Diesel Fuel Research Articles

PREDICTION OF THE MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINES USING AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR PURE DIESEL FUEL, PURE HVO, AND A MIXTURE OF THESE FUELS IN THE RATIO 50/50 BY VOLUME

This research assesses the influence of different quantities of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) in diesel fuel on the performance of the engine and the emissions it produces. The particular areas of interest are the level of smoke emitted and the brake thermal efficiency (BTE). A series of engine experiments were undertaken to quantify emissions and performance characteristics under various operating regimes using three distinct fuel blends: D100 (pure diesel), HVO50 (50% HVO mixture), and HVO100 (pure HVO). The results show a tendency to reduce soot emissions when the amount of HVO in the mixture reaches 50%, but in order to accurately determine the correlation between the amount of HVO and emissions, additional studies with various concentrations of HVO and diesel mixtures are necessary. Similarly, the results show a slight improvement in BTE stability with a 50% HVO blend, but more studies with different percentages of HVO diesel blends are needed to reliably determine changes in BTE. This indicates a trend of change in engine performance with increasing HVO concentration in diesel fuel. In order to forecast emissions and performance indicators under different operating scenarios, we used artificial neural networks ANNs, which demonstrated excellent prediction accuracy, exhibiting robust linear correlations between the expected and real values for all fuel types. This research emphasizes the advantages of utilizing HVO in diesel engines for both environmental impact and performance. It also emphasizes the usefulness of ANNs in optimizing engine settings to improve efficiency and minimize emissions. The results endorse the further use of HVO as a viable substitute for conventional diesel, leading to less ecological consequences and enhanced engine efficiency.

Assessing transformer health through analysis of dissolved gases in cooling oil

Gases can form within the insulation system for various reasons while a transformer is in operation. If these gases are not promptly and properly managed, they can negatively impact the transformer's performance. Using the dissolved gas analysis (DGA) method to identify and assess the type and quantity of dissolved gases in transformer oil can uncover potential issues within the transformer. This information is crucial for guiding preventive maintenance and necessary repairs. Dissolved gas analysis testing was conducted by extracting transformer oil samples to identify signs of disturbances in the transformer based on the dissolved gas content. This research was conducted at the Paiton plant operations and maintenance services division. The condition of transformers was assessed by analyzing dissolved gases using the Rogers ratio method. Results indicate that the transformer at Paiton 9 is in good condition but overheating has occurred and requires treatment. Conversely, the transformers at Paiton 1 and 2 are in poor condition, showing signs of electrical faults and excessive heat. Despite several attempts to add inhibitors and conduct frequent testing, the transformers remained in poor condition, necessitating their replacement or repair.

An experimental study on flame propagation and combustion characteristics of multiple emulsified diesel and biodiesel fuel droplets

To unravel the interaction mechanism between droplets that is relevant for practical liquid fueled burners, the flame propagation characteristics of multi-droplet of emulsified diesel and biodiesel (FAME) fuels were studied using a suspended line droplet array. It was found that when S/d0 ≤ 3 (ratio of droplet spacing to initial droplet diameter), the double droplets were ignited simultaneously and surrounded by a single flame, and as the droplet spacing increased, two independent flames were formed around each droplet. The highest flame propagation rate was attained at S/d0 = 3, which was attributed to the consistent values of flame standoff ratio limited by the dominant heat conduction and finite evaporating rate. The droplet interaction, such as oxygen competition effect, enhanced with smaller droplet distance, can result in the reduction in the droplet combustion rate and flame propagation rate; the latter one, however, showed an increasing trend when small droplet or the size non-uniformity of droplet cloud was considered. In addition, the child droplet ejected from the emulsified droplets showed three burning modes and was an important factor promoting the flame spread, and the results showed that compared with the FAME emulsified fuels, the child droplets in diesel cases were more prone to ignition, expanding the burning regime.

