Related Formulas Research Articles

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Pemilihan Debt Collector Berprestasi Di PT. Wahana Ottomitra Multiartha Medan Menerapkan Metode SMARTER

An outstanding debt collector must have presence, honesty, teamwork and achievement to improve the debt collector's performance. Problems in selecting outstanding debt collectors at PT. Wahana Ottomitra Multiartha Medan is an election team that finds it difficult to carry out elections quickly and accurately. The decision making technique in the SMARTER (Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique Exploiting Ranks) method is based on the theory that each alternative consists of a number of criteria that have values ​​and each criterion has a weight that describes how important it is compared to other criteria. Application of the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique Exploiting Rank method for selecting outstanding debt collectors at PT. Wahana Ottomitra Multiartha Medan provides an accuracy of 23% using the relative standard deviation formula. It is hoped that to overcome this, a Decision Support System for Selection of Outstanding Debt Collectors at PT was built. Wahana Ottomitra Multiartha Medan Implements the SMARTER Method which will be designed using Visual Basic 2008 and using MySQL. In the Visual Basic design, a calculation and ranking process will be produced

Development of an inexpensive poly(MO)/CNT@PGE for voltammetric investigation of Methocarbamol in presence of Levofloxacin

This work describes the voltammetric investigation of trace amounts of pain reliever drug methocarbamol (MET) by carbon nanotubes decorated methyl orange polymerized pencil graphite electrode (poly(MO)/CNT@PGE). The proposed modified electrode was prepared by electropolymerization of methyl orange (MO) over the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) decorated on PGE. The geomorphologies of the equipped sensors were accomplished by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study. The electrochemical behaviour of MET in presence of levofloxacin (LVF) has been studied by applying different voltammetric techniques in 0.1 M PBS of pH 4.0. The proposed poly(MO)/CNT@PGE shows enhanced peak current with a small negative shift in peak potential for MET over the bare and modified electrodes due to the electrocatalytic features of the modifiers. The different parameters such as effect of polymer layers, pH, scan rate, concentrations, simultaneous and selectivity study for MET were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The computed limit of detection (LOD) for MET at different concentrations (10.0–110.0 µM for DPV and 1.0–12.0 µM for SWV) was found to be 5.24 µM and 0.69 µM, respectively. The adapted electrode exhibits special characteristic features such as stability, repeatability, reproducibility, fast electron transfer behaviour and charge transfer resistance (Rct). Based on the results obtained, number of electrons (n), number of protons (m), heterogeneous rate constant (ko) and surface concentration (Γ0) of MET have been calculated by using relative formulae. The selectivity and applicability of the modified electrode were premeditated by real sample investigation of MET present in pharmaceutical tablets with good recovery results to confirm the analytical pertinence of the proposed sensor.

On Clairaut's theory and its extension for planetary hydrostatic equilibrium derived using gravitational multipole formalism

SUMMARY Clairaut's theory that relates the Earth's oblate figure and internal ellipticity to its gravity under rotational-hydrostatic equilibrium has reigned classical geodesy over the centuries. In this paper, we (i) derive from first principles the classical Clairaut's theory for the polar oblateness of a rotating planet under axi-symmetric rotational-hydrostatic equilibrium and (ii) extend the development to the triaxial case for the equatorial ellipticity of a tidally locked synchronous-rotating moon under rotational-tidal-hydrostatic equilibrium. Typical derivations of the classical Clairaut's theory presented in the literature being rather laborious even to first order, we instead exploit two concise forms of methodology: the gravitational multipole formalism on the physics side, and the Jacobian determinant for the Clairaut coordinate transformation on the mathematics side. The outcome is a logical and straightforward derivation of Clairaut's theory to first order in its entirety, encompassing all the equations and related formulas in geodesy bearing Clairaut's name. That further allows a natural extension to a tidally locked moon. In particular it is demonstrated that the same Clairaut's differential equation applies to both cases governing both the polar oblateness and the equatorial ellipticity.

