development. The energy transition is inevitable, and carbon neutrality must be realized. Building the green energy community is a fundamental measure to create the new energy system under carbon neutrality target. China is speeding up its energy revolution and developing a powerful energy nation. It is necessary to secure the cornerstone of the supply of fossil energy and forge a strong growing pole for green and sustainable development of new energy. China energy production and consumption structure will make a revolutionary transformation from the type of fossil energy domination to the type of new energy domination, depending on a high-level self-reliance of science and technology and a high-quality green energy system of cleaning, low-carbon, safety, efficiency and independence. Energy development has three major trends: low-carbon fossil energy, large-scale new energy and intelligent energy system, relying on the green innovation, contributing the green energy and constructing the green homeland.

Selectively chemo-catalytic hydrogenolysis of cellulose to EG and EtOH over porous SiO2 supported tungsten catalysts

Cellulosic ethanol produced from lignocellulose biomass can alleviate the shortage of conventional fossil energy supply and reduce global CO2 emissions. Wherein, hydrogenolysis of cellulose to ethanol is a new method for the synthesis of fuel ethanol, which could theoretically utilizes all carbon atoms in glucose in the direct retro-aldol condensation (RAC) reaction to produce ethanol, and can potentially break through the technical bottleneck of biological methods. Herein, we show that the benefits of the mesoporous structure of tungsten-based catalysts can be leveraged to influence the selective hydrogenolysis of cellulose into C2 products. Comparing the performance of different pore size SiO2 supported tungsten catalysts and detailed characterizations revealed that the mesoporous structure of supports can affect the morphology, crystal sizes, and surface chemistry of the catalysts, which presented a combined effect on the hydrogenolysis reaction. Whereby, 51.5 wt% ethylene glycol (EG) was obtained from the direct hydrogenolysis of cellulose over Ru-WOx/SiO2 (500 Ȧ) catalyst under 513 K, and 40.5 wt% ethanol (EtOH) was obtained from the direct hydrogenolysis of cellulose over Ir-WOx/SiO2 (500 Ȧ) catalyst under 553 K, respectively.

Biogas Plants as Hydrogen Production Facilities and Greenhouse Gas Sinks: Technology Comparison, Challenges and Potentials for Carbon Negative Hydrogen Production (HyBECCS)

The biological transformation of industrial value creation aims to provide solutions with regard to the ecological challenges of our time. Concerning climate change, the most critical transformation area is the energy sector. Alternatives to fossil energy supply as well as the active removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere are considered the most important challenges that technology must provide solutions for. A promising approach in this context is the carbon-negative hydrogen production from biogenic sources (HyBECCS). This approach can be implemented on the basis of existing biogas plants. Technology alternatives for retrofitting these plants to HyBECCS facilities are elaborated and their respective strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are derived in this paper. Further, taking the example of Baden-Wuerttemberg in Germany, the ecologic potentials concerning hydrogen (H2) production and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction are estimated. The current total H2 demand of 1.8 TWh/a in this area could be fully covered if 1/7 to 1/4 of existing biogas plants were retrofitted for H2 production. The substitution of gray H2 can avoid GHG emissions of 2.2-3.7 million t CO2 per year. In addition, capture and storage or long-term use of the resulting biogenic CO2 can enable negative emissions of 2.5-6 million t CO2 per year.

Contributions of economic growth, terrestrial sinks, and atmospheric transport to the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the Korean Peninsula