Experimental Study On The Performance Of A Compression Ignition Engine Fueled With Blends Of Waste Plastic Oil And Butanol

In recent years, the eco-friendly management of plastic waste has become a global area of interest. Some methods, such as incineration and landfilling, have been explored; however, they cause severe environmental impacts. Pyrolysis of plastic waste presents an environmentally friendly alternative for managing plastics. Through pyrolysis, plastic waste can be converted into hydrocarbon fuel, which can then be used in internal combustion engines to generate power and heat. Diesel engines were tested using fuel blends of D80P10N10 (80% diesel, 10% waste plastic oil, 10% butanol) and D80P20 (diesel and waste plastic oil). The effects of blending ratios on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics were investigated. The results showed slight improvements in brake power, brake thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for the test fuels D80P10N10 and D80P20 compared to pure diesel. Based on the performance and emission analysis, the D80P10N10 blend was identified as the most suitable alternative to replace diesel.

True Triaxial Laboratory Study of the Strain Patterns Measured by Distributed Fiber Optics for Hydraulic Fracturing of Multilevel Horizontal Wells

Summary As the exploitation of oil and natural gas has progressed, hydraulic fracturing has become a primary method for increasing oilfield production. Simultaneous hydraulic fracturing of several perforation clusters, by employing limited-entry methods, has become standard in horizontal well stimulation. However, challenges such as unclear fracture identification and limited monitoring methods persist in hydraulic fracturing. This study integrates an optical frequency domain reflector with true triaxial fracturing of multilevel horizontal wells to develop a physical simulation system for monitoring fractures in a laboratory setting via distributed fiber optics. By employing fiber optics, dynamic monitoring of fractures during the fracturing process of multilevel horizontal wells can be achieved. The results indicate that monitoring with distributed fiber optics can clearly record data and accurately determine the initiation points of fractures. The strain data induced by the fractures on the fibers can be interpreted to deduce the fracture width. If a fracture deflects upon encountering a fiber, the fiber will exhibit tensile strain within an abnormal range. When using distributed fiber optics for monitoring fractures in multilevel horizontal wells, it is crucial to optimize the placement of fractures to ensure that the signals detected by the fibers are complete and avoid signal loss. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of using distributed fiber optics for fracture monitoring in multilevel horizontal well fracturing experiments, overcoming the limitations of current single-method approaches to monitoring laboratory true triaxial hydraulic fractures.

Bioleaching of Uranium from Black Shale Using Aspergillus Niger

Black shale is significant due to its rich organic matter, serving as a primary source rock for hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas. Over time, its organic material undergoes thermal maturation, forming fossil fuels. The presence of kerogen also plays a crucial role in petroleum generation, making black shale vital in petroleum geology. This study investigates the uranium bioleaching efficiency by Aspergillus niger as a potent bioleaching agent of black shale ore samples (SH-1, SH-2, and SH-3) under varying conditions, including ore concentration, temperature, pH, and time duration. The research focuses on the uranium leaching rate, the final pH of the media, and the dry weight of the biomass. Key findings reveal that higher ore concentrations generally result in decreased uranium bioleaching efficiency, where the highest leaching observed at lower concentrations. An inverse relationship was noted between the final pH and uranium leaching, while biomass accumulation varied significantly among samples. Temperature optimization indicated that 30-35°C was the most effective, with all samples achieving over 74% uranium leachability. The initial pH also played a crucial role, extremely acidic or alkaline conditions (pH 1 or 10) significantly lowered leaching rates. Regarding time duration, the bioleaching process peaked in efficiency between 5 and 7 days, after which uranium leaching declined. The highest leaching rates were observed at 7 days for SH-1 and SH-2 samples. The final pH decreased over time but stabilized after 9 days. This study underscores the potential of optimizing bioleaching conditions to enhance uranium leaching from ores using fungal-mediated processes. Among the factors examined, temperature and pH were identified as critical for maximizing efficiency. Further research could refine these conditions, improving the commercial viability of bioleaching for uranium leaching.

Reinvestigating the impact of natural resource rents on carbon emissions: Novel insights from geopolitical risks and economic complexity

Understanding the relationship between natural resource rents and carbon emissions is crucial for achieving a balance between economic development and environmental sustainability. This study reinvestigates the impact of natural resource rents on carbon emissions and explores the threshold effects of geopolitical risks and economic complexity, aiming to provide a more comprehensive understanding of their relationship. Based on an empirical analysis of panel data from 38 countries between 1995 and 2021, the conclusions are as follows. (i) The panel ARDL estimation results reveal that natural resource rents increase carbon emissions over the long term, with this finding remaining robust after addressing endogeneity. (ii) The DPTR model results indicate that natural resource rents have a non-linear impact on carbon emissions, shaped by geopolitical risks and economic complexity. As geopolitical risks escalate, the effect of resource rents on carbon emissions shifts from a reduction to an increase. On the contrary, rising economic complexity reverses this impact, causing natural resource rents to reduce carbon emissions. (iii) Heterogeneity analysis results demonstrate that only the impact of oil and natural gas rents on carbon emissions is affected by high geopolitical risks. Additionally, in contexts of high economic complexity, oil, natural gas, and forest rents help reduce carbon emissions, while coal and mineral rents have a negative impact. Finally, policy implications for global resource management and environmental sustainability that combine geopolitical risk and economic complexity are proposed.

