Formation Of Intrusions Research Articles

From Digressions to Intrusions: Authorial Commentary in the Novel

Be it known, then, that human species are divided into two sorts of people, to wit, high people and low people. (146) --Henry Fielding, Joseph Andrews (1742) so we need not trouble ourselves any more either about insertions or about exordiums. They both please me; second class has pleased persons much better worth pleasing than I can pretend to be. (xx) --George Saintsbury, introduction to Joseph Andrews (1910) I would like to preface this article by asserting that there are two types of people in world; those who like authorial intrusions, and those who don't. And just as these preferences tell us much about people who hold them, critical reception of authorial intrusions reveals much about our theories of novel. Authorial intrusions are typically characterized, and criticized, as interruptions to a that disrupt illusion of fictional truth to varying degrees. In this way, intrusions highlight by contrast our sense of two formative elements of genre: its structure and its referential status. Gerard Genette (1997) tells us that authorial preface is a paratextual frame in service of ensuring that text is read properly: explaining to readers why and how they should read it. I think we can profitably approach authorial commentary as intratextual continuation of this rhetorical enterprise, and this is one reason why intrusions have been condemned. As a result we can also approach them as barometers for historical shifts in concepts of novel because of various ways they both evoke and respond to critical reception. My aim is to investigate reasons why authorial commentary is considered intrusive, and whether these reasons have been constant throughout history of novel. Central to this investigation will be tracing significance of a broad terminological shift, from eighteenth to twentieth century, in which common rhetorical practice of digression, or turning away from a narrative, came to be characterized as intrusion into a narrative. Answering these questions will help address what Mary Jane Chilton Curry has called the much disputed question of relation between authorial intrusion and realism (31), and I hope to demonstrate, in particular, paradoxical role authorial commentary has played in both establishing and challenging conventions of realist fiction in relation to eighteenth-century theories of probability, nineteenth-century theories of sympathy, and twentieth-century theories of impersonality. Authorial Intrusions and Realist Novel When formalist theories of novel took shape in twentieth century, they enshrined all forms of intrusion, self-reflexive or otherwise, as interference to aesthetic ideal of genre itself: verisimilar effacement of medium of narration, described by Percy Lubbock, in The Craft of Fiction (1921), as practice of showing rather than telling. (1) This was also central tenet of modernist novelists themselves, best expressed by Ford Madox Ford's assertion that it is an obvious and unchanging fact that if author intrudes his comments into middle of his he will endanger illusion conveyed by that story (148). The influence of this belief on historical scholarship can be found in Ian Watt's seminal work, The Rise of Novel (1957), which defines formal realism as methods for providing authentic report of individual experience that were developed in eighteenth-century English novel. The prototype for authorial intrusions in this tradition is provided by Henry Fielding's essayistic musings in Tom Jones (1749), and according to Watt's theory of realism, such authorial intrusions, of course, tend to diminish authenticity of his narrative and break spell of imaginary world represented in novel, preventing readers from being fully immersed in lives of characters (285). …

Categories Malware using Neural Networks based on Feature Selection by Genetic algorithm

Concurrent with the ever-increasing growth of information and communication technology (ICT) and the dramatic expansion ofcomputer networks, we observe different forms of attacks and intrusions to networks; thus intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are consideredas a vital part of each network connected to internet in the modern world. Neural networks are considered as a popular method used in IDS.Two major problems in these networks, i.e. long training time and inattention to features' domain, have made necessary development and/orimprovement of the model. Feature selection techniques are used in the neural networks in order to develop a new model to speed up theattack detection, to reduce error notification rate and finally to enhance system's efficiency. In this study, for enhancing efficiency of theneural network in detecting intrusions, a genetic algorithm was used for selecting features. The suggested model was examined and assessedon NSL-KDD dataset which is the modified version of the KDD-CUP99. The experimental results indicate that the suggested model is veryefficient in enhancing precision and recall of attack detection and reducing the error notification rate and also is able to offer more accuratedetections in contrast to the basic models

Using Platinum Group Elements to Identify Sulfide Saturation in a Porphyry Cu System: the El Abra Porphyry Cu Deposit, Northern Chile

