Forms Of Land Use Research Articles

ПРАВО ПОСТІЙНОГО КОРИСТУВАННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИМИ ДІЛЯНКАМИ В УКРАЇНІ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ЗАКОНОДАВЧОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТА ПРАКТИКИ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ

The right to permanent use of land plots in Ukraine is characterized as one of the main legal forms of land use. It is emphasized that the legislative consolidation of modern, market rights to land did not lead to a complete rejection of all Soviet forms of land use, including the right to permanent use of land plots. The genesis of legal regulation of the land plots use on the ground of the right to permanent use in the Ukrainian land legislation is clarified, on the basis of what a conclusion concerning the tendency to abolishment of the institution of the right to permanent land use in the current land legislation is made. The main advantages and disadvantages of the right to permanent use of land plots as a legal form of land use in Ukraine are determined. It is established that its advantages over other legal forms of land use such as perpetuity, free acquisition and some others, determine its long-term «survival» in the land legislation of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the most significant shortcoming of the right to permanent use of land plots is the inability of the disposal of land plots by the subjects of this right. The current Land Code of Ukraine significantly limited the scope of application and the range of subjects of the right to permanent use of land plots. At the same time, persons who had received this right earlier, but did not own it in accordance with the Land Code, had to reregistrate it to the right of ownership or to the right of lease. However, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized this obligation as unconstitutional. Different types of land disputes that arise in the field of implementation of the right to permanent use of land are analyzed. The issue of the transfer of the right to permanent use of land plots in the order of legal succession is the most complicated hereby. It is emphasized that the right to permanent use of land plots should be transferred to legal successors in the process of their reorganization. It is defined that in practice there are numerous cases of abuse of the right to permanent use of land plots granted to state enterprises and research institutions. Most often, in such cases, the agreements on joint cultivation of land or on joint activity are concluded between permanent users and persons interested in the use of their land. The conclusion of such contracts is nothing more than attempts to circumvent the requirements of the law and a hidden lease. The conclusion of such contracts, the constant expansion of the range of subjects of the right of permanent use, the free transfer of land for permanent use indicate to serious problems in the field of application of the right to permanent use of land plots. The proposal to abolish the institution of the right to permanent use of land plots, replacing it with the right of operative management or economic management, is substantiated. The draft law on the abolition of the institute of the right of permanent land use is analyzed, its main content, positive and negative aspects are determined. It is concluded that replacing the right to permanent use of land plots with other land use titles will make it possible to use land more efficiently by economic entities, to solve other problems in the field of land use with the right to their permanent use.

Determination of the Agricultural Land Potential Index Using a Geographic Information System: A Case Study of Aceh Tengah Regency, Indonesia

Agricultural problems that often arise are due to a lack of suitable and strategic agricultural land for its use, which results in poor agricultural production in the area. A land potential index that classifies existing land potentials from high to low class can be used to overcome this. This study aims to build an agricultural land potential index using a geographic information system in the Regency of Aceh Tengah, Indonesia, using a geographic information system. The method used in this research is a survey approach to collect information in the form of rainfall data, slope, lithology, soil type, land use and administrative maps of the Aceh Tengah Regency. The land potential index is obtained by overlaying the slope parameters, lithology, soil type, hydrology, and susceptibility to erosion into a land map unit that can classify it into five classes of a land potential index. The results of this study indicate that the Regency of Aceh Tengah is included in the very wet climate type. Maximum erosion was 1,213.6 tons per ha per year. The land potential index with very low criteria was 23.38% (102,002.42 ha) with a slope greater than 40%. The land potential index with very high criteria has an area of 3,807.80 ha (0.87%) with a maximum slope of 15%. A land potential index with very high criteria was found in the Linge, Atu Lintang, Lut Tawar, Pegasing, Bintang, Jagong Jeget, Kebayakan, Ketol, and Celala districts with an area of 2,014.26 ha, 1,266.33 ha, 174.81 ha, 148.07 ha, 77.86 ha, 73.63 ha, 46.77 ha, 4.14 ha and 1.94 ha, respectively. Meanwhile, the land potential index with very low criteria is found in all districts except Kute Panang and Atu Lintang.