BackgroundUnderstanding a carbon budget from a national perspective is essential for establishing effective plans to reduce atmospheric CO2 growth. The national characteristics of carbon budgets are reflected in atmospheric CO2 variations; however, separating regional influences on atmospheric signals is challenging owing to atmospheric CO2 transport. Therefore, in this study, we examined the characteristics of atmospheric CO2 variations over South and North Korea during 2000–2016 and unveiled the causes of their regional differences in the increasing rate of atmospheric CO2 concentrations by utilizing atmospheric transport modeling.ResultsThe atmospheric CO2 concentration in South Korea is rising by 2.32 ppm year− 1, which is more than the globally-averaged increase rate of 2.05 ppm year− 1. Atmospheric transport modeling indicates that the increase in domestic fossil energy supply to support manufacturing export-led economic growth leads to an increase of 0.12 ppm year− 1 in atmospheric CO2 in South Korea. Although enhancements of terrestrial carbon uptake estimated from both inverse modeling and process-based models have decreased atmospheric CO2 by up to 0.02 ppm year− 1, this decrease is insufficient to offset anthropogenic CO2 increases. Meanwhile, atmospheric CO2 in North Korea is also increasing by 2.23 ppm year− 1, despite a decrease in national CO2 emissions close to carbon neutrality. The great increases estimated in both South Korea and North Korea are associated with changes in atmospheric transport, including increasing emitted and transported CO2 from China, which have increased the national atmospheric CO2 concentrations by 2.23 ppm year− 1 and 2.27 ppm year− 1, respectively.ConclusionsThis study discovered that economic activity is the determinant of regional differences in increasing atmospheric CO2 in the Korea Peninsula. However, from a global perspective, changes in transported CO2 are a major driver of rising atmospheric CO2 over this region, yielding an increase rate higher than the global mean value. Our findings suggest that accurately separating the contributions of atmospheric transport and regional sources to the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations is important for developing effective strategies to achieve carbon neutrality at the national level.

Bioethanol production from sugarcane bagasse by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 immobilized in Na-alginate

Currently the supply of fossil energy is running low; besides, it contributes very significantly to environmental pollution and climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new and renewable alternative energy, one of which is bioethanol. One of the potential raw materials used in bioethanol production is sugarcane bagasse which is an abundance of agricultural waste. This study aims to determine the concentration of Na-alginate and the density of cell suspension with the best activity and stability of immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 cells in the bioethanol production process. This research is an experimental study using a randomized block design (RBD) with a factorial pattern consisting of two factors, namely the first factor is the concentration of Na-alginate and the second factor is the concentration of cells suspension in making immobilized S. cerevisiae cells. The first factor consists of 5 levels, namely 0%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% (w/v). The second factor consisted of 3 levels, namely cells with OD660 20, 25, and 30. The parameters observed were the activity of immobilized S. cerevisiae cells including several variables, namely reducing sugar content, pH, and ethanol content. The stability of immobilized S. cerevisiae cells was seen from the level of cell turbidity (OD660 nm). The results showed that the concentration of Na-alginate, the concentration of S. cerevisiae cells, and the interaction between treatments had a very significant effect on the activity and stability of immobilized S. cerevisiae cells. The treatment of Na-alginate 2% (w/v) with cell density 25 was able to produce ethanol with a higher level of 63.87 ppm compared to treatment with 0% Na-alginate (free cells) with the level of cell density 25 was 56.97 ppm.

The Opportunities and Constraints of Wind Energy

One of the most dominant energy sources is the fossil energy. However, fossil energy based power plant is one of the primary contributors of greenhouse gas which is the main cause of global warming. Besides that, the supply of fossil energy keeps on depleting along the year. Because of that, the availability of New and Renewable Energy (NRE) sources to overcome these problems are vital. Up until this moment, several types of NRE such as water energy, geothermal, and bioenergy have been utilized. However, the utilization capacity is pretty low and needs to be enhanced, either by optimizing the existing NRE or by exploring other type of non-fossil energy source as alternative NREs. One of the non fossil energy sources that have the potential is the wind energy. Indonesia has many areas that have the potential for developing PLTB because they have an average annual wind speed of 3.4-4.5 seconds or have an energy between 200 kWh/m to 1000 kWh/m. In operation, the exhaust emissions produced by wind power plants in the form of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and atmospheric pollutants are less when compared to power plants using fossil fuels. In addition, carbon dioxide emissions from wind power plants are only one hundredth of that of fossil fuels. Thus, it can be said that the development of electricity with wind power has good prospects to be applied in several regions in Indonesia.

Legal Guarantees for the Safety of China’s Offshore Oil and Gas Facilities: Status, Defects and Countermeasures

Abstract The safety of offshore oil and gas facilities is a deep concern in relation to the security of China’s fossil energy supply. At present, there are a series of international law protection systems with the offshore facility safety zone system as the core. Most of world’s major maritime countries have established offshore oil and gas facilities protection systems in the form of domestic legislation in accordance with relevant international law, and some of them have adopted measures expanding the scope of their safety zones to strengthen protection. However, there remain some defects in the existing international law system. Therefore, the Chinese government needs to promptly clarify its position on issues related to the offshore facilities safety zone system, and propose the formulation of a specialised convention.