Effect of rubber surface treatment on damping performance of rubber-mortar ITZ in rubberized concrete

The reduction of the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete can be alleviated by surface treatment of rubber particles, which changes the interface between cement and rubber particles. The dynamic properties of the rubber-mortar interface under different bonding states were explored by performing four-point bending tests on the rubberized concrete beams. The free decay method was used to test the damping ratios of rubberized concrete beams with different interfaces and damage states. Isight was used to build an inversion analysis platform to determine the damping ratios of the rubber-mortar interfaces with different bonding states. The results show that: (1) Compared with the water treatment, the damping ratio of rubberized concrete modified by sodium hydroxide decreased by 3.01 %, while zinc stearate modification increased the damping ratio by 15.37 %; (2) The average increase in the damping ratio of zinc stearate rubberized concrete was 14.51 % for each damage level. Sodium hydroxide resulted in a 75.4 % decrease in the rubber-mortar interfacial damping ratio, while zinc stearate increased the interfacial damping ratio by 381.9 %; (3) The relationship among the normal bond strength, fracture energy and interface damping ratio was fitted by a planar relation formula.

Curve fitting for seismic waves of earthquake with Hermite polynomials

We investigate and study on mathematical structures involving mathematical models and others associated with seismic waves in an earthquake. Our first aim is to give some novel formulas and certain finite sums including the Bernoulli numbers and the Hermite polynomials with the aid of generating functions, the Riemann integral, and the Volkenborn integral. The second aim is to examine the seismic wave propagation in different geological units with the help of special polynomials containing the Hermite polynomials and their graph fitting of functions. To evaluate the shape of the seismic waves propagating within the ground (rock and/or soil), we use comparing method with the graph of the Hermite polynomials and functions and the polynomial Rocking Bearings. Furthermore, we also define generating function for the polynomial type Rocking Bearings. We give open problems on this generating function and earthquake facts. By applying partial derivative operator to the generating function for the m-parametric Hermite type polynomials, we give a novel recurrence relation and derivative formulas for these polynomials. We also give a new general formula for monomials in terms of these polynomials. Moreover, for the purpose of visualizing curve fitting approach to the seismic waves, we draw many plots of the Hermite functions with Mathematica (Version 12.0.0) with their codes. Finally, with the aid of these graphs, we give useful evaluation on the shapes of the seismic waves propagated in the ground (rock and/or soil).

Wigner-Ville distribution and ambiguity function of QPFT signals

The quadratic phase Fourier transform(QPFT) has received my attention in recent years because of its applications in signal processing. At the same time the applications of Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) and ambiguity function (AF) in signal analysis and image processing can not be excluded. In this paper we investigated the Wigner-Ville Distribution (WVD) and ambiguity function (AF) associated with quadratic phase Fourier transform (WVD-QPFT/AF-QPFT). Firstly, we propose the definition of the WVD-QPFT, and then several important properties of newly defined WVD-QPFT, such as nonlinearity, boundedness, reconstruction formula, orthogonality relation and Plancherel formula are derived. Secondly, we propose the definition of the AF-QPFT, and its with classical AF, then several important properties of newly defined AF-QPFT, such as non-linearity, the reconstruction formula, the time-delay marginal property, the quadratic-phase marginal property and orthogonal relation are studied. Further, a novel quadratic convolution operator and a related correlation operator for WVD-QPFT are proposed. Based on the proposed operators, the corresponding generalized convolution, correlation theorems are studied. Finally, a novel algorithm for the detection of linear frequency-modulated(LFM) signal is presented by using the proposed WVD-QPFT and AF-QPFT.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Snowball Throwing Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Pendidikan Agama Kristen Dan Budi Pekerti Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Sipoholon Tahun Pembelajaran 2023/2024

The aim of this research is to determine the difference in learning motivation of students who are taught using the snowball throwing learning model and those who are not taught using the Snowball Throwing learning model at SMP Negeri 1 Sipoholon for the 2023/2024 academic year. The method used in this research is a quantitative research method with a pre-experimental design research type in the form of a one-group-pretest-posttest design. The population was all class VIII students at SMP Negeri 1 Sipoholon, totaling 188 people and the researchers determined a sample of 32 people using a purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using a positive closed questionnaire with 27 items. Research data for the questionnaire was analyzed using the related sample formula. From the calculation results, the tcount value = -29.052<ttable 2.039 with a 2-party test (α/2=0.05/2=0.025)= 2.039. The tcount value is in the curve area of ​​rejection of H0 and acceptance of H1. Thus, it can be concluded that the research hypothesis is accepted, namely that there is a difference in the learning motivation of students who are taught using the snowball throwing learning model and those who are not taught using the Snowball Throwing learning model at SMP Negeri 1 Sipoholon for the 2023/2024 academic year. The difference in learning motivation for Christian Religious Education and Characteristics of Class VIII Students at SMP Negeri 1 Sipoholon for the 2023/2024 Academic Year can be seen from the average scores of X1 = 77.0 and X2 = 88.3.