Spatial Variability of Soil Properties under Different Land Use Systems in Wokha District of Nagaland, India

The shifting cultivation practice is the predominant land use system of Nagaland, India, and Wokha district in particular. In general, there are four different forms of land use: forest, shifting cultivation, cultivated fallow, and wet terrace rice cultivation. In the Wokha district, a study was conducted in the year 2015 to evaluate the variability in soil characteristics among four different land use systems and to map their spatial distribution. A total of 381 soil samples were collected and tested for six soil fertility parameters; clay, pH, soil organic carbon, available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The results showed that all of the soils were very acidic in nature; however the mean value of soil pH was substantially higher in the shifting cultivation system. Soil organic carbon concentrations ranged from high to very high across all land use systems. Average soil organic carbon content was highest in the forest, followed by cultivated fallow, shifting, and wet terrace rice cultivation (WTRC) systems, whereas available N content was very low to low. The P concentration of the soil was very low in the WTRC system and low in the other systems. Soil K concentration was high in shifting (361.95 kg/ha), cultivated fallow (312.4 kg/ha), forest (309.73 kg/ha), and low in WTRC (166.975 kg/ha) land use systems. Available N, P and K deficiency was found in 93.8%, 72.2%, and 32.9% of soil samples, respectively. Soil organic carbon correlated positively with K and significantly positively with N. Soil pH correlated negatively with clay content and positively but non-significantly with P. The generated maps might be used to assist farmers in identifying the expected nutrient levels in their areas and encourage them to change their crop management practices to improve crop yield and profitability. Due to soil acidity, higher SOC, lower N and P, and higher potassium content, suitable acid loving crops, higher N and phosphorus fertilization, and some commercially advantageous potassium responsive crops may be encouraged in farming practices.

Agricultural intensification with seasonal fallow land promotes high bee diversity in Afrotropical drylands

Abstract The exponential increase in the human population in tandem with increased food demand has caused agriculture to be the global‐dominant form of land use. Afrotropical drylands are currently facing the loss of natural savannah habitats and agricultural intensification with largely unknown consequences for bees. Here we investigate the effects of agricultural intensification on bee assemblages in the Afrotropical drylands of northern Tanzania. We disentangled the direct effects of agricultural intensification and temperature on bee richness from indirect effects mediated by changes in floral resources. We collected data from 24 study sites representing three levels of management intensity (natural savannah, moderate intensive and highly intensive agriculture) spanning an extensive gradient of mean annual temperature (MAT) in northern Tanzania. We used ordinary linear models and path analysis to test the effects of agricultural intensity and MAT on bee species richness, bee species composition and body‐size variation of bee communities. We found that bee species richness increased with agricultural intensity and with increasing temperature. The effects of agricultural intensity and temperature on bee species richness were mediated by the positive effects of agriculture and temperature on the richness of floral resources used by bees. During the off‐growing season, agricultural land was characterized by an extensive period of fallow land holding a very high density of flowering plants with unique bee species composition. The increase in bee diversity in agricultural habitats paralleled an increasing variation of bee body sizes with agricultural intensification that, however, diminished in environments with higher temperatures. Synthesis and applications. Our study reveals that bee assemblages in Afrotropical drylands benefit from agricultural intensification in the way it is currently practiced. However, further land‐use intensification, including year‐round irrigated crop monocultures and excessive use of agrochemicals, is likely to exert a negative impact on bee diversity and pollination services, as reported in temperate regions. Moreover, several bee species were restricted to natural savannah habitats. To conserve bee communities and guarantee pollination services in the region, a mixture of savannah and agriculture, with long periods of fallow land should be maintained.

Linking landscape characteristics to shorebird habitat quality changes in a key stopover site along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway migratory route

The area and quality of shorebird stopover habitat along the key East Asian–Australasian Flyway migratory route has decreased. The cause is not fully understood. We apply an InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) model to examine shorebird habitat quality between 1975 and 2020 in the Yellow River Delta (YRD), and link landscape characteristics to habitat quality. Mean habitat quality declined from 0.42 to 0.20, areas of high habitat quality declined by 31.75%, and those of low and medium quality increased by 18.67% and 12.98%, respectively. Increased percentages of landscape (PLAND) and largest patch index (LPI) for city, industrial mining, reservoir/pond, and mariculture land-usage categories, and decreased PLAND and LPI for coastal wetlands significantly contribute to decreased mean habitat quality. Increased mean patch area (AREA_MN) and area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension (FRAC_AM) for city and reservoir/pond also greatly contribute to habitat quality decrease. For Spartina alterniflora, increased PLAND, LPI, number of patches (NP), AREA_MN, FRAC_AM and aggregation index (AI) contribute to reduced mean habitat quality. In the Shandong YRD National Nature Reserve, the impact of increased S. alterniflora invasion on shorebird habitat quality is greater than that of other forms of land use. In contrast, in Non-Reserve, the increased area of degraded land poses a greater threat to habitat quality than other factors. Managing S. alterniflora in Reserve, and reducing human activity in Non-Reserve, is required to curtail further decreases in habitat quality.