Geochronological and geochemical studies, including platinum group element (PGE) analyses, were undertaken on samples from the El Abra–Pajonal igneous complex, northern Chile, to investigate the magmatic evolution of the suite. Special attention was paid to identifying the onset of sulfide saturation and to documenting how it influenced the geochemistry of the chalcophile elements and the formation of the El Abra porphyry Cu deposit. The PGE have extreme sulfide melt–silicate melt partition coefficients, making them sensitive indicators of the timing of sulfide saturation in an evolving magmatic system. In arc-related intermediate to felsic magmatic systems, which have the potential to produce porphyry deposits, the timing and extent of sulfide saturation relative to ore-fluid saturation may control the capacity of these systems to produce economic mineralization and, if they do, whether the deposits are Cu-only or Cu–Au. This study incorporates the first comprehensive analysis of PGE in a felsic magmatic suite associated with an economic porphyry system. The suite comprises a series of quartz monzodiorite to granite intrusions with U–Pb zircon ages between 43 and 35 Ma. Their petrography and major element chemistry, including increasing Sr/Y ratios and rare earth element patterns, suggest that crystal fractionation and crustal assimilation were the key magmatic processes governing the evolution of the El Abra–Pajonal suite. Plagioclase fractionation dominated the oldest intrusions, and their associated granites and aplites. Following the injection of a more primitive, wetter, mafic magma at 41–40 Ma, plagioclase fractionation became suppressed and amphibole became the dominant fractionating phase, leading to the formation of the El Abra porphyry intrusion and Cu deposit. Abundances of Pt and Pd in felsic rocks from the El Abra–Pajonal intrusive complex drop rapidly in samples with MgO values below 2·5 wt %, following sulfide saturation of the magmas, which occurred slightly before ore-fluid saturation and formation of the Cu deposit. Modeling suggests that the amount of sulfide formed was very small, enough to strip the PGE and Au from the magma but not Cu, because of the lower partition coefficient of Cu relative to the precious metals, which explains why the mineralization at El Abra is a Cu-only porphyry deposit, rather than a Cu–Au deposit.

Fatigue Strength, Crack Initiation, and Localized Plastic Fatigue Damage in VHCF of Duplex Stainless Steels

The fatigue strength of two‐duplex stainless steel grades, 2304 SRG and LDX 2101, with austenitic–ferritic microstructure is tested using ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment operating at 20 kHz. The testing is conducted in tension‐compression mode with the load ratio R = −1. The fatigue strength is evaluated at 107, 108, and 109 load cycles and the estimates of fatigue strength are higher for the LDX 2101 grade. The fatigue crack initiation mechanisms are analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The fatigue cracks, in all cases, appear to initiate due to accumulation of plastic fatigue damage at the surface. In the 2304 SRG grade, accumulation of fatigue damage occurs at the external surface of fatigued specimens in the form of extrusions at the grain/phase boundaries and in the form of individual slip lines in the austenite phase. Meanwhile, in the LDX 2101 grade accumulation of plastic fatigue damage in the form of extrusions and intrusions occurs mainly within the ferrite grain. When the crack is microstructurally short, the crack growth appears to be crystallographic in nature and the crack appears to change its direction propagating from one grain into another.

Ospe–Luvtuaivench massif of metabasic rocks, Kola Peninsula, Russia: geologic structure and petrogeochemical and isotope geochemical evidence for its relation to the Imandra complex of layered intrusions