The Economic Viability of Associated Gas Investment in Iraq During the period (2012-2021)

Purpose: Examine the feasibility of investing in and processing associated gas and the impact of increased investment in flaring associated gas on the Iraqi economy, in addition to knowing the quantities of gas produced, invested and burned in Iraq Also calculating the costs that Iraq loses due to gas flaring During the research period (2012-2021). Theoretical framework: The research addresses the feasibility of investing in associated gas from oil and its impact on the Iraqi economy, given its abundant availability. The research problem revolves around whether Iraq can achieve self-sufficiency in gas production and whether it can reach the status of a natural gas exporting country in the coming years, as the Iraqi government aspires to achieve as soon as possible. Design/methodology/approach: The available data on associated gas in Iraq during the period (2012-2021) were used to determine the volume of gas production, the amount burned, the volume of investment, and the material losses resulting from its burning. Findings: The results show the importance of investing in gas in Iraq, as it represents an important resource that can be used to achieve self-sufficiency in energy, as gas represents a raw material for many industries such as petrochemicals, fertilizers, and others... Research, Practical & Social implications: Iraq primarily relies on two main sources for its energy useو oil and natural gas, due to their abundant availability. Through these sources, electrical energy is generated, which is the main driver for all vital installations in Iraq. Originality/value: We propose a future research agenda and highlight investment in associated gas and its impact on the Iraqi economy, in addition to providing realistic recommendations aimed at investing in associated gas, achieving economic goals, and reaching the appropriate global position considering the availability of this important resource.

Dynamic and asymmetric connectedness among fossil energies and stock markets of the Belt and Road countries under shocks from extreme events

This study investigates the dynamic and asymmetric return connectedness between fossil energies of crude oil and natural gas, and stock markets of the Belt and Road countries (the B&R stock markets) under shocks from extreme events (e.g. the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russo-Ukrainian war) from 2019 to 2023 by using the time-varying parameter vector autoregression model (TVP-VAR) with the asymmetric connectedness indicator and multilayer spillover networks. We find that: (i) risk spillover between fossil energies and the B&R stock markets is more sensitive to negative information on price changes than positive information, and the asymmetry of the connectedness is much larger during the periods with exogenous shocks induced by extreme events of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russo-Ukrainian war. (ii) the level of risk spillover between fossil energies and the B&R stock markets has significantly increased after the outbreak of extreme events, and the global shock from the COVID-19 pandemic has more widespread and greater impact on the risk spillover than the geopolitical shock from the Russo-Ukrainian war. (iii) fossil energies perform as risk receivers throughout the full sample period, and risks are primarily transferred from high-income countries to low-income countries within the B&R stock markets, this phenomenon is also intensified by the extreme shocks. Our findings provide valuable guidance and have economic implications for both investors and policymakers worldwide to diversify and manage the risks within the global fossil energy market and the B&R stock markets.

Impacts of Environmental Conditions on Thermal, Emissions and Economic Performance of Gas Turbine Using Different Types of Fuels: An Experimental Investigation

Gas turbine has been used widely for electrical power generation based on simple cycle system. However, the relatively low thermal efficiency engages the researchers in investigating possible methods to enhance gas turbine performance. In the current study, three different types of fuels were used (crude oil, light oil, and natural gas) to operate the gas power plant in Qayyara, Mosul, Iraq and to evaluate the plant's performance, environmental impact and economic cost. The Aspen Husys package was used for simulation based on data recorded by the control department. Results showed that the software applied was highly valid. The external environmental temperature influenced the performance and efficiency of the station significantly with maximum values obtained for winter by 114MW and thermal efficiency of 32.02% for natural. The emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOX gases are decreased, whereas CO emission is increased when the temperature of the external environment is raised with fewer emissions obtained for natural gas. The cost of three fuels in (summer) is the highest among the four months, with the higher cost for light fuel by 68.2 Iraqi diners/kiloWatt.hour. Therefore, light fuel cannot be used for the permanent operation of gas turbines, and natural gas fuel gives better performance and lower emissions than the other two types of fuels.