Open Spaces in the European Alps—GIS-Based Analysis and Implications for Spatial Planning from a Transnational Perspective

This article presents an open space concept of areas that are kept permanently free from buildings, technical infrastructure, and soil sealing. In the European Alps, space is scarce because of the topography; conflicts often arise between competing land uses such as permanent settlements and commercial activity. However, the presence of open spaces is important for carbon sequestration and the prevention of natural hazards, especially given climate change. A GIS-based analysis was conducted to identify an alpine-wide inventory of large-scale near-natural areas, or simply stated, open spaces. The method used identified the degree of infrastructure development for natural landscape units. Within the Alpine Convention perimeter, near-natural areas (with a degree of infrastructural development of up to 20%) account for a share of 51.5%. Only 14.5% of those areas are highly protected and are mostly located in high altitudes of over 1500 m or 2000 m above sea level. We advocate that the remaining Alpine open spaces must be preserved through the delimitation of more effective protection mechanisms, and green corridors should be safeguarded through spatial planning. To enhance the ecological connectivity of open spaces, there is the need for tailored spatial and sectoral planning strategies to prevent further landscape fragmentation and to coordinate new forms of land use for renewable energy production.

Grass-power: the political ecology of the grass crop in Ireland

Utilising actor-network theory, this paper conducts an analysis of the grass crop in Ireland’s political ecology – showing the ability of non-human agents, in the words of Bruno Latour, to ‘make us do things’. In particular, it examines the mutually beneficial and extended interests of the grass crop with the dairy industry – this is well represented by the state and herein termed grass-power. This shows how Ireland is staged as a ‘grass country’ to a global audience, making dairy consumption appear neutral and inevitable. To date, the role of the grass crop in Ireland’s political ecology has been neglected, although it is shown here to be at the centre of environmental harms. This analysis reveals the contradictions and competing aims of Irish food strategies and suggests that to build sustainable landscapes, the imaginary that grass-cover is the only legitimate form of land use must be displaced and unravelled from political interests.

Nonlinear Influence of Land-Use Transition on Carbon Emission Transfer: A Threshold Regression Analysis of the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River in China

Land-use transition (LUT) refers to the change in the land-use form corresponding to the regional economic and social development. At different stages of LUT, changes in the land-use scale and structure may lead to carbon source transfer by affecting industrial transfer and carbon sinks, resulting in changes in the total carbon emission transfer (CET) from the land use in the whole region. The clarification of the relationship between LUT and CET is of great importance for the sustainable development of the regional economy and society and the realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. In this paper, we firstly conducted a theoretical analysis of the nonlinear relationship between LUT and CET, then took the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River in China as an example to explore the characteristics of LUT and CET, and finally constructed a threshold regression model to verify their nonlinear relationship. The following main findings were obtained. (1) From 2000 to 2020, profound LUT had occurred in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, with continuous decreases in farmland, substantial increases in construction land, and a first decrease and then increase in forest land; farmland is the main contributor to construction land and forest with a contribution rate exceeding 60%. (2) During the study period, the CET in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River exhibited certain regular characteristics. The phase characteristics of the carbon sink changes follow an intensification–moderation–reintensification–remoderation pattern, and those of the carbon source transfer and net carbon emissions follow an intensification–reintensification–moderation–remoderation pattern. In addition, carbon sink changes are far from enough to offset the effect of carbon source transfer. (3) The nonlinear relationship between LUT and CET was confirmed by the threshold effect at the economic development level, industrial optimization level, and technological progress level. The nonlinear relationship between the LUT and the carbon sink changes in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River is on the left side of the U-shaped curve and that between the LUT and the carbon source transfer or net carbon emissions is on the left side of the inverted U-shaped curve.

