Forms Of Repression Research Articles

Auto-Ethnography, Action Research and Reflections on Home, Resistance and Survival

ABSTRACT Marginalised, minoritised, sexualised and racialised individuals often find themselves in positions where they are victimised, brutalised, demoralised and expected to justify their very existence. Global scholars have employed qualitative, ethnographic, anti-racist and feminist research approaches that focus on acknowledging and removing, not rearranging, unequal and violently oppressive social norms and cultural traditions. Many, whose works are shared here, have demonstrated that it is possible to debunk oppressive stereotypes in opposition to various forms of repression and oppression. This debunking makes space for addressing (through policy and law) the everyday brutal, supremacist, patriarchal, misogynistic practices (such as the accounts of gender based violence and femicide that I share). The aim here is to present auto-ethnography, action research and reflection as part of a body of work that embraces the need, and right, to make public the oftentimes demeaning and violent personal and professional experiences that have been accommodated and normalised within institutions claiming to be nurturing, democratic and adhering to principles of social justice and equity at local, national and global levels.

Репрессивные практики противоборствующих сторон в Кабарде в период российской революции (1917–1920 гг.)

This article investigates the issues surrounding the application of repressive practices in Kabarda during the period of the revolution and the civil war from 1917 to 1920. It examines the factors that led to a transition toward violence among the opposing factions and the nature of its escalation. It is emphasized that the political actors who came to power primarily sought to eliminate their opponents, represented by the previous ruling elite, and subsequently targeted broad segments of the population as public protest activity and resistance to the prevailing political course increased. The article also elucidates the forms of repressive practices employed during this tumultuous period. The most severe of these was the physical elimination of political adversaries, a tactic utilized by both sides in the civil conflict within the region. Arrest and incarceration were also frequently employed. Other forms of repression, predominantly exercised by the Bolshevik regime, included the disenfranchisement of individuals, conscription for forced labor, and confiscation of property.

THE POLITICS OF VIOLENT CONCATENATIONS

AbstractBased on three years of ethnographic fieldwork, this article examines face‐to‐face violent interactions in a high‐poverty squatter settlement in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Delving into the situational interactions and biographies of those who simultaneously exercise and suffer violence—victims and perpetrators—we illustrate in fine‐grained detail the concatenations of violence and their political dimensions. Violent concatenations are political in a twofold sense: (1) they are shaped by state (legal and illegal) interventions, and (2) they are understood by both victims and perpetrators as being caused by state actors either directly (in the form of police repression) or clandestinely (in the form of collusion with criminals).

Transnational Human Rights Violations: Addressing the Evolution of Globalized Repression through National Human Rights Institutions

Abstract Transnational Human Rights Violations (THRV) are infringements of individual rights that originate outside the jurisdiction in which they take effect. Ranging from violent and criminal forms of transnational repression through to coercion against targets’ family members abroad, digital surveillance, and legal intimidation, THRVs today generate widespread and systemic constraints on the exercise of human rights in jurisdictions around the world. At present, however, targets of THRVs typically find few avenues through which to raise complaints, receive assistance or pursue redress. This article proposes a new domestic institutional mechanism to directly address this situation. It first examines the mutually reinforcing, additive effects of transnational surveillance, coercion and censorship in the digital era. Next, it identifies relevant human rights standards showing state responsibilities to monitor and counter THRVs within their jurisdiction, and the growing recognition of additive, systemic effects of THRVs on broad populations. The third section examines policy responses in the United States, Australia, United Kingdom, and international organizations, noting that none has adequately addressed the contemporary nature and scope of THRVs as international standards require. The final section argues that to meet their obligations, states should establish Transnational Rights Protection Offices (TRPOs) to provide a clear contact point for targets to raise complaints and receive support; monitor and report on the situation of THRVs taking effect within the state’s jurisdiction; advise and inform government departments on THRV issues; and develop evidence-based policy recommendations. We conclude by laying out the rationale for its institutional status within National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs).