Behavior and reasonable design of steel-UHPC composite beams under negative moment

After using Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC), the mechanical properties of the composite beams have significant differences compared to those of the steel-normal concrete composite beams. To investigate the effect of reinforcement ratio on the force behavior of steel-UHPC composite beams, tests on the flexural performance of steel-UHPC composite beams with different reinforcement ratios under negative moments were carried out, and reasonable design of the composite beams was analyzed by using a numerical simulation method. In addition, the existing crack calculation methods for composite beams were validated. The results showed that the failure modes of the composite beams with different reinforcement ratios were similar. Increasing the reinforcement ratio from 2.01% to 2.98%, the ultimate capacity of the steel-UHPC composite beams was increased by 4% and the ultimate deflection was reduced by 7%, while the ductility was reduced by 11%. The cracking load was not enhanced, but the higher reinforcement ratio had a controlling effect on crack development and crack width in the late loading stage. For steel-UHPC composite beams, the appropriate reinforcement ratio should be less than 4%. Furthermore, the crack calculation formulas in the existing steel-concrete composite beam codes do not apply to steel-UHPC composite beams, and the calculation results were much smaller than the measured values. Among the related formulas for reinforced UHPC members, the calculated value of the formula in NF P 18–710 was closer to the measured value but the overall error was still large, so further research is needed.

Respiratory mechanics analysis of inspiratory trigger in mechanical ventilation

To find out the circuit pressure and flow at the trigger point by observing the characteristics of the inspiratory trigger waveform of the ventilator, confirm the intra-alveolar pressure as the index to reflect the effort of the trigger according to the working principle of the ventilator combined with the laws of respiratory mechanics, establish the related mathematical formula, and analyze its influencing factors and logical relationship. A test-lung was connected to the circuit in a PB840 ventilator and a SV600 ventilator set in pressure-support mode. The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was set at 5 cmH2O (1 cmH2O ≈ 0.098 kPa), and the wall of test-lung was pulled outwards till an inspiratory was effectively triggered separately in slow, medium, fast power, and separately in flow-trigger mode (sensitivity VTrig 3 L/min, 5 L/min) and pressure-trigger mode (sensitivity PTrig 2 cmH2O, 4 cmH2O). By adjusting the scale of the curve in the ventilator display, the loop pressure and flow corresponding to the trigger point under different triggering conditions were observed. Taking intraalveolar pressure (Pa) as the research object, the Pa (called Pa-T) needed to reach the effective trigger time (TT) was analyzed in the method of respiratory mechanics, and the amplitude of pressure change (ΔP) and the time span (ΔT) of Pa during triggering were also analyzed. (1) Corresponding relationship between pressure and flow rate at TT time: in flow-trigger mode, in slow, medium and fast trigger, the inhalation flow rate was VTrig, and the circuit pressure was separately PEEP, PEEP-Pn, and PEEP-Pn' (Pn, Pn', being the decline range, and Pn' > Pn). In pressure-trigger mode, the inhalation flow rate was 1 L/min (PB840 ventilator) or 2 L/min (SV600 ventilator), and the circuit pressure was PEEP-PTrig. (2) Calculation of Pa-T: in flow-trigger mode, in slow trigger: Pa-T = PEEP-VTrigR (R represented airway resistance). In medium trigger: Pa-T = PEEP-Pn-VTrigR. In fast trigger: Pa-T = PEEP-Pn'-VTrigR. In pressure-trigger mode: Pa-T = PEEP-PTrig-1R. (3) Calculation of ΔP: in flow trigger mode, in flow trigger: without intrinsic PEEP (PEEPi), ΔP = VTrigR; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+VTrigR. In medium trigger: without PEEPi, ΔP = Pn+VTrigR; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+Pn+VTrigR. In fast trigger: without PEEPi, ΔP = Pn'+VTrigR; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+Pn'+VTrigR. In pressure-trigger mode, without PEEPi, ΔP = PTrig+1R; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+PTrig+1R. (4) Pressure time change rate of Pa (FP): FP = ΔP/ΔT. In the same ΔP, the shorter the ΔT, the greater the triggering ability. Similarly, in the same ΔT, the bigger the ΔP, the greater the triggering ability. The FP could better reflect the patient's triggering ability. The patient's inspiratory effort is reflected by three indicators: the minimum intrapulmonary pressure required for triggering, the pressure span of intrapulmonary pressure, and the pressure time change rate of intrapulmonary pressure, and formula is established, which can intuitively present the logical relationship between inspiratory trigger related factors and facilitate clinical analysis.

