Forward Ants Research Articles

Pulse jamming attack detection using swarm intelligence in wireless sensor networks

A Wireless Sensor Networks consists of small, inexpensive, battery powered wireless sensors, which self configure and collaborate with each other to support cost effective sensing in situations where human observation or wired systems deployment can be inefficient, expensive, dangerous, or otherwise untenable. Unfortunately, the desirable nature of a WSN introduces many security challenges. The broadcast nature of wireless communication introduces various attacks in WSN. This research work mainly focus on lack of issues regarding achievement of security for certain attacks like jamming attack, denial of sleep attack, tampering and cheating attack in IEEE802.15.4 based wireless sensor networks. Swarm intelligence algorithm is proficient enough to adapt change in network topology and traffic.Using the swarm intelligence technique, the forward ants either unicast or broadcast at each node depending on the availability of the channel information for end of the channel. If the channel information is available, the ants randomly choose the next hop. The source on receiving the channel information from the backward ant verifies the prevalence of the attacker for long time and avoids the particular channel for transmission in order to improve the performance of wireless sensor network. The proposed approach attains packet delivery of 0.4441 and 0.6633. The effective packet delivery ratio shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Simulation results assessing the performance of the proposed Swarm Based Defense Technique based on rate, time and number of attackers proves the efficiency of the proposed scheme compared to the existing techniques.

Implementation of ACO in Vanet with Detection of Faulty Node

Objective: To propose an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based routing approach for estimating the reliability parameter of backward and forward ants. Methods: The ACO-based proposed methodology is used to predict path or route discovery in VANET. This study has discovered the best optimal path for data transmission. The forward ant movement has a minimum hop count of four for vehicle number 6. The vehicle 6 is a source vehicle, and it starts data transmission. The pheromone concentration of the entire vehicle defers and, after updating, the performance was analyzed. The best path is selected based on hop count, then a path with maximum pheromone concentration is selected. The pheromone evaporation factor is updated after a certain time interval. Findings: We have checked the reliability of the path, considering pheromone evaporation as a factor, the pheromone table is updated at a regular time interval, and the reliability parameter is also proposed for performing a task without failure in an efficient manner. We have arranged a routing table in descending order of hop count and then select the best of three paths with a minimum hop count. We search for hop count less than or equal to 5 and total pheromone greater than or equal to 17.55. We find that Ant 3 having a hop count of 5 and total pheromone concentration of 19.37. In this work, we have taken the evaporation factor as 0.5. If the transmission of a message is successful, then the reliability assigned to the edge will be 100, and for unsuccessful transmission, reliability is taken down by 20. If the reliability of the path will become 40, then the vehicle has to search for a new path. In this way, we eliminate malicious nodes for efficient transmission of message. Novelty: The performance of VANET is improved using ACO based proposed routing approach. The optimal path is selected with a minimum hop count and reliability parameter to identify the successful and unsuccessful path. Keywords: Network security; VANET; Sybil; ACO; Pheromone Evaporation

An Improved Ant Colony Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network Routing

In order to make the energy consumption of network nodes relatively balanced, we apply ant colony optimization algorithm to wireless sensor network routing and improve it. In this paper, we propose a multi-path wireless sensor network routing algorithm based on energy equalization. The algorithm uses forward ants to find the path from the source node to the destination node, and uses backward ants to update the pheromone on the path. In the route selection, we use the energy of the neighboring nodes as the parameter of the heuristic function. At the same time, we construct the fitness function, and take the path length and the node residual energy as its parameters. The simulation results show that the algorithm can not only avoid the problem of local optimal solution, but also prolong the life cycle of the network effectively.

Ant-based routing and QoS-effective data collection for mobile wireless sensor network

Mobility management in mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) is a complex problem that must be taken into account. In MWSN, nodes move in and out of the network randomly. Hence, a path formed between two distant nodes is highly susceptible to changes due to unpredictable node movement. Also, due to the limited resources in WSN, the paths used for data transmission must be tested for the link quality and time consumed for data forwarding. In order to solve these issues, in this paper, an ant-based routing protocol with QoS-effective data collection mechanism is proposed. In this protocol, the link quality and link delay are estimated for each pair of nodes. Link quality is estimated in terms of packet reception rate, received signal strength indicator, and link quality index. A reliable path is chosen from the source to the destination based on the paths traversed by forward ants and backward ants. Then, if the link is found to be defective during data transmission, a link reinforcement technique is used to deliver the data packet at the destination successfully. The mobile robots collect the information with high data utility. In addition, each mobile robot is equipped with multiple antennas, and space division multiple access technique is then applied for effective data collection from multiple mobile robots. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol provides reliability by reducing the packet drop and end-to-end delay when compared to the existing protocols.