The Academic Question of Palestine

This article provides theoretical and contextual background to The Academic Question of Palestine. Building on the work of Edward Said, we maintain that Palestine constitutes a unique question with special status in international academic spaces, particularly in the West, because of its entanglement with other imperial and settler colonial forms of dispossession. We argue that the special place that Zionism and its defence has occupied for decades in academia has rendered Palestine one of the thorniest and most divisive issues of our time. In the new millennium, the birth of the BDS movement; the emergence of new solidarities with global anti-racist movements; the scholarly and human rights consensus that Israel constitutes a regime settler colonial apartheid; the acceleration of Zionist violence, until the Gaza genocide, have generated new forms of repression and resistance in the academic space. This Special Issue offers the tools for understanding these recent transformations of the question of Palestine.

Climate-health risk (In)visibility in the context of everyday humanitarian practice

Nongovernmental migrant shelters in Mexico play a key role in documenting the factors that shape forced migration from Central America. Existing intake protocols in shelters are largely oriented to humanitarian legal frameworks that determine eligibility for international protection based on interpersonal violence and political persecution. This qualitative study calls attention to how existing humanitarian logics may obscure climate- and health-related disruptions as drivers of forced migration from Central America in the context of everyday humanitarian practice. In May 2022 we compared migrant's responses (n = 40) to a standardized intake protocol at a nongovernmental humanitarian migrant shelter in Mexico with responses to semi-structured interviews that focused on migrants' perceptions of climate change and health as drivers of forced displacement. We found that slow- and rapid-onset climatic disruptions; illness and disease; and various forms of violence and repression are often interrelated drivers of forced displacement. Comparing intake protocols and in-depth interview responses, we found that climate- and health-related drivers of forced displacement are rarely documented. These findings speak to the importance of critically examining everyday humanitarian practices in the context of ongoing advocacy that calls for climate-related disruptions to be integrated into existing humanitarian protection frameworks.

Legal Safeguards for Tourists as Consumers: An Analysis of Accident Incidences at Tourist Sites

Accidents at tourist sites significantly harm tourists who are also consumers. This study aims to investigate both preventive and repressive forms of legal protection for tourists, especially in cases of accidents at tourist destinations. The research employs a qualitative methodology with a normative research design, focusing on statutory regulations and legal concepts. The findings indicate that preventive legal protection is lacking due to inadequate implementation of consumer protection and tourism laws, resulting in incidents with casualties, such as the one at The Geong Limpakuwus Pine Forest Tourism in Sumbang, Banyumas. Repressive legal protection is also insufficient, as the accountability of tourist sites in providing insurance to victims has not been fulfilled. Consequently, the legal protection for tourists as consumers in accident scenarios is not effectively provided.

Rastros documentales de la (des)aparición de cuerpos: inhumaciones irregulares y antropología forense en un cementerio público de Córdoba

This article reflects on the extensive use of irregular burials in public cemeteries as a method of disappearance/elimination of bodies during the last civic-military dictatorship in Argentina. Drawing on a historical-anthropological perspective, it investigates a paradigmatic case: the discovery of one of the largest mass graves in Latin America, located in the San Vicente Cemetery in the city of Córdoba, Argentina. The underlying assumption guiding the analysis is that irregular burial involved the intervention of bureaucratic-administrative instances linked to the regular handling of corpses—hospitals, morgues, and public cemeteries—resulting in the existence of documentary traces that currently account for its use and extent. The article begins with the description of a letter written in 1980 by morgue workers and a newspaper article about the first identification in Córdoba, serving as temporal markers of a lengthy search process. The geographical and historical reconstruction of San Vicente and its burial practices configure it as a territory of marginalities and impurities, as a receiver of bodies of the sick, the poor, and also “subversive delinquents.” Analyzed as cultural artifacts, the morgue's entry books and the 1980 letter reveal different aspects of the irregular burial practice and how the bodies of the murdered were incorporated into the routines of state agencies. Such records were crucial in the forensic anthropological work of searching for and locating the large mass grave. The article is framed among studies focusing on the “legal” and “administrative” forms of state repression and terror. It seeks to highlight the importance of preliminary investigation and interdisciplinarity in the application of forensic anthropology, not only in the analyzed geographical area but also in clarifying the multiple violences that permeate the region.