This paper reports the results of a combined study of the geology, petrochemistry, geochemistry, and isotope geochronology of the Ospe–Luvtuaivench massif of metabasic rocks in the Kola region consisting of three blocks (from northwest to southeast): Luvtuaivench, Ospe, and Ekostrov. The massif is approximately 17 km long and 6 km wide and is dominated by meso-and melanocratic orthoamphibolites (metagab-broids) with 5–15-m-thick layers of leucocratic epidote orthoamphibolite (metagabbro-anorthosite), which are changed upsection by metaferrogabbro with a horizon of ilmenite–magnetite ore at least 1 km in lateral extent and approximately 50 m thick. The petrogeochemical characteristics of metabasic rocks from the three blocks of the massif are identical and similar to those of the rocks of the Imandra complex of layered intrusions. In addition, metaultrabasic bodies (chlorite–actinolite, actinolite–chlorite–serpentine, and actinolite–serpentine rocks) of varying thickness were found in the Luvtuaivench and Ekostrov blocks. Based on their structural features differing from those of similar rocks of Imandra layered intrusions and petrogeochemical characteristics, these rocks were interpreted as xenolithic bodies. New U–Pb zircon ages were obtained for the metagabbroids of all blocks of the Ospe–Luvtuaivench massif: 2445 ± 5 Ma for the Luv-tuaivench block, 2455.8 ± 3.5 Ma for the Ospe block, and 2447 ± 4 Ma for the Ekostrov block; these estimates characterize the time of massif crystallization and are similar to the age of formation of typical intrusions of the Imandra layered complex. A U–Pb zircon age of 2444 ± 3 Ma was obtained for the crystallization of the Mount Yagel’naya gabbronorites of the Imandra complex. The following eNd(2450) values were obtained for the rocks of the massif: +0.61 for the Luvtuaivench block,–1.58 for the Ospe block, and –1.27 for the Eko-strov block; the gabbronorites of the Mount Yagel’naya massif yielded eNd(2450) =–0.99. These values are similar to those of the Paleoproterozoic layered intrusions. The similarity of the Ospe–Luvtuaivench massif to typical massifs of the Imandra complex in terms of internal structure, petrochemical and isotope geochemical characteristics, and age of rock formation provides compelling evidence for the interpretation of the massif as part of the Imandra complex.

Microstructure and Temperature Dependent Electrical Characteristics of Ohmic Contacts to AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures

AlGaN/GaN heterostructures are important materials for the fabrication of high power and high frequency devices. However, the mechanisms of Ohmic contacts formation on these systems are continuously under scientific debate. In this paper, a structural and electrical investigation of Ti/Al/Ni/Au Ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures is reported. In particular, the behavior of Ti/Al/Ni/Au multilayers was monitored at different annealing temperatures. The contacts became Ohmic after annealing at 750°C and showed a decreasing temperature behavior of the specific contact resistance RC, described by a thermionic field emission mechanism. On the other hand, annealing at 850°C led to a further reduction of RC , with a slightly increasing dependence of RC on the measurement temperature (here regarded as a “metal-like” behavior). The microstructural analysis of the interfacial region allowed to explain the results with the formation of metallic intrusions contacting directly the two dimensional electron gas.

Thermal response of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems to perturbations

Mid-ocean ridges are subject to episodic disturbances in the form of magmatic intrusions and earthquakes. Following these events, the temperature of associated hydrothermal vent fluids is observed to increase within a few days. In this paper, we aim to understand the rapid thermal response of hydrothermal systems to such disturbances. We construct a classic single-pass numerical model and use the examples of the 1995 and 1999 non-eruptive events at East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9°50′N and Main Endeavour Field (MEF), respectively. We model both the thermal effects of dikes and permeability changes that might be attributed to diking and/or earthquake swarms. We find that the rapid response of vent temperatures results from steep thermal gradients close to the surface. When the perturbations are accompanied by an increase in permeability, the response on the surface is further enhanced. For EPR9°50′N, the observed ~7°C rise can be obtained for a ~50% increase in permeability in the diking zone. The mass flow rate increases as a result of change in permeability deeper in the system, and, therefore, the amount of hot fluid in the diffused flow also increases. Using a thermal energy balance, we show that the ~10°C increase in diffuse flow temperatures recorded for MEF after the 1999 event may result from a 3–4 times increase in permeability. The rapid thermal response of the system resulting from a change in permeability also occurs for cases in which there is no additional heat input, indicating that hydrothermal systems may respond similarly to purely seismic and non-eruptive magmatic events.