Instalasi Energi Surya Pada Alat Desalinasi Air Untuk Masyarakat Di Perbatasan

Solar energy installations mathematically and visualization using the Solar Global Atlas Software simulation. The data obtained is that the highest energy occurred in the second test with the result of 365.7 Wh with the maximum power generated by solar panels of 93.28 W, battery charging energy of 321.5 Wh with a maximum battery charging power of 76.78 W. Sunhour that occurs is obtained 3.66 h with solar panel efficiency that occurs at 12.8%. The research methods used include quantitative research methods by taking data using measuring instruments using literature studies, simulations and experiments to then be processed using related formulas in the implementation of the research.

Can absolute arterial phase hyperenhancement improve sensitivity of detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in indeterminate nodules on CT?

To determine if quantitative assessment of relative (R) and absolute (A) arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) and washout (WO) applied to indeterminate nodules on CT would improve the overall sensitivity of detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). One-hundred and fourteen patients (90 male; mean age, 65years) with 210 treatment-naïve HCC nodules (190 HCCs, 20 benign) who underwent 4-phase CT were included in this retrospective study. Four radiologists independently assigned a qualitative LR (LI-RADS) category per nodule. LR-3/4 nodules were then quantitatively analyzed by the 4 readers, placing ROIs within nodules and adjacent liver parenchyma. A/R-APHE and WO were calculated, and per-reader sensitivity and specificity updated. Interobserver agreement and AUCs were calculated per reader. Qualitative readers 1-4 categorized 57, 69, 57, and 63 nodules as LR-3/4 respectively with moderate to substantial agreement in LR category (kappa 0.56-0.69, p < 0.0001); their diagnostic performances in the detection of HCC were 80%, 73.2%, 77.4%, and 77.4% sensitivity, and 100%, 95%, 70%, and 100% specificity, respectively. A threshold of ≥ 20 HU for A-APHE increased overall sensitivity of HCC detection by 0.5-3.1% without changing specificity for the subset of nodules APHE - /WO + on qualitative read, with 2, 6, 6, and 1 additional HCC detected by readers 1-4. Relative and various A-WO formulae and thresholds all increased sensitivity, but with a drop in specificity for some/all readers. Quantitatively assessed A-APHE showed potential to increase sensitivity and maintain specificity of HCC diagnosis when selectively applied to indeterminate nodules demonstrating WO without subjective APHE. Quantitatively assessed R and A-WO increased sensitivity, however reduced specificity. A workflow using selective quantification of absolute arterial enhancement is routinely employed in the CT assessment of renal and adrenal nodules. Quantitatively assessed absolute arterial enhancement is a simple tool which may be used as an adjunct to help increase sensitivity and maintain specificity of HCC diagnosis in indeterminate nodules demonstrating WO without subjective APHE. • In indeterminate nodules categorized as LI-RADS 3/4 due to absent subjective arterial phase hyperenhancement, a cut-off for absolute arterial phase hyperenhancement of ≥ 20 HU may increase the overall sensitivity of detection of HCC by 0.5-3.1% without affecting specificity. • Relative and various absolute washout formulae and cut-offs increased sensitivity of HCC detection, but with a drop in specificity for some/all readers.