CORPO E POLÍTICA

The present article aimed to investigate a part of the Poets in the Square movement (Salvador/BA - 1980). The chosen time frame demonstrates that this period was filled with vibrant historical events throughout the Brazil, due to the censorship imposed by the State, its institutional bodies, and its forms of prohibition and repression. During the occupation of Piedade Square, located in the city center, the poets organized gatherings among people and groups of artists, with the purpose of reciting poems and selling alternative books. For the Poets, it was limited to confine poetry to restricted spaces that were detached from the people on the streets, who, in turn, needed to hear and read since their access to book knowledge, even today, remains very limited to a few. The theoretical foundation of this text relied on the works of the following authors: Antonin Artaud (1984), Jean-Luc Nancy (2000), Walter Benjamin (1985), Drummond (2013), Didi-Huberman (2011).

Internalized political repression: Legacies of authoritarianism in the U.S.‐based Syrian diaspora during the Arab Spring

AbstractAuthoritarian regimes are known to repress the political activity of their diasporas transnationally by threatening harsh sanctions. But is this their only mode of transnational repression? This article builds on scholarship on social control to explore whether migrants bring internalized forms of political repression from their authoritarian home country to their democratic country of settlement—and if so, how it shapes their transnational political activity. In‐depth life‐history interviews with 29 U.S.‐citizen and permanent‐resident Syrian immigrants living in Los Angeles, California and Louisville, Kentucky reveal that for many U.S.‐based Syrians, demobilizing emotions, interpretive frames, and habits learned in Syria depressed their transnational political activity during the Arab Spring. Four internalized mechanisms of transnational political repression are conceptualized: learned helplessness, chronic fear of politics and the State, political trauma, and disciplined aversion to political expression. Leveraging comparisons between activists, demobilized activists, and non‐activists, this article demonstrates the connections between specific political socialization experiences, internalized political repression, and transnational political (in)activity. This article contributes to the growing literature on constraints and barriers to transnational mobilization, and to the debate over the role of pre‐migration political experience on immigrants' political participation.

Small-RNA-guided histone modifications and somatic genome elimination in ciliates.

Transposable elements and other repeats are repressed by small-RNA-guided histone modifications in fungi, plants and animals. The specificity of silencing is achieved through base-pairing of small RNAs corresponding to the these genomic loci to nascent noncoding RNAs, which allows the recruitment of histone methyltransferases that methylate histone H3 on lysine 9. Self-reinforcing feedback loops enhance small RNA production and ensure robust and heritable repression. In the unicellular ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia, small-RNA-guided histone modifications lead to the elimination of transposable elements and their remnants, a definitive form of repression. In this organism, germline and somatic functions are separated within two types of nuclei with different genomes. At each sexual cycle, development of the somatic genome is accompanied by the reproducible removal of approximately a third of the germline genome. Instead of recruiting a H3K9 methyltransferase, small RNAs corresponding to eliminated sequences tether Polycomb Repressive Complex 2, which in ciliates has the unique property of catalyzing both lysine 9 and lysine 27 trimethylation of histone H3. These histone modifications that are crucial for the elimination of transposable elements are thought to guide the endonuclease complex, which triggers double-strand breaks at these specific genomic loci. The comparison between ciliates and other eukaryotes underscores the importance of investigating small-RNAs-directed chromatin silencing in a diverse range of organisms. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action.