Experimentation in humanitarian locations: UNHCR and biometric registration of Afghan refugees

Amid good intentions, such as providing humanitarian assistance to refugees, the use of biometric technology in humanitarian refugee management may entail various risks for the implicated refugee populations. Drawing on insights from science and technology studies, this article introduces a distinction between risks stemming from technology failure and risks stemming from successful uses of biometric technology. The article thus departs from the literature in which technology failure has been in focus by showing that analysing the effect of technology success adds an important dimension to our analysis of the range of risks that may emerge in the context of humanitarian technology uses. The usefulness of this distinction is then illustrated through an analysis of the use by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) of iris recognition in the repatriation of Afghan refugees; besides risks of failure at the implementation stage, risks also emerged once refugees had successfully registered their biometric data with UNHCR. To recognize how humanitarian refugee biometrics produces digital refugees at risk of exposure to new forms of intrusion and insecurity, we need to appreciate how successful technology can have critical implications arising from how technology is constituted in and constitutive of social phenomena.

A fundamental dispute: A discussion of “On some fundamentals of igneous petrology” by Bruce D. Marsh, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (2013) 166: 665–690

Marsh (Contrib Miner Petrol 166:665–690, 2013) again claims that crystal-free basalt magmas are unable to differentiate in crustal magma chambers and regards layered intrusions as primarily due to the repeated emplacement of crystal suspensions. He ignores an earlier critique of his unconventional inferences (Latypov, J Petrol 50:1047–1069, 2009) as well as a wealth of petrographic, geochemical and experimental evidence supporting the dominant role of fractional crystallization in the solidification of layered intrusions. Most tellingly, the cryptic variations preserved in the Skaergaard and many other basaltic layered intrusions would require an exceedingly implausible sequence of phenocrystic magmas but are wholly consistent with in situ fractional crystallization. A major flaw in Marsh’s hypothesis is that it dismisses progressive fractional crystallization within any magma chamber and hence prohibits the formation of crystal slurries with phenocrysts and melts that change systematically in composition in any feeder system. This inherent attribute of the hypothesis excludes the formation of layered intrusions anywhere.

Initiation of Stage I Fatigue Cracks – Experiments and Models

Early fatigue damage has been studied in a number of model and structural polycrystalline materials using modern experimental techniques. Early initiation of fatigue cracks was found to be related to the localization of the cyclic plastic strain into persistent slip bands during cyclic loading. Internal dislocation structure of the persistent slip bands and also the evolution of the surface relief as surface persistent slip markings are documented. The model of the surface relief formation describing the formation of extrusions and intrusions is briefly described. The intrusions representing sharp surface crack-like defects play the principal role in the initiation of fatigue cracks.

해안지역 안정적 수자원 확보를 위한 기초적 연구

Abstract Many countries around the world are amplifying interest and studies on irrigation, flood control and environment with concern on serious water problems. Especially for irrigation in water supply vulnerable areas such as coastal areas - islands, business on underwater resource security facilities are promoted to secure stable water resources due to development of society and increase of life quality. Al so, various policies such as reuse of le aking underwater, utilization of underwater at waterfront, and artificial recharge, etc are planned and designed. In order to develop small sized underwater resource secure technology, verification of seawater-freshwater interface is executed and how the balance between these will develop is a great interest of coastal areas - islands. In this study, seawater-freshwater interface behavior analysis experiment was conducted while reflecting properties of coastal areas - islands and executed hydraulic similitude of saltwater intrusion form control technology on abstraction.

AFM and SEM-FEG study on fundamental mechanisms leading to fatigue crack initiation

Early stages of surface relief evolution of persistent slip markings (PSMs) in polycrystalline 316L austenitic stainless steel cycled with constant plastic strain amplitude at 93, 173 and 573K were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG). Qualitative and quantitative data on the morphology of PSMs, occurrence of extrusions and intrusions and the kinetics of extrusion growth are reported for all temperatures. PSMs start in all cases as surface extrusions which are later accompanied by formation of intrusions. This finding is discussed with respect to the point defect formation within areas of localized cyclic slip and primarily to their mobility at different temperatures. Consequences of migration of respective point defects for surface relief formation and the conditions for creation of fatigue crack embryos, i.e. sharp intrusions are highlighted.