Analysis of Ant Colony Optimization-based routing in optical networks in the presence of byzantine failures

Byzantine failures during the execution of the routing algorithm may degrade or disrupt the normal operation of the network. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)-based routing algorithms are especially vulnerable to those failures. In this work, we propose the use of crankback re-routing extensions associated to the ACO algorithm in wavelength-routed optical networks to deal with byzantine failures. We investigate three different byzantine failure scenarios: misdirection of forward ants, dropping of forward ants and dropping of backward ants. Those failures affect the routing information of the network, but they are very hard to detect and cannot be fully addressed by integrity and authentication techniques. Without any need for a byzantine failure detection mechanism, simulations have demonstrated that the proposed approach is effective in mitigating the impact on the blocking probability due to network nodes exhibiting a byzantine behavior.

Ant-based Integrated Traffic Control and Management in ATM Networks

ABSTRACTAsynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a cell-switching and multiplexing technology that combines the benefits of circuit switching with those of packet switching. Traffic management in ATM is concerned with ensuring that users get their desired quality of service (QoS). The problem of traffic management is especially difficult during the periods of heavy load particularly if the traffic demands cannot be predicted in advance. The issue of traffic control and bandwidth management in ATM-based networks is complex due to a mixture of different connection traffic types, QoS requirements, and time scales. In this paper, we provide an ant-based integrated technique to control the occurrence of congestion and allocate bandwidth for various traffic services in a prioritized manner. The forward ants collect the QoS information of the nodes regarding the available bandwidth and the buffer size. Then based on the QoS requirements of the various traffic classes, the optimum path is selected based on the observed QoS statistics collected by the ant agents. Therefore, the ant-based integrated technique provides the network to efficiently use the traffic, thus providing an efficient traffic management for the ATM network. By simulation results, we show that the proposed ant-based technique outperforms the existing architecture in terms of throughput and delay.

IJARCCE - Computer and Communication Engineering

Wireless medium is open prone to interference attacks. Jamming is a mode for denial of service attacks on wireless networks. Jamming is an external threat model. Adversaries with internal knowledge of protocol specifications and network secrets initiate low-effort jamming attacks tough to detect and counter. Existing work handle the issue of selective jamming attack in wireless network. Swarm intelligence algorithm is proficient enough to adapt change in network topology and traffic. Using the swarm intelligence technique, the forward ants either unicast or broadcast at each node depending on the availability of the channel information for end of the channel. If the channel information is available, the ants randomly choose the next hop. As the backward ants reaches the source, the data collected is verified which channel there is prevalence of attacker long time, and those are omitted. By simulation results, it is clear that this swarm based defense technique for jamming attack is more effective than the existing

A QoS Routing Protocol Based on ACO in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network

In view of the complexity, higher power consumption and other shortcomings of current wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN)QoS routing protocol algorithm, this paper proposes the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to improve the WMSN routing protocol. First of all, a routing model for multimedia sensor networks QoS was presented and then a routing algorithm (WMSN-ANT) was brought forward, which uses the network restrict condition to update the pheromone concentration. The forward ants (Fant) collects the link bandwidth, delay, packet loss rate and other parameters, along with the elite strategy for the ant system to update the local node of the network state model and the pheromone of each visited node in order to find the best routing under the conditions of multiconstrained QoS. The simulation results show that the algorithm is characterized by the distributed network routing optimization and has better convergence than the traditional QoS routing protocol and can significantly improve the network lifetime.

Swarm Intelligence based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad-hoc Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks are communication networks built up of a collection of mobile devices which can communicate through wireless connections. Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) has emerged as the self organized wireless interconnection for the various applications in random topology. However, achieving reliable multicast transmission in MANET is crucial due to the change in network topology caused by the node mobility. Wireless Networks are characterized by having specific requirements such as limited energy availability and reduced processing power. In this paper deals with the inability of the network to recover in case of failure networks, to reduce the maintenance overhead, increase the path stability, reducing the congestion in Mobile Ad-hoc network and with the inability of the network to recover in case of power problem in wireless network . Ant based routing protocols can add a significant contribution to assist in the maximisation of the network life-time, but this is only possible by means of an adaptable and balanced algorithm that takes into account the Wireless Sensor networks main restrictions.We are introducing a new concept of two ants, one acting as load agent and another as strategy agent to ensure better performance. The strategy agent is software acting as a processor which controls and guide the load agents as forward ants and backward ants.We are using a Backpressure technique for network activities as link failure and restoration of link information. We carry out these simulation results using NS 2.34. Keyword: MANET, congestion, energy, QoS