ONGOING MONITORING OF LIQUID FUEL QUALITY AT STORAGE FACILITIES

The newly developed method employs spectral analysis to evaluate fuel quality continuously. Unlike traditional approaches, it eliminates the need for sampling and laboratory analysis, provides real-time results, facilitates rapid decision-making regarding fuel quality, and enhances operational efficiency. A comparative analysis of the new method with laboratory tests carried out following ISO standards demonstrated its effectiveness in the assessment of liquid fuels containing biocomponents. The determined age in sample ageing index is highly correlated with the oxidative stability of the Diesel oil and resin content for Pb95 and Pb98. Statistically, significant transformation functions were developed. The results confirm the ability of the method to rapidly identify substandard fuels, thereby accelerating their withdrawal from the market. The implementation of this spectral analysis-based method represents a significant advance in fuel quality assessment. Its continuous monitoring capability and real-time reporting distinguish it from conventional approaches, thereby offering practical benefits for fuel management. Ensuring timely interventions to maintain quality standards are supported by enabling the prompt detection of degraded fuels. The applicability of this method to state fuel reserves and petrol stations underlines its usefulness in improving fuel quality control measures. Overall, its introduction offers both economic and environmental benefits to the transportation sector.

Evaporation and combustion of low asphaltene heavy oil droplets under conditions representative of practical applications

The evaporation and burning characteristics of isolated heavy fuel oil (HFO) droplets are experimentally studied at conditions representative of practical applications, producing novel, detailed results on the effect of oxygen concentration. Also, and for the first time for HFO, the temporal evolution of the flame stand-off ratio (based on CH* emission) and the cenosphere burning size are presented along with the droplet size histories. The effect of ambient oxygen concentration is first analyzed qualitatively, identifying different sub-stages. Later, a quantitative analysis is presented in terms of ignition delay time, micro-explosion regimes, shell swelling ratio, cenosphere size and several time metrics. The results show that, as ambient oxygen changes, the liquid and solid stages show marked differences not only in terms of time scales but also in the transitions of burning regimes. Cenospheres generated in oxygen-free conditions are found to be ∼1.4 times larger than those in droplet combustion. Although similar in size, the solid-to-liquid consumption time ratio in 5% O2 is found to be significantly longer, about twice than for the 10% O2 ambient. The characterization of these differences is thought to be relevant not only for oil flames but also for the promising future of heavy oil gasification applications.

Experimental investigation on CO2 flooding for enhanced light oil recovery in low-permeability sandstones under multiple controlling factors by online nuclear magnetic resonance testing

As an efficacious medium for enhancing oil recovery, CO2 has been extensively employed in the domain of petroleum extraction and can effectively improve the oil recovery rate to a certain extent. However, the mechanisms of oil–gas distribution and migration in low-permeability reservoirs remain unclear and require further study. The development of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing provides a new method for visualizing displacement experiments. This research investigates CO2 displacement and NMR testing on low-permeability cores, simultaneously focusing on multiple controlling factors such as injection pressure, temperature, core permeability, and CO2 phase state. Cores were selected based on NMR assessments of pore-permeability characteristics, followed by four sets of displacement experiments. Results show that injection pressure and core permeability are the primary factors influencing oil recovery. High injection pressure can enhance oil recovery and effective recovery occurs when pressure exceeds the threshold (about 6 MPa for core #3 in this study), with recovery rates above 30%. Low-permeability cores do not form effective displacement channels, while high-permeability cores, especially those with fractures, are prone to CO2 breakthrough, reducing recovery efficiency, such as core #6. During low-pressure recovery, there is a discernible migration of oil from smaller to larger pores before extraction, totally differing from the pattern observed in high-pressure recovery. Additionally, temperature increases were found to improve recovery slightly, but the impact of CO2 phase on recovery remains inconclusive due to the limitation of the equipment and need further discussion.