Role of strain-induced martensitic transformation on extrusion and intrusion formation during fatigue deformation of biomedical Co–Cr–Mo–N alloys

The mechanism of extrusion and intrusion formation in Co–Cr–Mo–N alloys during fatigue deformation was investigated. In particular, we focused on the role of the strain-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT), which is the transformation of the metastable γ face-centered cubic (fcc) phase into a stable ε hexagonal close-packed (hcp) phase at room temperature because of the gliding of Shockley partial dislocations in the γ-phase matrix. We found that the SIMT also plays a crucial role in the formation of extrusions and intrusions. Further, the morphology of the extrusions and intrusions formed in the Co–Cr–Mo–N alloy specimens was very different from that seen in other fcc alloys. The extrusions and intrusions were formed by the gliding of perfect dislocations with a Burgers vector of perfect <a> dislocation on the basal plane of the ε-hcp phase. This suggests that the ε-phases introduced by the SIMT can deform readily.

Parents' and Adolescents' Perspectives on Parenting: Evaluating Conceptual Structure, Measurement Invariance, and Criterion Validity.

Uncertainty persists regarding adequate measurement of parenting behavior during early adolescence. The present study aimed to clarify the conceptual structure of parenting by evaluating three different models that include support, psychological control, and various types of behavioral control (i.e., proactive, punitive, and harsh punitive control). Furthermore, we examined measurement invariance of parenting ratings by 1,111 Flemish adolescents from Grade 7 till 9, their mother, and father. Finally, criterion validity of parenting ratings was estimated in relation to adolescent problem behavior. Results supported a five-factor parenting model indicating multiple aspects of behavioral control, with punitive and harsh punitive control as more intrusive forms and proactive control as a more supportive form. Similar constructs were measured for adolescents, mothers, and fathers (i.e., configural and metric invariance), however on a different scale (i.e., scalar noninvariance). Future research and clinical practices should acknowledge these findings in order to fully grasp the parenting process.

Application of interleaving models for the description of intrusive layering at the fronts of deep polar water in the Eurasian Basin (Arctic)

Interleaving models of pure thermohaline and baroclinic frontal zones are applied to describe intrusions at the fronts found in the upper part of the Deep Polar Water (DPW) when the stratification was absolutely stable. It is assumed that differential mixing is the main mechanism of the intrusion formation. Important parameters of the interleaving such as the growth rate, vertical scale, and slope of the most unstable modes relative to the horizontal plane are calculated. It was found that the interleaving model for a pure thermohaline front satisfactory describes the important intrusion parameters observed at the frontal zone. In the case of a baroclinic front, satisfactory agreement over all the interleaving parameters is observed between the model calculations and observations provided that the vertical momentum diffusivity significantly exceeds the corresponding coefficient of mass diffusivity. Under specific (reasonable) constraints of the vertical momentum diffusivity, the most unstable mode has a vertical scale approximately two-three times smaller than the vertical scale of the observed intrusions. A thorough discussion of the results is presented.

European transport policy and the environmental response

It is well documented that demand for transport in the European Community has grown steadily over the last 20 years. We estimate that the average increase has been 2.3% for goods and 3.1% for passengers. All predictions point to a continuation of this trend. The areas of conflict between transport and the environment are known; they take the form of energy consumption, operational pollution, land intrusion, congestion and risks inherent to the carriage of dangerous goods. To correct environmental inefficiencies and improve the environmental performance of the transport sector, requires a full range of measures and initiatives adapted to the needs and characteristics of the different modes. They will also need to allow for the progressive integration of the modes in order to derive maximum benefits, economic and environmental, from intermodal transport in the largest possible sense.