Thinking Palestine, Decolonization and Abolition in Ethnic Studies

What does it mean to produce and engage in liberatory scholarship and teaching pedagogy on Palestine, given the extant forms of policing, surveillance and censorship that continue to target scholars of Palestine within the US academy? Why do these forms of repression appear even within a field of study—ethnic studies—that grew from emancipatory radical student movements seeking to dismantle (settler) colonial and white-supremacist hegemony in scholarship and teaching pedagogy? And how might we, as scholars engaged in the radical work and theory of abolition and decolonization, protect the field of ethnic studies from a mutilation of the pedagogical structure that such repression seeks to accomplish? To be clear about these terms, by abolition, I mean the insurgent praxis of Black rebellion that sought to abolish not only the system of but the foundational logics of racial-chattel-slavery. This insurgent praxis was not only sustained but renewed following the passage of the 13th amendment which abolished slavery except for as a punishment for crime. Since then, abolition continues to forcefully recreate itself as an ethos, school of thought, praxis, and movement, that redefines Blackness, and Black being against white-supremacist state violence codified in multiple liberal and neoliberal reconfigurations. In the contemporary moment abolitionist praxis seeks a dismantlement of the prison-industrial-complex and carceral logic that animates racist-state violence: policing, extrajudicial killing, racial surveillance and captivity of Black bodies (Browne 2015). But abolition also allows for and invites rebellion among all those whose lives are threatened by the white-being character of the state and its carceral logic and structure as well. This carceral logic extends to structures of regulated exclusion, taking form for example in the erection of carceral borders and border regimes to keep refugees and migrants out or contained, and the counter-insurgent war against knowledge curators, artists, and activists that question the fundamental coloniality and whiteness of the US state. I recognize true decolonization as that which has always been an abolitionist worldview and practice as well. Decolonization seeks not only to undue structures and ideologies of coloniality but to foreground Indigenous ways of being, knowing, and understanding in its place. When I refer to decolonization however, I am not referring only to an epistemic, psychological, or discursive project—I quite literally believe in the rematriation of stolen Indigenous lands to its stewards. By speaking and practising decolonization within, to, and against the academy and university, I am concerned with how our work within this space enables this rematriation. Within this framework, I offer this review of Sherene Razack’s Nothing Has to Make Sense (2022), Saree Makdisi’s Tolerance is a Wasteland (2022) and Lara Sheehi and Stephen Sheehi’s Psychoanalysis Under Occupation (2022) to explore partial causality for the institutionalized repression and absence of Palestinian studies within the field of ethnic studies as an institutional project. I propose that these three texts, when read in conversation with one another and alongside the rich tradition of decolonial and abolitionist thought and practice, offer important insights relevant to protecting the radical potential of the ethnic studies project from Zionist liberal co-optation.

Language, Culture, And Gender: A Sociolinguistic Study

Culture is indeed a social force. When this social force is dominated by a specific gender, various forms of repression of subject terminology, initially considered equal in gender contexts, occur. Due to the dominance of a specific gender, culture is engineered to favor one gender, with males considered superior to females. Discussing language, culture, and gender essentially involves examining everyday life around us. From the moment of birth, one cannot escape the cultural webs created by previous generations, parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, and so on. Sociolinguistic studies conducted will reveal strong factors influencing language usage between men and women. Surveys were distributed across several aspects: nature, word choices, openness, courage, communication intonation, roles, and responsibilities among 50 male respondents and 50 female respondents. Gender refers to the differences between men and women based on social construction, culture, language, status, as well as roles and responsibilities in society. However, there are many differences in language use related to gender. Overall, the average results from respondents indicate that gender influences language usage. Men tend to be rougher, more open, and bold when expressing themselves. In contrast, women must consider numerous factors when expressing themselves. Word choices and intonation are carefully observed, as women tend to be gentle and empathetic.