Study on the Glider Soaring Strategy in Random Location Thermal Updraft via Reinforcement Learning

Soaring birds can use thermal updrafts in natural environments to fly for long periods or distances. The flight strategy of soaring birds can be implemented to gliders to increase their flight time. Currently, studies on soaring flight strategies focus on the turbulent nature of updrafts while neglecting the random characteristics of its generation and disappearance. In addition, most flight strategies only focus on utilizing updrafts while neglecting how to explore it. Therefore, in this paper, a complete flight strategy that seeks and uses random location thermal updrafts is mainly emphasized and developed. Moreover, through the derivation of flight dynamics and related formulas, the principle of gliders acquiring energy from thermal updrafts is explained through energy concepts. This concept lays a theoretical foundation for research on soaring flight strategies. Furthermore, the method of reinforcement learning is adopted, and a perception strategy suitable for gliders that considers the vertical ground speed, vertical ground speed change rate, heading angle, and heading angle change as the main perception factors is developed. Meanwhile, an area exploring strategy was trained by reinforcement learning, and the two strategies were combined into a complete flight strategy that seeks and uses updrafts. Finally, based on the guidance of the soaring strategy, the flight of the glider in the simulation environment is tested. The soaring strategy is verified to significantly improve the flight time lengths of gliders.

Optimal spinor selectivity for quaternion orders

Let D be a quaternion algebra over a number field F, and G be an arbitrary genus of OF-orders of full rank in D. Let K be a quadratic field extension of F that embeds into D, and B be an OF-order in K that can be optimally embedded into some member of G. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for B to be optimally spinor selective for the genus G, which generalizes previous existing optimal selectivity criterions for Eichler orders as given by Arenas, Arenas-Carmona and Contreras, and by Voight independently. This allows us to obtain a refinement of the classical trace formula for optimal embeddings, which will be called the spinor trace formula. When G is a genus of Eichler orders, we extend Maclachlan's relative conductor formula for optimal selectivity from Eichler orders of square-free levels to all Eichler orders.

Integral formula for quantum relative entropy implies data processing inequality

Integral representations of quantum relative entropy, and of the directional second and higher order derivatives of von Neumann entropy, are established, and used to give simple proofs of fundamental, known data processing inequalities: the Holevo bound on the quantity of information transmitted by a quantum communication channel, and, much more generally, the monotonicity of quantum relative entropy under trace-preserving positive linear maps – complete positivity of the map need not be assumed. The latter result was first proved by Müller-Hermes and Reeb, based on work of Beigi. For a simple application of such monotonicities, we consider any `divergence&amp;apos; that is non-increasing under quantum measurements, such as the concavity of von Neumann entropy, or various known quantum divergences. An elegant argument due to Hiai, Ohya, and Tsukada is used to show that the infimum of such a `divergence&amp;apos; on pairs of quantum states with prescribed trace distance is the same as the corresponding infimum on pairs of binary classical states. Applications of the new integral formulae to the general probabilistic model of information theory, and a related integral formula for the classical Rényi divergence, are also discussed.

The Effectiveness of Self-Organized Learning Environments Model to Enhance Students’ Critical Thinking

Self-Organized Learning Environments (SLE) is one of several models recommended by the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) as an innovative learning model to stimulate students’ critical thinking in learning History. This study aims to verify the effectiveness of the SLE model on students’ critical thinking in learning History. The study used a quantitative experimental method with one group pre-post test design using multiple-choice tests. The research participants were second-grade students of Social Science major at Public Senior High School 2 of Tanggul in the 2022/2023 academic year. The effectiveness was hypothesized in reference to the relative effectiveness test formula which sought to identify the difference between the participants’ pre-and post-test scores divided by the standard deviation. The analysis result marked a relative effectiveness test of 2.85, which implied a relatively high effectiveness of the instructional model. The research implications highlight the value of SLE as a reference to improve History teachers’ pedagogical competence as the precursor to achieving interactive, fun, and flexible learning experiences empowered by technology.

Hydrodynamic characteristics of central pulse gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed: Effect of gas and solid parameters

As an important multiphase reactor, gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed is widely used in petroleum, chemistry, metallurgy, pharmacy and environment fields. In this work, a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed with central pulsating liquid flow was proposed and investigated to further improve the reaction rate of the reactor. The Eulerian-Eulerian- Eulerian method coupled with kinetic theory of granular flow is used to simulate the flow characteristics in the fluidized bed riser. At the same time, experiments under some operating conditions are carried out to verify the simulation results. The result shows that the relative motion of solids and liquid phase in the novel reactor is significantly increased compared with the conventional circulating fluidized bed. The continuous variation of the central pulse flow improved the pressure gradient fluctuation and mass transfer intensity. The radial/axial liquid-solid relative velocity regression formulas were obtained based on the numerical calculation results.

