Verb Forms Research Articles

VON DER ‘MACHT, WELT ZU MACHEN’: RADIKALE DEMOKRATIE IN SHARON DODUA OTOOS ADAS RAUM*

ABSTRACTDrawing on Jacques Rancièreʼs radical democratic concept of dissensus, my article centres on the epistemic, affective and verbal forms of resistance depicted in Sharon Dodua Otooʼs debut novel Adas Raum. In four diegetic narrative strands, a police order of the visible and the sayable damages and assimilates the characters’ lives. According to Jamika Ajalon, stories are lost in colonised space, but at the same time self‐determined stories have been shared generation after generation in order to stay alive. The everyday of Ada, but also of supposedly minor characters, such as the survivors of the Irish famine Lizzie and Alfie, is not only the site of violent Othering. Interconnected through different historical eras, the characters imagine other worlds at the margins. They develop creative counter‐strategies and safer spaces which can be understood, with Davina Cooper, as everyday utopias. I will show that the dissensual tension between experiencing the world as it is and the search for a better future can be seen as a central leitmotif of the novel. By giving back agency to marginalised subjects in narratives of resistance, Otoo's novel can be seen as an aesthetic artefact that brings to life world‐making, dissensual images which political activists can appropriate in their fight for equality and freedom.

Zero-derivation in Korean: the effect of covert structure in real-time processing.

Korean words like balgda 'bright/become bright' and gilda 'long/become long' are categorially ambiguous; they can appear as both adjectives and verbs. Some suggest that these words are listed under separate lexical entries, while others propose that they share one single lexical entry, and that the verb form is morphologically derived from the base adjective through a process called zero derivation. This study presents the results of a real-time experiment that investigates whether these words involve zero derivation and if so, how zero derivation may affect the real-time processing of these words. Our findings suggest that the reader recognizes the base adjective and obtains the derived-verb form by virtue of adding a covert category-changing morpheme in real-time sentence processing. This study provides promising evidence of the zero derivation of Korean categorially ambiguous adjectives and verbs, as well as crosslinguistic evidence of the role of covert structure in lexical access.

THE ESCALATION OF VIOLENCE IN MODERN SOCIETY: IMPLICATIONS AND EDUCATIONAL RESPONSES

This article explores the various facets of violence, identifying key commonalities among definitions, including repetitive occurrences, intentional harm, imbalanced power dynamics, and the desire to inflict psychological and physical suffering on victims. The categorization of violence into physical, verbal, and sexual forms is a longstanding practice. Violence is defined as the deliberate, unjustifiable infliction of harm on others, encompassing a wide range of negative consequences endured by victims. However, the mere act of harm is insufficient to classify an action as violent; it must be accompanied by intent. Harmful behaviors encompass verbal and non-verbal actions, spanning physical harm, material damage, and psychological distress, such as intimidation, humiliation, and social isolation. This article underscores the urgency of addressing violence in our society, emphasizing the pivotal role of educational institutions in creating safe and harmonious environments for children and students.

ЗА ЕЗИКА НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА ОБЩИНА ВЪВ ВАРНА ПРЕЗ 1868-1869 ГОДИНА СПОРЕД ШЕСТ СЪГЛАСИТЕЛНИ

The following article discusses some linguistic traits found in six documents (hiring agreements), drawn up by the Bulgarian Revival Municipality in Varna between the years 1868-1869. Following the already established research model in Bulgarian linguistics for this type of study, the author analyses the Bulgarian written language in the city during the National Revival period – the alphabet and the use of some specific letters (ъ, ь, ѫ, и, i, ы, ѣ, я), the use of the definite article, the verb forms and some other features which can be considered typical for the period.

MEDIUM SHIFT AND EXISTENCE OF ORNAMENTS ON PELINGGIH OF SACRED BUILDINGS (TEMPLES) DUE TO THE VOLCANIC IMPACT OF MOUNT AGUNG