Modelling Biodiesel Supply Chain: Current State and Opportunities for Future Research

The use of renewable energy is an important issue that is being promoted internationally. Considering the supply of fossil energy is increasingly depleting and requires a very long time to be renewed. One of the uses of renewable energy that is being promoted is the use of biodiesel as a substitute for diesel fuel. This utilization is carried out by mixing biodiesel with diesel fuel. The quantity of biodiesel blended with diesel fuel is following the rules in each country. That is why the biodiesel supply chain must be described to obtain minimum economic costs and environmental costs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current biodiesel supply chain models. A study of the biodiesel supply chain’s current state concludes by highlighting the unaddressed area or the gaps existing in the existing literature by suggesting future research in the biodiesel supply chain, specifically in the area case study in Indonesia.

Potential laws on the changes of shale in acid erosion process based on the fast matching method of dimensional analysis

The evolutionary laws of the physical and mechanical properties of shale reservoirs in the process of acid erosion have not been clarified. This paper provides the potential laws of pore size and the elastic modulus evolution of shale in the process of point-source acid erosion.The results show that the average pore size increment of the shale Δr in the process of point-source acid erosion may be in accordance with the scaling law of two-fifth's power of the reaction time t, and the ratio of the elastic modulus E to the elastic modulus E0 of the initial state which is EE0 is in accordance with the scaling law of the negative third power of the ratio rr0.The conclusion of the study has both theoretical and practical significance for assisting the fossil energy exploitation and supply.

Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study

Climate change and global warmings are the main challenges for today and the future nations from the health and environment perspectives. Energy generation utilizing fossil fuel is the leading cause of these issues. On its opposite side, elimination or suppression of fossil fuel utilization by introducing clean and abundant renewable energy resources could be the best solution. In general, renewable energies have low efficiency and high capital cost compared to conventional fossil fuel-based energy supply. Therefore, without considering proper approaches and techniques, it is not encouraging to supply energy through renewable energy resources. Conquering the problem, we need to find the best method and ways to create cheap and efficient energy by renewable sources as possible. In this paper, a methodology is investigated and proposed to simultaneously save energy and cost considering useful parameters such as the effect of different modules, temperature, location, and tilt angle. An estimation-based tool developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) known as PV Watts, which is utilized in this paper. A 10 kW photovoltaic system with three different modules in two different locations Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan is selected as a case study. From the results, it is found that selection of a specific module for a specific region with different temperatures and appropriate title angles has a significant effect on the performance of photovoltaic systems. It is worthy of mention that before implementing a photovoltaic system, different aspects of the system should be evaluated using proper software/tools in order ...

Decoupling relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in China's provinces from the perspective of resource security

Fossil energy is the foundation of national economic development due to its ability to affect security and environmental and socioeconomic stability. As the fossil energy supply has become increasingly severe, exploring the decoupling relationship between fossil energy consumption and economic growth in each province is critical, and the results will be beneficial for clarifying the current resource security pattern. This paper uses the environmentally extended multiregional input-output model, combined with China's energy consumption data in 2002, 2007 and 2012, to calculate energy consumption based on various energy sources from the production and consumption sides in China's 30 provinces. Additionally, the Tapio decoupling model is used to measure the decoupling situation between the energy consumption and economic growth of each province from both sides. (1) From 2002-2012, the total energy consumption of the production and consumption sides in China showed an annually increasing tendency, and the structural contradiction of energy security remained acute. (2) The decoupling relationship between total energy and economic growth in developed regions is often overestimated, while most of the central and western regions are relatively backward in this state. (3) In 2007–2012, the decoupling states of coal and oil on both sides are significantly better than those in 2002–2007. With the contribution of coal and oil consumption to economic growth continuing to decline, the decoupling states between natural gas consumption and economic growth in most provinces are strongly negative, and economic growth in these regions increasingly depends on natural gas. Our study can help to strengthen the understanding of the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth both on the production side and the consumption side from the perspective of the decoupling states of different energy sources. This paper recommends that China strengthen its sustainable energy output, effectively transform its energy-consuming structure, and promote economic development policies according to local conditions.