ANTNET:ACO based routing algorithm

AntNet is an ACO based routing algorithm for distributed and traffic adaptive multipath routing in wired best-effort IP networks. Forward ants in AntNet collect traffic behavior and backward ants are used to update probabilistic routing tables based on the collected information. Keywords—connectionless-network, mobile ants, traffic adaptive, multipath, network performance I. INTRODUCTION Internet has changed the face of lives of people turning them completely into modern. Internet is becoming an important tool in density; everybody across the world wants to connect to this fast source of information communication and gathering for their business or daily works. The internet is vast infrastructure of networked computers that have ability to share data around the world. Routing is one of the major parts of internet, routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which data to be sent. Routing is the main characteristic of any network control system which strongly affects the network performance. There are two important parts of routing problem, the first one is communication structure which defines constrains and the second one is the traffic pattern which is dependent on the communication structure. So an ideal routing algorithm is one which is able to obtain an optimal solution by considering the specific temporal and spatial distribution of the input traffic and to deliver the packet to its destination with minimum amount of delay. It must be truly adaptive and intelligent enough to make the decision according to changing traffic condition. There are mainly two approaches for routing algorithms, distance-vector algorithms and link-state algorithms. The Open Short Path First is a shortest path algorithm is a link-state algorithm based on topology broadcast and is able to be fully and effectively adaptive with respect to topological modification, such that a link cost are static and may change only when network components become unreachable or new one comes up. Distance vector algorithms use the Bellman algorithm they do not make explicit use of global network topology and only use the notion of distance that is when a link becomes suddenly unavailable, in the worst case it might take infinite time to adjust the routing tables accordingly. The present routing algorithms are not sufficient enough to provide true adaptivity according to changing traffic patterns and very few algorithms make use of multipath. These are some basic reasons due to which Ant based routing is developed in recent years. The concept of

Parallelized ACO based Routing for Stagnation Mitigation and Avoidance of Multimedia Traffic Over MANETs

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) (Deepalakshmi & Radhakrishnan, 2009; Sharma & Kotecha, 2011; Sharma, Karkhanawala, & Kotecha, 2011) is a meta-heuristic, suitable for optimized solutions to routing problem in Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs). ACO based algorithms are fully distributed, self-organizing, fault tolerant, and intrinsically adapts to changing traffic patterns. However, if the best path is preferred for routing over longer period of time, the exploratory behaviour of the ants may be affected, thus leading to stagnation of the best paths. The authors have reviewed various techniques used for stagnation control and avoidance (Li, Ma, & Cao, 2005). These include, Pheromone control (Schoonderwoerd, Holland, Bruten, & Rothkrantz, 1996; Wedde & Farooq, 2006; De Rango & Socievole, 2011), Pheromone heuristics control (Sim & Sun, 2003), Privileged pheromone laying (Wedde & Farooq, 2006; Stuzle & Hoos, 2000), Multiple ant colony optimization (De Rango & Socievole, 2011; Sim & Sun, 2003), and Multiple path routing (Upadhyaya & Setiya, 2009b) techniques. They also present a comparative analysis of these schemes with respect to the parameter on which they depend for stagnation avoidance. The paper also focuses on stagnation leading to losses of data, which can lay a drastic effect on the quality of multimedia transmission. The authors propose a scheme to improve the exploratory behaviour of ants, by paralleled release of two streams of forward ants in each iteration, along the path from source to destination. It is mentioned that the technique will improve the quality of multimedia routed through MANETs, due to the multipath based enhancements.

A Swarm Based Defense Technique for Jamming Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks

Jamming can interrupt wireless transmission and occur by mistake in form of interference, noise or as collision at the receiver or in the circumstance of an attack. In this paper, we propose a swarm based defense technique for jamming attacks in wireless sensor networks. Swarm intelligence algorithm is proficient enough to adapt change in network topology and traffic. The sender and receiver change channels in order to stay away from the jammer, in channel hoping technique. The jammers remain on a single channel, hoping to disrupt any fragment that may be transmitted in the pulse jamming technique. Using the swarm intelligence technique, the forward ants either unicast or broadcast at each node depending on the availability of the channel information for end of the channel. If the channel information is available, the ants randomly choose the next hop. As the backward ants reaches the source, the data collected is verified which channel there is prevalence of attacker long time, and those are omitted. Simultaneously the forward ants are sent through other channels which are not detected before for attacks. This scheme helps limit the channel maintenance overhead. By simulation results, it is clear that this swarm based defense technique for jamming attack is more effective than the existing works.