The study of the existence of ornaments on the pelinggih (temple) buildings that utilise the black stone material of Mount Agung is considered to be only a tiny part of the ornamental manifestations applied to the black stone pelinggih building of Mount Agung when compared to the application of pelinggih ornaments using solid stone materials in general. It is done as an economic production that needs to be sold to the public, especially for Hindus in Bali. To explore this, the researcher uses socio-cultural and aesthetic approaches. The presentation of this article aims to describe (1) The form of the pelinggih temple building that has been used in the community as a place of worship. (2) The existence of ornaments, which are applied to the parts of the pelinggih building, according to the existing parts, such as the feet, the body and the top. (3) Factors influencing the creation of pelinggih with black stone material of Mount Agung, featuring ornaments with minimalist patterns. It is hoped that this research can also be used as a basis for future research to find solutions in developing techniques for sculpting or carving ornaments that utilise the black stone material of Mount Agung, using modern tools. The research approach used was descriptive qualitative. Data were collected through field surveys, literature studies, observations and interviews. Data can be collected, processed, classified and reduced, then analysed using textual and contextual analysis and interpretation. Descriptive qualitative research method that describes situations or events to make a description systematically, factually, and accurately about the facts and the characteristics of the population or sample of a particular area (Suryabrata, 2005: 76). Data in verbal form is often contained in different words with the same meaning and long and wide sentences. In conclusion, the description of ornaments on pelinggih (temple) buildings that use the black stone material of Mount Agung is related to the dominant factors that influence the embodiment of decorations. Although the structure and form of the pelinggih in the preparation have followed the ethics or the existing rules, the application of ornaments in detail is minimal, only in the form of basic patterns, both at the bottom feet, body or middle and head or top. There is still a lack of reliable and professional Gunung Agung black stone carvers

A Morphological Perspective on Verb Formation: A Contrast Analysis Affixes of English, Indonesia and Banjar Kuala Language of South Borneo

The purpose of this research is to find similarities and differences, as well as to describe the types of prefixes and suffixes in English, Indonesian and Banjar in Indonesian Borneo, to develop a description of the socio-cultural background of speakers of Banjar Kuala language and describe the morphology and syntax of the Banjar Kuala language: Formation of verbs in Banjar Kuala Borneo/South Kalimantan. Describes verbs formed from affixes, namely prefixes and suffixes, infixes, and prefixes + suffixes like the prefix maN-/mam-/ ( /maNujun/ 'fishing', /mambanu/ 'selling water', and the prefix maN-/ma- and ending -an like, /unjun/ 'kail' becomes /maunjunan/ 'all for fish' and /mambanuan/ 'sell all the water' other prefixes and suffixes maN- and -i: /maunjuni/ 'fishing' in a certain place/.and other verbs like /manjukuni/ 'give a boat' and prefix maN - and suffix i- + suffix -will /maunjanikan/ 'fishing for', /manjukuniakan/ 'to run a boat for' This research project clearly illustrates the differences in verb formation between the Banjar-Kuala language in South Kalimantan, Indonesia and the international language, namely English .both can be seen from the use of affixes in the formation of verbs, the similarity of the two can form verbs with the addition of prefixes and suffixes, while the difference is that English cannot form verbs from infixes, but Banjar language can form verbs from the same infixes as Indonesian and other languages in the world.

The Meaning and Formation of the Japanese Compound Verb <i>～tomeru</i> (～留める)

This study discusses "Compound Verbs ~tomeru (～留める) in Japanese Sentences." The purpose of this study is to describe the structure and meaning of the compound verb tomeru as it appears in Japanese sentences. The data consists of a variety of sentences containing the compound verb ~tomeru that were taken from a Japanese news website. This study collects data through the use of library techniques. The structure and meaning of the compound verb tomeru were then analyzed using the apportion method (agih) in conjunction with the basic technique for direct elements. The data analysis indicates that the compound verb tomeru is most frequently associated with progressive verbs. Volitional verbs can also be attached to the compound verb ~tomeru. The compound verb ~tomeru has seven meanings which are divided into five meanings that express the progressive aspect and two meanings that express the perfective aspect.

System of future tense forms In the Dargin Languages

The article is devoted to the study of the future tense forms in the Dargin languages which belong to the Nakh-Dagestan language group. The relevance of the issue is that the languages of the small nations of Dagestan are rapidly disappearing for recent decades, while the younger generation mainly uses the Russian language for communication. Meanwhile, it is known that the morphological system of the East Caucasian languages is quite rich and consists of numerous paradigms of inflectional categories. Particularly, there is an extensive system of aspectual, tense and modal forms in the Dargin languages. The main purpose of the article is to study the semantic peculiarities of four verb forms that express - futurum, progressive, possibilitative and obligatory meanings of the future tense. The objectives of the work is to study the ways of their formation and also reveal the differences in the functioning of future tense forms in the Northern Dargin and the Southern Dargin languages. To solve these problems, the methods of field linguistics, as well as the method of descriptive analysis are used. In description of the forms of the future tense, the main meaning, methods of formation, examples are given, and the designations of these forms in the works of predecessors are also given. As a result of the study, all forms of the future tense functioning in the Dargin languages are described, the peculiarities of their formation are considered, semantic differences and the terms for their functioning are revealed. Some ways of development of futurum in the Dargin languages are also identified. A hypothesis is put forward according to which this form existed in the proto-Dargin state, but then disappeared in the Northern Dargin languages. Habitualis started to function as the future tense in them.