Economic Optimization of Resource Use Based on Smart Grid

There are significant changes in society's approaches to the energy policy development in the modern world. It is observable a transition from the old model of the energy sector maintenance, which was dominated by large producers, inefficient networks, fossil fuels, imperfect competition in the markets of natural gas, coal, electricity - to a new model, which creates a more competitive environment and equalizes opportunities for development and the dominance one of the types energy production or sources of fuel supply. The traditional network is based on centralized power plants that supply electricity to consumers through simple one-way transmission and distribution systems. The bulk of the current electricity generation capacity in Ukraine is generated by fossil fuels, which significantly contributes to the increase of the carbon dioxide concentration in the Earth's atmosphere and has a corresponding negative consequences for the climate. At the same time, modern preferences are given to increasing energy efficiency and the use of energy from renewable and alternative sources. Implementation of adaptation and prevention measures for climate change is also one of the priorities of global energy development. The renewable energy promotion is causing new economic and scientific challenges for Ukraine. However, at the same time it opens new perspectives for the search and implementation of innovative developments in the field of extraction, processing of fossil fuels, energy supply and consumption, which leads to create a new energy policy of the state. The article discusses theoretical and methodological approaches that reveal the benefits of Smart Grid using. It is emphasized that ensuring energy security and environmental sustainability of the energy sector should be based on the use of renewable energy sources. The article analyzes the main factors that can affect the development of Smart Grid technology. Also, the article describes the best experience of the EU countries, which are introducing smart energy systems for the economic optimization of renewable energy sources use.

Solving the climate crisis: lessons from ozone depletion and COVID-19

Abstract The ‘climate crisis’ describes human-caused global warming and climate change and its consequences. It conveys the sense of urgency surrounding humanity's failure to take sufficient action to slow down, stop and reverse global warming. The leading direct cause of the climate crisis is carbon dioxide (CO2) released as a by-product of burning fossil fuels,i which supply ~87% of the world's energy. The second most important cause of the climate crisis is deforestation to create more land for crops and livestock. The solutions have been stated as simply ‘leave the fossil carbon in the ground’ and ‘end deforestation’. Rather than address fossil fuel supplies, climate policies focus almost exclusively on the demand side, blaming fossil fuel users for greenhouse gas emissions. The fundamental reason that we are not solving the climate crisis is not a lack of green energy solutions. It is that governments continue with energy strategies that prioritize fossil fuels. These entrenched energy policies subsidize the discovery, extraction, transport and sale of fossil fuels, with the aim of ensuring a cheap, plentiful, steady supply of fossil energy into the future. This paper compares the climate crisis to two other environmental crises: ozone depletion and the COVID-19 pandemic. Halting and reversing damage to the ozone layer is one of humanity's greatest environmental success stories. The world's response to COVID-19 demonstrates that it is possible for governments to take decisive action to avert an imminent crisis. The approach to solving both of these crises was the same: (1) identify the precise cause of the problem through expert scientific advice; (2) with support by the public, pass legislation focused on the cause of the problem; and (3) employ a robust feedback mechanism to assess progress and adjust the approach. This is not yet being done to solve the climate crisis, but working within the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement framework, it could be. Every nation can contribute to solving the climate crisis by: (1) changing their energy strategy to green energy sources instead of fossil fuels; and (2) critically reviewing every law, policy and trade agreement (including transport, food production, food sources and land use) that affects the climate crisis.

Performance of Si Anodes in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes with Added Carbonates