Landed Estates, Rural Commons and Collective Agriculture in Ottoman Niş and Leskofçe in the Nineteenth Century

Abstract In contesting claims of private ownership of landed estates in mid-nineteenth-century Niş and Leskofçe, peasants argued that they cultivated and possessed the land ‘jointly and commonly’. It was a claim that questioned existing property relations, based on tenancy and sharecropping in landed estates (çiftliks) owned by urban landholders. This article attempts to reconstruct the social organisation of production in the estates by exploring forms of land use and labour which were embedded in forms of collective peasant organisation and practice. It is argued that the co-existence of multiple land use and labour forms under a dominant framework of estate agriculture generated social tensions with long-term consequences.

Can Neo-Rural Initiatives Bolster Community Resilience in Depopulated Coupled Human and Natural System?: Insights From Stakeholder Perceptions in Central Spain

Preindustrial era agro-sylvopastoral land uses have influenced structure, function and disturbance in Mediterranean type mountainous landscapes for millennia. In this study we analyze through semi-structured interviews, stakeholder perceptions of coupled human and natural system (CHANS) community resilience in one such landscape; the municipality of Puebla de la Sierra, Madrid. The municipality is part of the Biosphere Reserve of the Sierra del Rincon and the Natura 2000 network and as such is subject to various conservationist regulations emanating from multiple levels of governance. In the preindustrial past most municipal lands formed an oak “dehesa” or open forest CHANS that made biomass extraction through pollarding compatible with pastoralism and shifting agriculture. After a period of rapid land-use change in the early 20th century—marked by the state led plantation of coniferous forests, the final decades of the last century were characterized by rural abandonment and the collapse of traditional forms of land use as well as the gradual transformation of the municipality into an eco-touristic, exurban destination for Madrid residents. More recently, the municipality has experienced an influx of neo-rural settlers in the area wishing to connect traditional knowledge and management with modern agro-environmental practices. In our study, we identify two limiting factors to community resilience in Puebla de la Sierra; governance and financing. The current governance model is perceived by respondents to be contrary to their reality and needs, which translates into environmental, urban and health regulations that, in their views, penalizes agroecological and small-scale economic activities. In addition, respondents believe there is a dearth of material and financial resources to initiate these transformative local actions which further weakens community resilience. Stakeholders however also identified other factors that reinforce community resilience such as a collective willingness to revive key traditional ecosystem management practices such as pollarding, the networks of trust existing between the people participating in these new initiatives and the capacity for deliberating between different visions of future development pathways amongst local stakeholders.

Legal Protection in the Use of Land for Mining Activities

Crime in the form of land use in the mining sector has experienced an alarming development. This study aims to reveal what legal remedies need to be done in land use. The data collected in this study used a normative juridical method. The results of the study indicate that there are strategies to overcome obstacles in the law enforcement process in mining practices, namely: First, to increase the professionalism and ability of law enforcement officials in investigating illegal mining crimes through education and training. Second, increasing the operationalization of illegal mining law enforcement by perfecting SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures), and field guidelines (Juklap) for handling illegal mining crimes. Third, increasing cooperation with related agencies by drafting an MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) and consistently and continuously coordinating efforts to optimize the synergy of illegal mining crimes. It is concluded that to protect the law against land use, of course, it is necessary to have the role of all relevant legal civil servants in directing land use properly.

SPECIFICS OF ORGANIZATION OF RURAL TOURISM IN FOREIGN PRACTICE

The development of tourism in rural areas is a tool of the redistributive model to reduce the gap between the most backward rural areas and other sectors of the economy. In fact, in many rural areas of Europe, agriculture has ceased to be the most important form of land use and the most important activity of the rural community. In the world tourist practice, recreation in the countryside has long been steadily popular. This is due to the fact that the more people learn about the adverse effects of the urban environment on health, the more popular is the rest in a remote area. International practice shows that the development of rural tourism is a major socio-economic program to transfer part of the agricultural sector from production to services. It should be noted that within rural tourism is practiced and direct production activities: the revival and development of various folk and artistic crafts, traditional handicrafts, production of environmentally friendly products. Rural tourism also allows you to find ways and means to preserve nature. In many countries, the development of this type of tourism has become the main direction of protection and reproduction of national rural landscapes. From the functional point of view, rural tourism is closely related to other types of tourism, especially recreational, cultural, specialized types of tourism – skiing, hunting, fishing, worship and more. was. All this allows to include rural tourism in combined tours, which increases the demand for traditional tourism products. Regardless of the specifics of specific areas, the concept of rural tourism development, in addition to the economic (commercial) context, as a rule, also have a certain ideological meaning. The experience gained by tourists is formed not only in the course of their study of architectural monuments, works of art or folk art, but also through direct contact with the realities of the countryside, as inherent in its inhabitants hospitality, friendliness and friendliness.