Children’s analogism in the acquisition of morphology as a reflection of linguistic thinking

Abstract The paper presents psycholinguistic personal case study in its character. It focuses on the analogous (hypergeneralizing) formation of nouns and verbs in the ontogenesis of children’s speech through the prism of linguistic principles. The basic research material is diary entries of 364 grammatical forms of two children aged 1;10 – 2;7 years and 3;8 – 4;5 years (recorded during the ten months in 2017), which are incompatible with the literary norm of the Slovak language. The basic starting point was the hypothesis that agrammatic forms in children’s speech can be categorized and explained on the basis of natural language principles, whose application presupposes a certain level in the development and functioning of logical and thought operations and the cognitive system as such. The analysis of research material enabled us to generalize certain tendencies in the ontogenesis of the morphological system in children, which lead to structural iconism, uniform symbolization, systemicity and unification of the word-formation basis. The application of the principles in children’s speech has proved to be specific – the child applies in his speech mainly the principles of analogy, naturalness and dominance. The limit of the presented longitudinal research is the small number of respondents and the very nature of the research problem, whose solution requires intensive contact with the child subject, a longer period of time and more extensive research material.

Analyzing the Use of Formal Links through Classroom Interaction at Islamic Boarding School

This study deals with the kinds of formal links used in classroom interaction at the Islamic Boarding School by an English teacher and female students in class XI. It aims to describe the kinds of formal links used in classroom interaction, to find out the most frequent kinds of formal links used in classroom interaction, and to find out the extent the students use formal links effectively in classroom interaction at the Islamic Boarding School. This research was carried out by using descriptive qualitative. The researcher used an observation checklist, interview, and audio recording. The data of transcription were classified into seven kinds of formal links. They were verb forms, parallelism, referring expression, repetition, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. The researcher observed the English teacher and twenty-two female students in class XI at the Islamic Boarding School. From the English teacher and twenty-two female students in class XI at the Islamic Boarding School who had been observed, the researcher discovered numbers of utterances and percentages. Their total utterances were classified into seven kinds of formal links. The most frequent kind used in classroom interaction was verb forms. Most of the students effectively used formal links in their classroom interaction. On the other hand, some students faced difficulties in using formal links correctly and effectively in classroom interactions.

Optimality Theory Paradigm in the Formation of Active Participles Arabic Quadrilateral Verbs

This article aims to investigate the implementation of the Optimality Theory (OT) paradigm in the formation of Active Participle (AP) in quadrilateral verbs in the Arabic language. This approach involves morphological and contrastive linguistic analyses to understand the patterns of PA formation from quadrilateral verbs, with a focus on the hierarchy of criteria and candidate evaluation based on OT principles. The research methodology includes an in-depth study of various forms of PA produced by quadrilateral verbs, identifying rules and preferences that lead to changes in the word forms. The research findings indicate that OT provides profound insights into the complexity of the morphology of quadrilateral verbs, illustrating consistent patterns of change as well as variations depending on grammatical and semantic contexts. The implications of these research findings significantly contribute to the understanding of Arabic linguistic structure, morphological theory, and contrastive analysis methods. By paving the way for further research, this article suggests that paradigm serves as an effective conceptual framework to explain morphological phenomena in the Arabic language, enriching Arabic linguistic literature and supporting the development of advanced morphological analysis methods. This study opens avenues for deeper exploration of linguistic intricacies, fostering academic insights into the Arabic language's structural nuances.

Nomination of cyber security terms in modern Ukrainian literary language

The article analyzes the main types of nominations of modern Ukrainian cyber security terminology. The non-uniformity of cyber security terminology determined the relevance of our research. The research material was the texts of legislative acts, textbooks, articles, monographs, dictionaries and other sources of factual material in the field of cyber security. An onomasiological approach (from content to form) is adopted for the linguistic analysis of terminological material for the reason that it makes it possible to use existing or necessary ways and means of expressing a certain scientific concept in language. We have selected the following thematic groups of cyber security terms: types of cyber security; cyber security subjects; cyber security objects; actions and measures of administrative and legal nature; technological processes, procedures, programs, means of protection; names of devices and technical means; names of offenses; names of persons by family and type of activity. Cybersecurity terminology is synthetic in its nature, since the system of concepts it covers is at the intersection of several industries, including information technologies, jurisprudence, state security services, etc. Еntire term field of cyber security becomes a complex dynamic system that has an open-ended nature and exists in both verbal and non-verbal forms. Nomination in the Ukrainian terminological system of cyber security takes place according to the following types: creation of terms by all known methods of the morphological word formation of the Ukrainian language (affixation, compounding and abbreviation, non-morphological word formation, creation of compound nominative units) with varying degrees of regularity and productivity. Low-productive methods are prefix-suffix and affix-less varieties of morphological word formation, as well as morphological-syntactic and lexical-syntactic methods of semantic derivation. The most common terms in the cyber security terminology are phrases, in particular two-component ones, the main principle of which is the specification of the supporting component.