Prioritized Time-Point-Interval Petri Nets Modeling Multiprocessor Real-Time Systems and TCTL$_{x}$

When a group of real-time tasks with dependent relations are performed in parallel in a multi-processor interruptible environment, time-related requirements are easily destroyed so that the correct design of such a system is complex and difficult. Therefore, it is necessary for designers to use some precise methods to verify their correctness, while model checking based on time Petri nets and timed computation tree logic (TCTL) is such an effective method. However, the existing models and tools only focus on those multi-processor real-time systems where the number of processors of the same type is just one, and thus they cannot work for the case that the number of processors of the same type is greater than one. Hence, this paper proposes prioritized time-point-interval Petri nets (PToPN) to deal with it and defines their firing rules and state graphs to represent their behaviors. A PToPN can explicitly model the preemptive scheduling of such a real-time system, and TCTL formulas specifying design requirements of the system can be verified based on its state graph. Besides, we propose TCTL with unknown time bounds, denoted as TCTL <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{x}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , to compute the minimum or maximum time bound ensuring a related formula holds. Such a quantitative analysis is very necessary in the real applications because they can be used to compute some performances of a system such as the worst-case execution time of tasks and the idle time of processors. We design the related algorithms and develop a tool. We use a real example from HUAWEI Company to show the usefulness of our method, and do some experiments to show the advantages of our method compared with another state-of-the-art one.

Statistical mix design method for self-compacting concrete with limestone fillers

This study presents a statistical mix design method for self-compacting concrete (SCC) with limestone fillers (LF) content that considers mortar rheological properties and material packing characteristics. The effect of LF on the rheological properties of SCC was investigated through seven SCC mixes with different LF replacement levels. A basic water demand experiment was designed to obtain the packing density of mortar, and the equivalent packing density was defined and calibrated to represent the effect of LF. The relative spread and relative flow formula were modified based on the equivalent packing density, and the bilinear interpolation method was used to analyses the mortar results.

Deciphering Guarapachangueo: Formulas and Formulaic Variation in Contemporary Rumba Percussion

This article serves to further the conceptual and musical analysis of guarapachangueo, a key influence in the contemporary style of the percussion in Havana-style rumba. I follow Turino’s (2009) lead in distinguishing between improvisation and formulaic performance in analyzing the rhythmic vocabulary of guarapachangueo as a set of related formulas and variations. In doing so, I expand upon and refine some of the characteristics of guarapachangeuo described by Bodenheimer (2015), particularly the common and yet nebulous idea that the style entails increased improvisation in the lower register of the percussion. As an active performer of the style who specializes in the lower register percussion, I will draw upon my experiences and those of fellow rumberos, as well as commercial recordings and online videos of rumba in highlighting the structural formulas used in rumba’s contemporary rhythmic vocabulary. I argue that rather than increased improvisation, guarapachangueo comprises an aesthetic approach to playing rumba in which unique formulas are employed, representing a break with the standardized formulas of traditional rumba from the second half of the 20th century. These formulas produce a heightened sense of tension and release in which increased space and the interactive exchange of percussive phrases are central. Internalized by drummers, these formulas and variations become part of the performer’s musical habitus and are drawn upon—often unconsciously—by the musicians in the form of musical decisions that “say something” in the flow of a rumba performance.

Reliability Analysis of Cold-standby Systems with Subsystems Using Conditional Binary Decision Diagrams

&lt;p&gt;Cold-standby systems have been widely used for conditions with limited power, which achieve fault tolerance and high-reliability systems. The cold spare (CSP) gate is a common dynamic gate in the dynamic fault tree (DFT). DFT with CSP gates is typically used to model a cold-standby system for reliability analysis. In general, inputs of the CSP gate are considered to be basic events. However, with the requirement of the current system design, the inputs of the CSP gate may be either basic events or top events of subtrees. Hence, the sequence-dependency among basic events in CSP gates becomes much more complex. However, the early conditional binary decision diagram (CBDD) used for the reliability analysis of spare gates does not consider it well. To address this problem, the conditioning event rep is improved to describe the replacement behavior in CSP gates with subtrees inputs, and the related formulae are derived. Further, a combinatorial method based on the CBDD is demonstrated to evaluate the reliability of cold-standby systems modeled by CSP gates with subtrees inputs. The case study is presented to show the advantage of using our method.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;