Impact of urbanization on land surface temperature and surface urban heat Island using optical remote sensing data: A case study of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea

Urbanization changes the existing form of land use and cover (LULC) which can influence the land surface temperature (LST). Therefore, it is important to present the causes of urban heat island (UHI) which is usually linked with anthropogenic activities. There are very few studies on thermal behavior of Korean cities in literature. Hence, in this study we have estimated the LULC of Jeju island and analyzed LST using Landsat (TM/ETM+/OLI) images for the last two decades. The supervised image classification method employed with maximum likelihood classifier algorithm was used to classify the images and thermal band was used to calculate the LST. We have used simplified urban extent (SUE) algorithm to calculate the surface urban heat island (SUHI) and eventually we have correlated the SUHI with mean wind speed of Jeju Island. The results of LULC revealed that urban area increased from 8.69% in 2002 to 20.81% in 2021 and in this period barren land decreased by 34.88% due to urban expansion. Interestingly forest region has been slightly increased which is influenced by decreasing barren land. The accuracy was assessed using confusion matrix for the classified images and results revealed an overall accuracy of 0.87, 0.85 and 0.92 with kappa coefficient of 79.02%, 76.45% and 88.05% for the years of 2002, 2011, and 2021 respectively. The LST of all LULC classes were calculated which revealed the highest temperature for urban class which is followed by barren land. However, the forest cover and water body have the lowest temperature in the island. The intensity of surface urban heat island (SUHI) was increased from 2.47 °C (2002) to 3.10 °C (2021). We have correlated the wind speed and SUHI which revealed that SUHI and wind speed has inverse relationship. The outcome of this research can be utilized by the policymakers, urban planners, architects, and climatologist to develop policy related to climate-resilient cities.

What would be better for urban mapping in the Klang Valley? SPOT or Sentinel-1

Klang Valley is undergoing rapid urbanization. Many cities in Klang Valley are developing to cope with the trend for migration to more urbanized areas. At the current pace and magnitude of urbanization, land expansion is one of the most visible, irreversible forms of land use and land cover change. Thus, Remote Sensing is regarded as an essential tool in these contexts that are important for urban studies and planning. In the past, many studies have relied on optical Remote Sensing rather than synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Some have argued that SAR is a poor choice because of its speckle noise and requires complex pre-processing, but countries in the tropics, where clouds are a big problem, cannot always rely on optical. The present work utilizes the interferometric coherence method with the C-band datasets acquired from the Sentinel-1 and compares it with the vegetation index method on the SPOT datasets for 2016 and 2021. Once adequately processed and classified, the SAR images resulted in significant textures on urban areas with respect to the map generated from vegetation index of SPOT images. Hence, these findings may prove beneficial in developing an effective urban planning strategy and policy formulation for the Klang Valley.

Evaluation of Land Suitability for Agroforestry Development Based on Liberika Coffee in Kedabu Rapat Village, Meranti Islands Regency

Land evaluation is the process of comparing a series of data on land, vegetation and climate with specific use requirements. The goal to be achieved is to determine land use options as a bridge between physical, biological and technological components with economic goals to be achieved in a particular form of land use. Agroforestry is an integrated land use system, which has social and ecological aspects, implemented by combining trees with agricultural crops and / or livestock (animals), either jointly or in rotation. This study aims to identify land characteristics, evaluate the level of land suitability and how to develop a combination pattern of agroforestry plants based on Liberika Coffee that is right for the sake of improving the economy of the community in Kedabu Rapat Village. The method used is survey method and soil sampling by transect line at 1 kilometer intervals proportionally. The data analysis performed was scoring and matching between land characteristics and quality data with plant growth requirements using ArcGIS 10.2 software. The results showed that the annual average rainfall was 1,200-2,400 mm / year, temperatures were between 25 ° C - 32 ° C, flat topography with a classification of slope (<3%), soil types were Organosols and Gleihumus, flood hazard from none to moderate and the danger level of landslides and erosion is very light or not prone. The land suitability level for agroforestry based on Liberika Coffee with shade in the form of Coconut, Areca nut and Geronggang plants is very suitable (S1) covering an area of ​​± 848.64 ha (34.78%), the appropriate category (S2) covering an area of ​​± 584.54 ha (23, 96%), the category according to marginal (S3) is ± 521.78 ha (21.38%), and the unsuitable category (N) is ± 380.42 ha (15.59%) while the settlement area is ± 104.61 ha (4.29%). The combination pattern of agroforestry plants based on Liberika Coffee with shade plants of Coconut, Pinang and Geronggang in Kedabu Rapat Village is combination pattern 1 (border tree planting / trees along border) and combination pattern 2 (alley cropping) where Liberika Coffee plants are 2.5 x spacing. 2.5 m, Coconut spacing 10 x 10 m, Pinang spacing 2.5 x 2.5 m and Geronggang spacing 5 x 5 m.

Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Vegetation Indices and Heat Island Effect: A Remote Sensing Study of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

It is predicted that the COVID-19 lockdown decreased environmental pollutants and, hence, urban heat island. Using the hypothesis as a guide, the objective of this research is to observe the change in vegetation pattern and heat-island effect zones in Dhaka, Bangladesh, before and after COVID-19 lockdown in relation to different forms of land use and land cover. Landsat-8 images were gathered to determine the vegetation pattern and the heat island zones. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI12) were derived for analyzing the vegetation pattern. According to the results of the NDVI, after one month of lockdown, the health of the vegetation improved. In the context of the MSAVI12, the highest MSAVI12 coverages in March of 2019, 2020, and 2021 (0.45 to 0.70) were 22.15%, 21.8%, and 20.4%, respectively. In May 2019, 2020, and 2021, dense MSAVI12 values accounted for 23.8%, 25.5%, and 18.4%, respectively. At the beginning of lockdown, the calculated LST for March 2020 was higher than March 2019 and March 2021. However, after more than a month of lockdown, the LST reduced (in May 2020). After the lockdown in May 2020, the highest UHI values ranging from 3.80 to 5.00 covered smaller land-cover regions and reduced from 22.5% to 19.13%. After the end of the lockdown period, however, industries, markets, and transportation resumed, resulting in the expansion of heat island zones. In conclusion, strong negative correlations were observed between the LST and vegetation indices. The methodology of this research has potential for scholarly and practical implications. Secondly, urban policymakers can use the methodology of this paper for the low-cost monitoring of urban heat island zones, and thus take appropriate spatial counter measures.

UTILIZATION OF THE KRUENG ACEH RIVER BEDROOM POST SETUP ACCORDING TO AD-DAULAH MILK PERSPECTIVE

The Krueng Aceh Watershed (DAS) is one of the state assets managed by the Sumatra-I River Basin, so it is widely used by the surrounding community to meet the needs of life on the banks of the Krueng Aceh river. Management of land along the river is the main goal to anticipate in reducing the potential for flooding. Therefore, the author wants to examine in detail the process of riverbank land use carried out by the Krueng Barona Jaya community, forms of riverbank land use and their use according to the perspective of milk al-daulah. The method used in this study is a qualitative method through primary data obtained by direct field research using interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate that the process of using land along the Krueng Aceh river by the Krueng Baroena Jaya community after the Krueng Aceh river arrangement refers to the past law, namely customary law, so there is no administrative data recorded as evidence that they have permission to use the riverbanks. The forms of land use along the Krueng Aceh river that are carried out by the Krueng Barona Jaya community on riverbank land are by constructing buildings, opening culinary stalls, plantation land and livestock land. In terms of utilization carried out by the people of Krueng Barona Jaya in terms of buildings, the licensing process, and the forms of utilization, it is a violation that is contrary to the Regulation of the Minister of PUPR of the Republic of Indonesia Number 28/PRT/M/2015 Article 22 concerning Determination of River Border Lines and the concept of milk al-daula. Therefore, the government must immediately bring back the land along the Krueng Aceh banks so that its utilization is in accordance with the applicable provisions.

Ліквідація хуторів у північних районах Львівської області в другій половині ХХ ст.