"Censor It Out": The Missing Chapters of Operation Shylock

Abstract: This essay considers how specific instances of censorship and self-censorship may have influenced Roth's choice of a "missing chapter" as a powerful ending for Operation Shylock: A Confession (1993). By drawing from recently disclosed archive material at the Philip Roth Personal Library, I provide evidence of the author responding to the contemporary debate over free speech and reconstruct how his references to recent occurrences of textual suppression shaped his "unfinished" novel. I focus primarily on three sources that Roth read for research during the composition of Operation Shylock : The Sanctity of Speech (1986) by Yisroel Kolman Krohn and Yisroel Meir Shain, On Clowns (1992) by Norman Manea, and "Truth Whereby Nations Live" (1988) by Peretz Kidron—all in Roth's Personal Library at the Newark Public Library. A comparison with selected passages from these and other nonfictional texts reveals Roth's career-long interest in how different forms of political, social, and textual repression have been working in the context of Jewish writing and across Jewish institutions, in the US and abroad. It also underscores that the novel—far from being merely self-referential—was meant to represent censorship as accurately as in the historical examples one could easily find outside the book, in the political events of the late twentieth century.

Consumptive Behavior of Students: Analysis of Herbert Marcuse's Perspective

Human life in the post-modern era is characterized by very varied needs and has penetrated all levels of society, including students. In practice, students at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Makassar State University tend to act excessively and prioritize desires over needs, for certain reasons. This must be addressed as soon as possible because students are a key element in the movement to stop the pressure from capitalist activities that have developed, not to become supporters in inheriting and expanding the capitalist system. Therefore, this research aims to determine the consumer behavior of students at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Makassar State University. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research using Herbert Marcuse's theoretical approach. Data collection techniques, namely observation, interviews, and documentation. Researchers used source triangulation to ensure the validity of the data, where the data collected in this research was analyzed using theories related to the object of research, namely the consumer behavior of students at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Makassar State University. The results of this research show that students at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law at UNM tend to prioritize secondary needs solely to achieve inner satisfaction. In essence, a new form of control has been integrated within students, accompanied by various forms of repression. Apart from that, by using Herbert Marcuse's theory the author also found that students at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law at UNM in the era known as Gen-Z have been influenced by the urge to fulfill their needs even by ignoring other aspects of their lives, including lectures.

Encountering Innovation, Countering Innovation

What could be gained by putting science and technology studies (STS) in conversation with innovation studies (IS)? These distinct fields have shared people over decades, as they build concepts, careers, institutions, and even nations. I review how this collection offers accounts of how STS and IS have been practiced in different times and locations: resisting underdevelopment, Western and middle-class assumptions about progress, or technology-centric policy. I argue, however, that it is critical to clarify the difference between innovation as an analytic and as an emic and ideological category. Neither STS nor IS should take for granted the ways political economy, class relations, racialization and gendering, and even national(ist) ideologies shape what counts as desirable forms of newness, what newness ought to be contained or criminalized, and the hierarchies of socio-technical transformation that emerge out of that. I offer three examples: San Diego’s “smart streetlights” program where “innovation” as an ideology devalues or erases the creativity and knowledge already manifest among residents; Amazon® Mechanical Turk worker advocacy and the limits of doing scholarship with policy relevance when workers do not have organized power; and mid-twentieth-century Iran, where I show what IBM® throwing computers into the ocean can tell us about innovation as a form of enclosure, repression, empire, and waste of collective resources and knowledge.

«Я выслан навечно…»: к 80-летию депортации калмыцкого народа (по материалам архивов Казахстана)

