Forms Of Relatedness Research Articles

Constrained formation of object representations.

Viewers were presented with a rapid sequence of very brief stimulus pairs, each of which consisted of a pictured object followed by a related or unrelated word. The form of relatedness between the picture and word was manipulated across experiments (identical concept, associated concept, ink color of the picture). Recognition memory for the pictures was affected not only by whether or not paired items were conceptually identical or semantically related, but also by whether or not the words named an irrelevant feature, ink color. These results show that sequential items are integrated on the basis of similarity at whatever level is available, so that the stability of the memory representation of one or both items is increased. We propose that a common mechanism may underlie integration, priming, and selective attention.

Bipolar self: Body psychotherapy, spirituality and bonding— searching for identity

The central object of this paper is the consideration, acknowledgement and differentiation of spiritual needs and experiences of our clients in the body-psychotherapeutic process. I devote the first part to the topic of interpersonal bonding as a fundamental aspect of spiritual-orientated body psychotherapy. In the second part I view spirituality as an anchor of existential bonding. A third form of relatedness - energetic bonding - is described from a phenomenological and causal point of view. In the third part the integration of all three kinds of bonding in the bipolar self is explained by means of a model; here implications in spiritual as well as therapeutic process are analysed in detail. Last but not least, the vision of a self-finding process is shown, in which client and therapist meet each other in their profoundest existential dimension.

The “Adualistic” Representation of Trauma: On Malignant Internalization

This paper suggests that traumatic memories are represented in a way that is qualitatively different from nontraumatic memories. The argument depends upon a concept of self, derived from Hughlings Jackson and William James, which is double, involving not only mental life but reflection upon it. Trauma is seen as causing an uncoupling, or dedoubling, of consciousness. The traumatic diminishment of the subject-object distinction in psychic life has several main effects. First, there is a change in the form of consciousness to a state which is focussed on the present and on immediate stimuli. Secondly, the memory system in which the traumatic events are recorded is nonepisodic, lacking the reflective component. In this way, it is unconscious. Thirdly, the traumatized-traumatizer dyad is represented not as two persons in relation but more nearly as a fused monad. This representation is not integrated into the system of self as the stream of consciousness but remains relatively sequestered. This sequestration is "unstable," determining rapidly oscillating, and opposite, forms of relatedness, termed "reversals." Finally, in an "uncoupled" state, the interpretation of the "meaning" of the traumatic event is impaired. Its construction is determined by affect.

The long and short of semantic priming effects in lexical decision.

Unlike other forms of priming, semantic priming appears only to occur at short lags. In apparent contrast to this, S. Becker, M. Moscovitch, M. Behrmann, and S. Joordens (1997) described a theory of priming that predicts long-term effects for all forms of relatedness. This prediction is reconciled with previous failures to observe long-term semantic priming on the basis of 2 claims: (a) that previously used pairs share few semantic features and (b) that tasks typically used to study priming are not especially sensitive to semantic influences. The present experiments provide further support for these claims by demonstrating long-term semantic priming in the lexical-decision task when the stimuli and task are modified in a way that increases semantic involvement. However, the findings' suggest that in addition to the mechanism advocated by Becker et al., a second mechanism is necessary to provide a complete account of semantic priming effects.

Genetics of Kin Selection: The Role of Behavioral Inclusive Fitness

A framework is developed for understanding the equilibria and dynamics of diploid sib-sib kin selection in terms of behavioral inclusive fitness functions, in analogy with how behavioral fitness functions control selection in general two-phenotype frequency-dependent selection, where interactions are assumed to occur at random. This approach is used to clarify the difference between exact and approximate models of kin selection, which differ in their treatment of relatedness. Various forms of relatedness are explored, and their relation to Hamilton's rule and individual and behavioral inclusive fitness is discussed. Numerical simulations are used to quantify the limits on changes in relatedness during selection, which is the only force that can cause a decrease in mean inclusive fitness