Study of the Combustion Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with a Biogas–Hydrogen Mixture and Biodiesel

Increasing the use of renewable energy sources is essential to reduce the use of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. An experimental and numerical simulation study of the combustion process of a compression ignition engine was carried out by replacing fossil diesel with a dual fuel produced from renewable energy sources. In conventional dual-fuel applications, fossil diesel is used to initiate the combustion of natural gas or petroleum gas. In the present study, fossil diesel was replaced with advanced biodiesel – hydrotreated vegetable oil, and natural gas was replaced with biogas. In the experimental study, a gas mixture of 60% natural gas (by volume) and 40% carbon dioxide (by volume) was used to replicate the biogas while maintaining a 40%, 60%, and 80% gas energy share in the fuel. It was observed that using fossil diesel and biogas in the dual-fuel engine significantly slowed down the combustion process, which normally resulted in poorer energy performance. One way to compensate for the lack of energy (due to the presence of carbon dioxide) in the cylinder is to use a gas such as hydrogen, which has a high energy content. To analyze the effect of hydrogen on the dual-fuel combustion process, hydrogen gas was added to the replicated biogas at 10%, 20%, and 30% of the natural gas volume, maintaining the biogas at a (natural gas + hydrogen)-to-carbon dioxide volume ratio of 60%/40% and the expected gas energy share. The combustion process analysis, which was conducted using the AVL BOOST software (Austria), determined the heat release rate, temperature, and cylinder pressure rise in the dual-fuel operation with different renewable fuels and compared the results with those of fossil diesel. It was found that when the engine was operated at medium load and with the flammability of the biogas approaching the limit, the addition of hydrogen significantly improved the combustion characteristics of the dual-fuel engine.

Adsorption And Advanced Oxidation Processes for Sustainable Treatment of Produced Water and Oil Wastewater, A Review

Wastewater contaminated with oil and organic materials, also known as oily wastewater (OW), is commonly produced in both industrial and residential settings. This type of wastewater typically contains fats, oils, and greases, along with petroleum-based substances like diesel oil, gasoline, and kerosene. OW is regarded as a severe threat to human, plants, animal in special and the environment generally, jeopardizing ecosystems. There is an increasing demand for efficient treatment techniques due to the increased OW worldwide discharge and stringent limits on effluent discharge. Traditional approaches have proven to be inefficient, costly, and time-consuming, often resulting in secondary pollution. The adsorption technique, on the other hand, is thought to be a more practical choice because of its ease of use, cheaper startup costs, and reduced need for land. With better separation efficiency and lower operating costs, the adsorption technique has become a viable option for treating OW. The development of super adsorbents with high adsorption capacities has further enhanced the effectiveness of this method. Advanced technologies in adsorption are constantly evolving to meet the current and future demands of OW treatment.

GREEN ENERGY IS A PANACEA FOR GLOBAL WARMING

Green energy is a powerful and quick fix remedy to combat global warming by tackling its primary cause i.e. greenhouse gas emissions. Traditional energy sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, release large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO?) and other harmful pollutants during combustion. These emissions accumulate heat, leads to rising global temperatures and several climate consequences. Green energy is primarily comes from natural resources and is generated using renewable energy technologies such as solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, biomass and hydroelectric power including tidal power.

IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

East Kalimantan Province is endowed with abundant natural resources, including tropical forests, coal, oil, and natural gas. However, excessive exploitation of these resources has led to significant environmental degradation, including deforestation, land degradation, and water pollution. This study aims to assess the implementation of environmental law in supporting sustainable natural resource management in East Kalimantan, focusing on the effectiveness of regulations such as Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, and the Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL) mechanism. The findings reveal that, despite the adequacy of the regulatory framework, its implementation remains weak due to insufficient monitoring, poor inter-agency coordination, and lenient enforcement of sanctions. Quantitative data show that approximately 45% of mining companies do not fully comply with AMDAL recommendations, while environmental oversight is minimal, with a critically low number of inspectors. To enhance the effectiveness of environmental law enforcement, steps such as improving government coordination, ensuring transparency in AMDAL processes, educating the public, and strengthening oversight and penalties are necessary. These strategies are expected to foster more sustainable natural resource management in East Kalimantan and mitigate further environmental damage.