Introduction. Ethnic deportations were a form of political repression in the USSR. Official Soviet directives clearly proclaimed mass relocations with exact indications of ethnic identities the would-be deportees should belong to. Goals. The study attempts a historical reconstruction of how Kalmyks from the abolished Kalmyk ASSR survived the exile, reviews their legal status, and outlines a social portrait. Materials and methods. The work employs a variety of research methods, such as the source study, information, mathematic/statistical, factual/historic ones and that of computer content analyses for sufficient insights into earlier classified and thus unclaimed sources. The study is the first to examine personal files declassified since November 2021 by the Government Commission for Complete Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repressions (est. by the order of President K.-Zh. Tokayev), as well as some related documents from departmental archives of Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Committee of National Security transmitted in 2021–2023 to the Archive of the President of Kazakhstan. Files dealing with special settlers are also housed at the Archive of the Committee for Legal Statistics and Special Records (Prosecutor General’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan) and its departments in Turkistan, Kyzylorda, Akmola, Karaganda and Zhetysu regions, at the State Archive of Kyzylorda Region (its branch — Archive of Sociopolitical History). Results. The Kalmyk deportees started arriving in the Kazakh SSR since January 1944. Despite the Republic was not designated as a region to host the repressed people, the war decided differently. The ethnic Kalmyks — though a minority in the host society to face hard life conditions — never assimilated culturally and showed sustainable social, professional and psycho-physical adaptation skills to the changed circumstances and environments.

Mekanisme Pertahanan Diri Sigmund Freud Pada Tokoh Margio Dalam Novel Lelaki Harimau Karya Eka Kurniawan

This research aims to find out how the self-defense mechanism of Margio's character in the novel Lelaki Harimau by Eka Kurniawan. The problem raised is how the self-defense mechanism is carried out by the character Margio in the novel Lelaki Harimau by Eka Kurniawan when facing a problem. This research uses a qualitative method and is presented descriptively. The data in this study are in the form of words or sentences. The theory used comes from one of the most famous psychoanalysts, Sigmund Freud. The findings obtained from this study are the form of self-defense mechanisms carried out by the character Margio in the novel Lelaki Harimau by Eka Kurniawan in the form of Repression, Rationalization, Diversion, Projection, Denial, and Regression. This research only focuses on one character, namely Margio. Future research can discuss other characters and study them more broadly.

Theory and Practice of Returning Irregular Migrants in the Czech Republic

Irregular migration is an extremely dynamic area, and it is difficult to predict its development. At the same time, it is a phenomenon that can fundamentally threaten internal stability and security in destination countries. The central question of the present article is what the authorities in the Czech Republic do with migrants or expelled (rejected) asylum seekers who are irregularly present in the territory of the Czech Republic. Thus, the actual practice of deportation is the central question of this study.This article focuses on readmission agreements that are binding in the Czech Republic and analysis, the issue of irregular transit migration and its consequences.Additionally, this article highlights deportation proceedings, starting from the least to the most repressive practices. The least repressive forms of deportation are the the commonly called departure order, the decision on the obligation to leave the territory, and the commonly called voluntary returns. Considering the repressive methods of deportation in the Czech Republic, the most frequently applied form of deportation is based on administrative law and related to detention facilities. Finally, the case law of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic is analysed, as it plays a significant role in the field of irregular migration and deportation.

Радянське законодавство як складова технологій Голодомору-геноциду 1932–1933 років (на прикладі Півдня України)

The article pays attention to a topic insufficiently covered in the scientific literature – the analysis of legal acts of the USSR and the USSR of the late 1920s – early 1930s and the legal assessment of the actions of the authorities in relation to the citizens of the USSR, which led to the Holodomor of 1932–1933. Their study and analysis allow us to reveal the degree of violation of Soviet laws by the Soviet government itself, the forms of repression against the civilian population and the use of genocide technology. The focus is on the technologies of genocide identified by Lemkin and the analysis of the practices of leading historians and jurists regarding the justification of the genocidal nature of the famine of 1932–1933. Using the example of specific events that took place in the South of Ukraine, the mechanism of committing actions that can be classified as genocide is investigated. The application of an integrated interdisciplinary approach to the study of the problem involves the study of legal norms that guided the activities of the Soviet authorities and the identification of those that had signs of a crime against the Ukrainian people. To show how a social phenomenon – the famine of 1932–1933 – turned into a tool of deliberate murder, of which more than 3.9 million people in Ukraine became victims, the authors focused on the complex of legislative and regulatory acts and the practice of their application in the Ukrainian SSR as components of genocide technologies.