Knocking Down the Barriers to Care

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article From the PresidentFull AccessKnocking Down the Barriers to CarePaul Summergrad, M.D.Paul SummergradSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:25 Jul 2014https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2014.8a13As I noted in my speech at APA’s annual meeting in May, we need to advocate for our patients and our profession. Among the more important tools for the protection of our patients and our professional judgment is the Mental Health Parity Addiction and Equity Act—MHPAEA, or simply the parity act—whose final rule applies for plan or policy years that began on or after July 1.Barriers to psychiatric inpatient and outpatient care impermissibly impede the health of a significant percentage of Americans and violate the law. It is no secret that psychiatric patients and those who care for them are subject to inordinate rules, controls, economic pressures, and restrictive insurance models. The forms that these take are manifold: limited benefits; poor reimbursement; and highly, indeed uniquely, intrusive requirements for prior approval and review of care. While all of health care has been impacted by some form of these barriers, no medical specialty has experienced the intense disruption of the doctor-patient relationship to the same extent as psychiatry. Consider for a moment the patient who arrives in an emergency room with a severe depression or obvious psychosis after making a recent significant suicide attempt or experiencing command auditory hallucinations. While some may doubt the reality of psychiatric illness, one night in an emergency room in any city in this country should convince all but the most ideological of the disabling impact and mortality risk associated with these conditions. Moreover, patients with psychiatric illness have increased medical illness burdens and shorter lifespans than their age-matched peers. Under the best of circumstances, even if a patient is evaluated by an emergency room physician and a psychiatrist, with rare exceptions, those physicians will not be able to admit a patient with commercial insurance or Medicaid whom they deem in need of emergency admission—as defined in the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)—without first obtaining prior authorization. This is not only a clear violation of EMTALA, which forbids even asking about the insurance status of patients who need emergency inpatient care, but is also different from the process followed for all other emergency conditions. The patient with a heart attack, a pneumonia, or injuries requiring general medical care after a suicide attempt will simply be admitted—no questions asked, no hoops to jump through, no release of someone’s intimate medical history to an insurer.In my own state of Massachusetts, despite 20 years of joint advocacy by the Massachusetts Psychiatric Society and the Massachusetts College of Emergency Physicians, the Massachusetts Medicaid program requires a second-level ER evaluation by an outside social worker before the insurance company can be called for prior authorization, all the while denying payment to the psychiatrist in contravention of state and federal laws. And this occurs even after patients are seen by emergency room and psychiatric physicians. Perhaps as problematic as these discriminatory and intrusive forms of review is the distinct insurance industry that has grown up around psychiatric care. Variously known as carveouts or fourth-party insurers, these are used by so-called third-party payors—standard commercial or public insurers—to manage and assume risk for the coverage of psychiatric illness, including substance abuse. As the work of many groups in APA and elsewhere has shown, the reality of how this model works is far from ideal. Not only do carveouts subject patients, their physicians, and families to barriers to care, but also these separate payment streams are built upon a demonstrable fiction: that general medical and psychiatric care are not deeply interrelated and do not need to be part of both integrated systems of care and integrated financing streams. APA must continue to have among its most important missions advocacy for our patients and the profession. This takes many forms, including supporting increased investment in our public mental health infrastructure and demanding additional support for critically needed research by both the federal government and private sources. In addition, we are working closely with both parties in Congress and the administration to pass much-needed mental health legislation that will support the ability of patients to get the care they need and enable families to assist them in those efforts. While we do that, we are monitoring the implementation of parity at the federal and state levels and pushing for expanded parity rules to cover Medicaid and disclosure of discriminatory insurance rules that lead to delayed and denied care. When needed, we are taking legal action in concert with patients and our members to enforce the law. Our patients and our profession need our continued vigilance and advocacy. ■ ISSUES NewArchived

A New Classification Scheme for Intrusion Detection Systems

In today's world, overall global mostly depend on technologies for their information storage and transactions. But this frequent use of online technologies make the data stored exposed to the risk of attacks towards the data in the form of intrusion. In order to save our data from these attacks, the researchers had implemented a concept called intrusion detection system, with the help of detection technology the users can prevent their critical data from different kind of attacks. As we know that there are lots of intrusion detection system in market which are either open source and some of them are commercial. Although the number is very high but there is no such classification available in research literature which will help user or security professionals. In this paper we will present a good and elaborated classification based on various parameters which will help the researchers and security professional to understand the category. The paper will also provide a brief detail of those categories which will give idea of representing the intrusion detection techniques. Index Terms—Network, Intrusion Detection, techniques, Security, attacks, hackers, classification.

Moderators and mediators of the relationship between stress and insomnia: stressor chronicity, cognitive intrusion, and coping.