Whether by sound political response to the climate challenge or by the eventual lack of resources, the world is set to transition from a fossil energy supply to renewable electric energy. As larger amounts of our energy will come from sources of intermittent nature, the demand for storage will inevitably rise. Batteries provide an efficient mode of electric energy storage and has a wide applicability both in stationary and mobile applications due to the scalability and high energy density of the technology. Improvements to the energy density and safety as well as lowering the price per kWh will be important in accelerating the implementation of batteries worldwide. The gradual replacement of graphite with silicon as the active material in the lithium ion battery (LIB) anode can increase the energy density, but large volume changes upon (de-)lithiation of the Si causes problems such as continuous electrolyte decomposition and excessive solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth [1]. Ionic liquid electrolytes may solve this problem by being stable at the operating potentials of the Si electrode or by forming a stable SEI, as well as improving the safety of LIBs due to their non-flammability. High viscosity and thus low ionic conductivity especially at low temperatures has been one of the problems hindering the use of ionic liquids in electrolytes. The addition of small amounts of low viscosity carbonates may provide an electrolyte with a good compromise between safety and performance [2]. Electrolytes consisting of the lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) salt and the room temperature ionic liquid N-Propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PYR13FSI) were made with and without the addition of standard linear and cyclic carbonates. The conductivity of the electrolytes were measured and the Li+ charge transfer kinetics were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using the methods explained by Xu et al. [3] and Jow et al. [4]. Coin cells were assembled using a 73 wt% µ-Si electrode in half and full cell setup to determine the effect of the electrolytes on rate performance and cycling stability. Silicon electrodes were extracted from the cycled cells and the composition and growth of the SEI layer was analyzed using ATR-FTIR and XPS. Cross sectional SEM imaging was used to investigate the macroscopic change in electrode structure upon cycling in the different electrolytes. The combination of these techniques provides information on the differences in SEI formation and composition, initially and after cycling. Initial results show that mixing small amounts of carbonate into ionic liquids and carbonates in the electrolyte improves the stability of silicon electrodes in Li-ion batteries as compared to electrolytes of pure ionic liquids and carbonates only. Combined with knowledge of the SEI forming reactions, these results may help in designing electrolytes that enable increased amounts of silicon in battery electrodes while improving the overall safety of the Li-ion battery.

Minimum power of solar Panel Movement in Solar Tracker System Prototype

Population increase and economic growth lead to increased demand for world energy. With conventional energy supplies today means there is an increase in the use of fossil energy supplies and increased emissions from gases that can endanger the environment. some renewable sources are available which can be used on a large scale to generate electricity in remote areas where electricity is available. Included in this type include sunlight, geothermal wind, water, and so on. The amount of solar energy potential that can be absorbed depends on the area of the solar cell and the absorption capacity of sunlight. Absorption capacity can be optimized by making a control system for the solar cell’s drive that will be flushed in the direction of the sun’s motion so that the solar panel cells will absorb sunlight. Researchers focus on how the minimum motor power consumption, obtained from the results of the study occurred at 17:00 at an angle of 690 weight 8 kg voltage of 8.12 current 0.11.

An Alternative Power Supply System During Peak Loads Using Solar Cells

Utilization of renewable energy becomes a necessity in the future due to the fossil energy supply continues to decline. In Indonesia, the use of electricity from renewable sources is minimal. The utilization of solar energy in Indonesia is still limited to remote areas or islands. The main problem of electricity in Indonesia, especially in the city of Banda Aceh, is the frequent occurrence of power outages from the state power plant (PLN), especially during peak load time (WBP). Outside of that time, electricity supply exceeds demand. This study aims to utilize solar energy to reduce the electricity consumption of PLN during WBP. The system is designed to divert the power supply from PLN to the solar power plant (PLTS). The results of a survey of 10 A (current limit) customers are used as a reference to calculate PLTS capacity. During WBP, PLTS supplies to the load, beyond that time, PLN will supply the load. The system is designed to store maximum energy beyond the WBP period into the battery, the source of energy is mainly from the PLTS and alternatively from the PLN when the PLTS can not supply the maximum power. Based on battery energy, the system diverts the load supply from PLN when the battery energy is below the recharge limit. In the case of 10 A customers, with the energy requirement during WBP of 4.3 kWh, it requires 12 solar panels (160 Watt maximum power) arranged in parallel. Thus, the system needs three batteries with 150 Ah capacity also assembled in parallel. The implementation results prove that the PLTS can store solar energy to the battery properly, the system also successfully divert the PLTS source to the load at the time of WBP and transfer back to the PLN source when the battery energy is less than the recharge limit.

Inelastic Supply of Fossil Energy and Competing Environmental Regulatory Policies

The inelastic supply of fossil energy in the international input market precipitates failure of Pigouvian taxation consequent to competition among governments, as imposition of an environmental tax increases (decreases) the marginal cost of domestic (foreign) firms. This paper demonstrates that unless the supply of fossil energy is perfectly elastic, cap-and-trade outperforms Pigouvian taxation in terms of the domestic welfare of adopting countries, and global welfare is maximized when all countries implement the alternative scheme. We further demonstrate that the linkage of permit markets, when the energy supply is sufficiently inelastic, improves global welfare.