The settlement structure of the countryside was the most affected by administrative and territorial reforms during the Soviet period. Radical changes took place in rural settlements in late 1940s and early 1950s. Earlier Soviet regime stopped the transformation of the peasantry into a farming stratum by force. The growth of the farm type motivated the spread of dispersed forms of rural settlement. The main thesis of the article is large-scale process of liquidation of small settlements in the second half of the twentieth century as the result of state policy of the USSR. This led to the destruction of dispersed forms of rural settlements. Khutirs represented sole homekeeping and entrepreneurial initiative in rural areas in the second half of the twentieth century; they were declared a major obstacle to collectivization. Unification of social, political and economic life in the USSR did not provide for the existence of such settlements. The liquidation of the khutirs was to overcome peasant individualism. The scattered form of resettlement and land use contradicted the principles of organizing the work of collective farms. Archival documents show that the khutirs were also considered the main centers of support for the underground movement. The basis for the liquidation of khutirs was the resolution of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) (All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)). CPSU(b) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of May 27, 1939. The total liquidation of khutirs in the western regions of Ukraine was continued by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of Ukrainian SSR and the Central Committee of the VKP(b) № 2467 of August 12, 1950. The new stage of the campaign began on July 4, 1952 with the issuance of another order of the Government of the USSR. The liquidation of farms took other forms in the following years. On the example of the northern districts of Lviv region, changes in the settlement structure are highlighted in this article. In the northern districts of Lviv region, a khutir was the main type of small-scale settlement that belonged to one rural community. The destruction of the khutirs began under the initiative of the central government of the USSR, which did not take into account the interests of the peasants. Lists of settlements to be resettled were formed on the basis of proposals sent to the regional authorities by the heads of district executive committees. The lack of clear criteria for the typology of settlements has led to heterogeneity of the lists. The resettlement process only had a coordinated form at the documentary level. In fact, people have experienced huge difficulties and inconveniences related to the new rural order, housing, land development, shortages of goods and so on. Large-scale process of liquidation of small settlements in the second half of the twentieth century was the result of state policy of the USSR. The disappearance of this type of settlement is connected with the implementation of a purposeful state policy.

Rural Areas in Poland – Changes Since Joining the European Union

Abstract Rural areas are experiencing a dynamic, multidirectional change. It is the result of impact of many processes, including rapid, often spontaneous urbanisation and structural transformation in the agricultural sector and temporary and permanent movements of the population. Changes in the spatial structures of the countryside, on the one hand, influenced by European programmes and measures, linked to the processes of modernisation and organisation of rural settlements and economic systems. On the other hand, rapid economic development and spontaneous investment are resulting in the expansion of the urban forms of land use – not only in the immediate surroundings of the cities and towns, but also in remote, peripheral areas dominated until recently by farming. The paper presents the genesis of contemporary land use in rural areas in Poland, linking the countryside structures with the intensity and forms of residency and user economies in the rural areas. The main drivers of change, significantly affecting the emerging forms of farming villages, are processes of intensive suburbanisation and semi-urbanisation, the phenomenon of progressive peripherisation of large areas in different parts of the country, the depopulation of the countryside and profound changes in the demographic structure of the population, improvement of infrastructure and transport accessibility and economic revival of villages. There are also important issues related to advantages such as natural and cultural values of the village. The aim of the article is to present the main directions of functional and spatial transformations of rural areas in Poland from the beginning of the 21st century. The main hypothesis is that the development of rural areas in Poland proceeds in two directions: Urban “colonization”, which involves the invasion of both single- and multi-family housing in the surroundings of traditional villages and in areas previously used for agricultural purposes, is becoming increasingly widespread; this follows restructuring and diversification (spatial and functional) in urbanized rural areas. Much indicates that the rational development and use of rural areas will be one of the main challenges of Poland in the near future.

ZERO-ACREAGE FARMING DRIVING SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT: A SPATIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF URBAN AGRICULTURE FARMS

ABSTRACT Zero-Acreage Farming (ZAF) recently developed as a novel land-use form and is aimed at addressing food security and sustainable urban development. While it is often lauded as a sustainable land-use form with potential to improve resource consumption and urban sustainability, little research into the spatial and technological requirements of this land-use form is available. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of ZAF and ground-based urban agriculture (UA) farms in diverse countries to differentiate their technical and spatial implementation parameters and uncover ZAF-specific characteristics and their implementation feasibility in rapidly developing cities. This qualitative study uses semi-structured interviews, triangulated with observational studies, to document ZAF and UA farms in South Africa, Belgium, the Netherlands and Singapore. The findings reveal UA as highly flexible, modular landuse forms while, contrastingly, the technological focus of ZAF farms often results in monofunctional and inflexible once implemented, isolated, and non-contextual solutions. While ZAF farms are appropriate to improve livelihoods and food security in dense urban contexts, the study highlights trends that must be addressed to promote the implementation of ZAF in poorer rapidly developing cities.