System-structural and Functional-semantic Features of Motion Verbs in Sports Discourse Based on the Kazakh, Russian and English Languages

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that system-structural and functional-semantic features constitute the most important part of the linguistic system – a kind of basis in which ready communicative units of speech are produced. It is therefore only natural that these concepts have become an area of pioneering research in the functional linguistics of sports discourse. However, this is not confined to describing the pragmatics of speech, since the functions of grammatical units are performed within the language system. The syntactic properties of the sport forms in the position of the structural surface of the Kazakh, Russian and English languages constitute their main functional-semantic features and can be the object of functional syntax The aim of the research is to investigate the system-structural and functional-semantic facets of movement verbs in sports discourse in Kazakh, Russian and English. The basic prerequisite for the various functional versions is the consistent and coherent nature of the language system. In description practice, this means the interplay of grammatical categories and the consequent lack of clear-cut boundaries between the different levels of language – phonetics and morphology, vocabulary and grammar, morphology and syntax. The content and plan of the form of features, including morphological ones, are not reducible to formal manifestations: the same form of motion verbs usually belongs to several morphological categories. The interpretation of the form in a particular situation of use is determined by the factors external in relation to the category. With a grammatical form it is possible to express semantics that is not attributed to any particular form alone, since various linguistic means are involved in its realisation. The practical significance lies in determining the peculiarities of system-structural and functional-semantic mechanisms of motion verbs in sports discourse on the material of the respective languages.

Enactive approach to social interactions in religious media ecologies

In this article we examine the role of the body in constituting specific social interactions via religious media ecologies from the perspective of the enactive embodied cognition. Religious media ecologies give affordances for conversation and interaction which amplify not only religious but also social beliefs and turn subjective judgements into an intersubjective reality. Hence, despite the traditional emphasis on rational, verbal forms of social interaction, we consider the human body to be something of a cognitive pattern or map, representing important social senses and relations. Thematizing the proximity between embodied cognition and religious media ecologies can bring together philosophy and sociology, while addressing a range of prominent thinkers in an original way.

Morphological Homonymy in the Verbal Structure of the Albanian Language

Verbal structures, in general, in the Albanian language have followed the system, but there have also been interventions outside the system. Due to phonetic and analog interferences, this system has undergone constant changes. The changes have involved not only the system of endings, but often also the structure of their phonological representation.
 The phonological structure of many verbs in the course of time has been disorganized, in the view that during changes the representative forms have avoided the initial unified forms. The changes have affected, in the first place, verbs ending in consonants, such as: speak, shout, go out, bake, take etc. These have often brought consequences of opposite directions. Transitions from one state to another, or reversals to the previous state, have been evident. These transitions are observed not only in the representative form of verbs, but also in their typical changes means.
 Excluding the phenomenon of complementarity, thematic diversity within the same verb is a linguistic state obtained as a result of many phonetic or analogical developments. A change conditioned by the phonetic rule has over time taken on a morphological grammatical function. Morphological value in many cases have received phonological additions, unnecessarily supporting the system of typical changes. Changes in the subject structure of these verbs, when the grammatical means of expression are clear and obvious, are neutral to the grammatical meanings.