Optimizing Maritime Energy Efficiency: A Machine Learning Approach Using Deep Reinforcement Learning for EEXI and CII Compliance

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set stringent regulations to reduce the carbon footprint of maritime transport, using metrics such as the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) and Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) to track progress. This study introduces a novel approach using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to optimize energy efficiency across five types of vessels: cruise ships, car carriers, oil tankers, bulk carriers, and container ships, under six different operational scenarios, such as varying cargo loads and weather conditions. Traditional fuels, like marine gas oil (MGO) and intermediate fuel oil (IFO), challenge compliance with these standards unless engine power restrictions are applied. This approach combines DRL with alternative fuels—bio-LNG and hydrogen—to address these challenges. The DRL algorithm, which dynamically adjusts engine parameters, demonstrated substantial improvements in optimizing fuel consumption and performance. Results revealed that while using DRL, fuel efficiency increased by up to 10%, while EEXI values decreased by 8% to 15%, and CII ratings improved by 10% to 30% across different scenarios. Specifically, under heavy cargo loads, the DRL-optimized system achieved a fuel efficiency of 7.2 nmi/ton compared to 6.5 nmi/ton with traditional methods and reduced the EEXI value from 4.2 to 3.86. Additionally, the DRL approach consistently outperformed traditional optimization methods, demonstrating superior efficiency and lower emissions across all tested scenarios. This study highlights the potential of DRL in advancing maritime energy efficiency and suggests that further research could explore DRL applications to other vessel types and alternative fuels, integrating additional machine learning techniques to enhance optimization.

Segregating Laterals for Efficient Gas Re-Injection in Shale Plays Using Smart Completion

There is a strong global demand for oil and gas resources, and forecasts indicate robust growth in oil demand in the coming years. Meeting this demand necessitates the exploitation of unconventional resources and enhancing the recovery of existing oil and gas fields. Field trials indicate that traditional gas injection in shale wells has low sweeping efficiency. Emerging technologies play an exceedingly significant role in solving the challenges of gas EOR in shale and tight formations. Among these advancements, smart or intelligent well technology has emerged as a promising solution to enhance field development outcomes. This study focuses on improving gas flooding efficiency in the Bakken formation by utilizing smart completions to reduce the gas–oil ratio (GOR) and increase oil recovery. An economic assessment of gas re-injection is conducted, considering both gas storage and enhanced oil recovery, with analysis incorporating capital expenditures, operating costs, and revenue from increased production. Reservoir simulations were employed to determine the most effective gas injection scenarios for maximizing recovery and storage efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate that 20% of perforated laterals account for 80% of the injected gas. To address this challenge, this work proposes using smart completions to segregate lateral sections, thereby optimizing gas injection efficiency, and unlocking additional oil in tight formations. Segregating horizontal laterals for gas re-injection using smart completion technology can achieve gas injection efficiencies of up to 0.25 barrels per Mcf of gas injected, with lower incremental gas production. The optimal injection rate is between 1 MMcfd and 3 MMcfd, with an injection period ranging from one to three years. It was also found that injecting gas into the toe section results in high bottom hole pressure but lower oil recovery due to reduced gas injection efficiency. From an economic perspective, the project yielded favorable outcomes, with a positive net present value (NPV) at a 7% discount rate. Even at lower oil prices (USD 50 per barrel), the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was calculated to be 170%, indicating strong potential profitability.

Start-Up Process of High-Speed Micro-Grooved Pumping Seal for New Energy Vehicles

With the growing global demand for clean energy, new energy vehicles are a key focus in the automotive industry. This paper investigates the micro-grooved pumping seal used in such vehicles, using a custom Python computational programme to study the start-up behaviour of a non-contact oil–gas two-phase micro-grooved seal. The research explores the balance of forces during start-up, employing fractal theory for surface contact force calculations and solving the two-phase laminar Reynolds equation by the finite difference method. The results show that high-speed micro-grooved seals perform well under typical conditions for new energy vehicles. When film thickness is below a critical value, fractal dimension and characteristic length influence the initial thickness. Above the critical value, film thickness increases non-linearly with rotational speed, whereas the leakage rate decreases linearly. Critical rotational speed decreases non-linearly with the oil–gas ratio, peaking at an oil–gas ratio of 0.06. Both critical speed and leakage rate increase linearly and non-linearly with pressure and temperature, respectively. The study highlights the boundary-line where leakage transitions to pumping, providing valuable guidance for optimising seal design in new energy vehicles.