To assess moderators, such as stressor chronicity, and mediators, including stress response in the form of cognitive intrusion and coping behavior, of the prospective association between naturalistic stress and incident insomnia. Longitudinal. Epidemiological. A community-based sample of good sleepers (n = 2,892) with no lifetime history of insomnia. None. Participants reported the number of stressful events they had encountered at baseline, as well as the perceived severity and chronicity of each event. Similarly, volitional stress responses such as coping, as well as more involuntary responses such as cognitive intrusion were assayed for each stressor. Follow-up assessment 1 y hence revealed an insomnia incidence rate of 9.1%. Stress exposure was a significant predictor of insomnia onset, such that the odds of developing insomnia increased by 19% for every additional stressor. Chronicity significantly moderated this relationship, such that the likelihood of developing insomnia as a result of stress exposure increased as a function of chronicity. Cognitive intrusion significantly mediated the association between stress exposure and insomnia. Finally, three specific coping behaviors also acted as mediators: behavioral disengagement, distraction, and substance use. Most studies characterize the relationship between stress exposure and insomnia as a simple dose-response phenomenon. However, our data suggest that certain stressor characteristics significantly moderate this association. Stress response in the form of cognitive intrusion and specific maladaptive coping behaviors mediate the effects of stress exposure. These findings highlight the need for a multidimensional approach to stress assessment in future research and clinical practice. Pillai V, Roth T, Mullins HM, Drake CL. Moderators and mediators of the relationship between stress and insomnia: stressor chronicity, cognitive intrusion, and coping.

Geochronology, geochemistry, and isotope compositions of Piaochi S-type granitic intrusion in the Qinling orogen, central China: Petrogenesis and tectonic significance

Abstract S-type peraluminous granite can crop out in various tectonic settings. The Paleozoic Piaochi granitic intrusion is a large S-type peraluminous intrusion located in the North Qinling orogen, and has important implication for its tectonic evolution. Though intensively studied, the age and tectonic setting of this intrusion are still controversial. In this study, we carried out an integrated study of zircon U–Pb age, major and trace elements, and Sr–Nd–Hf–O isotope compositions for the Piaochi intrusion, with aims to constrain its petrogenesis and tectonic significance. SIMS and LA-ICPMS U–Pb zircon data obtained from magmatic zircons indicate that the Piaochi intrusion was emplaced at 473 ± 4 Ma, and contained ca. 490 Ma inherited zircons. The granite samples from the Piaochi intrusion show typical S-type characteristics, such as the relatively moderate aluminum saturation index (1.00–1.08), low zirconium saturation temperatures, occurrences of muscovite, and high zircon δ 18 O values (8.70 to 9.54‰). The relatively low Sm/Nd (0.13–0.20) and FeO T /MgO ratios (2.21–3.9) suggest that the granites are unfractionated. The geochemical compositions reveal that they were derived from partial melting of a clay-poor, but plagioclase- and biotite-rich psammitic source, similar to metasedimentary rocks outcropping in the North Qinling unit. Moreover, the Piaochi granites are moderately depleted in Eu and heavy rare earth elements, and have relatively high (La/Yb) N values (22.8–56.8), implying a high-pressure, plagioclase-poor and garnet-rich residual assemblage. The Piaochi granites have high and variable initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (0.72167–0.72511) and low e Nd (t) (from − 10.23 to − 8.71) values with two-stage Nd model ages (T DM2 ) of 1.91–2.03 Ga, which are comparable with those of supracrustal materials in the North Qinling unit. In addition, our results show that the ca. 470 Ma magmatic zircons display a narrow e Hf (t) array within those of the inherited cores. These imply that the Piaochi granites inherited their isotopic characteristics wholly from their sources, and the Hf isotopes might have been differently homogenized during the partial melting. Our new zircon U–Pb ages indicate that the Piaochi granites were emplaced after the climax of the UHP metamorphism, coeval with later retrograde metamorphism during exhumation. Therefore, we suggest that the formation of the early Paleozoic Piaochi intrusion was triggered by the exhumation of the UHP rocks.