Child Heritage Speakers’ Overregularization of Spanish Past Participles

The current study investigated overregularization of Spanish irregular past participles (e.g., dicho ‘said’, regularized as decido) among 20 child heritage speakers of Spanish in New Mexico, ages 5;1–11;9. Overregularization occurs when a child produces an irregular form analogously to its regular counterpart (e.g., eated instead of ate). Typically, children first produce the irregular form and then, after they have learned a morphological pattern, they overapply it to the irregular form. Ultimately, children retreat from overregularization and once again produce the target irregular form. While there has been a wealth of studies on monolingual children’s overregularizations, very few have investigated this phenomenon in child heritage speakers, who may develop their grammars diversely due to their exposure to the heritage language. This study analyzed the impact of age, Spanish language experience, Spanish morphosyntax proficiency, and lexical frequency on overregularization among the 13/20 children who produced past participles (n = 233) in response to an elicited production task. Participles were overregularized at high rates (74%), resulting in forms like ponido (‘put’, cf: puesto). Results from a regression analysis indicate that overregularization was more likely among the younger children, the children with lower morphosyntax scores, and with lower-frequency participles. Further, an interaction between morphosyntax score and lexical frequency indicated that children with higher scores overregularized with lower frequency participles, but not higher frequency ones, whereas children with low scores overregularized with both low- and high-frequency forms. In summary, child heritage speakers overregularize Spanish past participles at high rates, and the retreat from overregularization is tied to overall grammatical development and lexical frequency, suggesting that the acquisition of irregular participles is dependent on experiencing multiple instances of the irregular verb form.

The halted neoliberalising of public schools: policy trajectories of two ‘failed’ privatisation reforms in South Korea and China

ABSTRACT This paper investigates and compares the policy trajectories of two halted privatisation reforms – autonomous private high schools in South Korea (2002–2019) and converted schools in China (1992–2008). The two reforms, ambitiously announced, were put under scrutiny and ultimately halted, when the public discontent about education inequalities was widely expressed. We particularly focus on the profound entanglement between neoliberal forces and contextual specificities, and their conjoint influences on the two reforms. The non-linear trajectories are explained through their reified embrace of neoliberal discourses and strategies, deep-rooted ideologies, political systems, and legitimisation derived from the shared Confucian ideals of ‘benevolent governance’ and social stability. This paper argues that, in these contexts, the verb form ‘neoliberalising’ better captures the dynamics and openness of privatisation reforms and renders nuanced understandings beyond the currently dominant neoliberal frames of reference.

Utilizing Special Language in Street Crime Newsgathering in Indonesia

This article describes the newsgathering process among the crime journalist community in West Java, which involves the use of special symbolic languages. Using the ethnographic method, the study was conducted to collect data related to the practice of using special language, especially how crime journalists interpret it and how it functions for their profession. The results have shown that special language is not only used in the newsgathering process but also in daily interactions with fellow community members and police officers as news sources. As a result, the special language used consists of both abstract and concrete symbols. Abstract symbols encompass verbal and nonverbal forms that are embodied in numeric, phonetic, and cosmic codes. Meanwhile, concrete symbols are related to how they dress and use equipment, and how all these attributes represent them as crime journalists. This is related to the functions of special language, namely as a means of distinguishing themselves from other journalist groups. In addition, this special language also serves as a form of identity manipulation, allowing them to take on the role of the police in information gathering.

ПОЯВЛЕНИЕ ФОРМ ПРОШЕДШЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ В ТЮРКОЛОГИИ

Studies in the Kyrgyz-Turkish literature on the meaning of the past tense of the verb show that the description of the past tense corresponds to about XIX century. They only talk about the general meaning of the past tense, the normal pronunciation in the verb form in the word of the grammatical means that creates the meaning of the past tense.The famous scientist I.V. Kormushin had published monograph in the system of Altaic tenses of verbs. The work carried out such studies as the development of verb forms in the Altai language and the restoration of the ancient appearance in the Turkish language as a whole. The study of ancient verb forms carried out in combination with the facts of the Tungus-Manchu and Mongolian languages. On these tables, the scientist set the task of finding grammatical forms of ancient Altai verb forms.

Comprehension and production of Kinyarwanda verbs in the Discriminative Lexicon

Abstract The Discriminative Lexicon is a theory of the mental lexicon that brings together insights from various other theories: words are the relevant cognitive units in morphology, the meaning of a word is represented by its distribution in utterances, word forms and their meaning are learned by minimizing prediction errors, and fully connected networks successfully capture language learning. In this article we model comprehension and production of Kinyarwanda verb forms in the Discriminative Lexicon model. Kinyarwanda is a highly inflectional language, and therefore particularly interesting, because its paradigms are almost unlimited in size. Can knowledge of its enormous paradigms be modeled only on the basis of words? To answer this question we modeled a data set of 11,528 verb forms, hand-annotated for meaning and their grammatical functions, in the Linear Discriminative Learning (LDL), a two-layered, fully connected computational implementation of the Discriminative Lexicon model. We also extracted 573 verbs from our data set for which meanings are available that are based on empirical word embeddings obtained from large text corpora, and modeled them in LDL. Both comprehension and production is learned accurately: Kinyarwanda verb forms can be comprehended and produced relying on words as cognitive units, in a two-layered network, in which prediction errors are minimized.