Formation Of Intrusions Research Articles

Toward a Caribbean Psychology

Although the Americas and Caribbean region are purported to comprise different ethnic groups, this article’s focus is on people of African descent, who represent the largest ethnic group in many countries. The emphasis on people of African descent is related to their family structure, ethnic identity, cultural, psychohistorical, and contemporary psychosocial realities. This article discusses the limitations of Western psychology for theory, research, and applied work on people of African descent in the Americas and Caribbean region. In view of the adaptations that some people of African descent have made to slavery, colonialism, and more contemporary forms of cultural intrusions, it is argued that when necessary, notwithstanding Western psychology’s limitations, Caribbean psychologists should reconstruct mainstream psychology to address the psychological needs of these Caribbean people. The relationship between theory and psychological interventions for the optimal development of people of African descent is emphasized throughout this article. In this regard, the African-centered and constructionist viewpoint is argued to be of utility in addressing the psychological growth and development of people of African descent living in the Americas and Caribbean region.

Formation dynamics of subsurface hydrocarbon intrusions following the Deepwater Horizon blowout

Hydrocarbons released following the Deepwater Horizon (DH) blowout were found in deep, subsurface horizontal intrusions, yet there has been little discussion about how these intrusions formed. We have combined measured (or estimated) observations from the DH release with empirical relationships developed from previous lab experiments to identify the mechanisms responsible for intrusion formation and to characterize the DH plume. Results indicate that the intrusions originate from a stratification‐dominated multiphase plume characterized by multiple subsurface intrusions containing dissolved gas and oil along with small droplets of liquid oil. Unlike earlier lab measurements, where the potential density in ambient water decreased linearly with elevation, at the DH site it varied quadratically. We have modified our method for estimating intrusion elevation under these conditions and the resulting estimates agree with observations that the majority of the hydrocarbons were found between 800 and 1200 m.

Non-Ergodic to Ergodic Regime Transition via Intrusions in a Non-Poisson Renewal System with Power Law Tails

We study the effect of non-linear perturbations in the form of periodic intrusions in the case of a non-Poisson renewal system in the non-ergodic regime. We notice that, intrusions may cause the system to shift the power index and may even cause a transition from a non-ergodic regime to an ergodic regime. We have made the diffusion entropy analysis (DEA) of the system and notice that the change of the degree of complexity is consistent with the transition as well.

Space and Place in Medieval Contexts

Since Henri Lefebvre published his magisterial tome, The Social Production of Space, in 1958, medievalists and others have come to incorporate space as a central theme in medieval history, literature, art, science, and philosophy. For medievalists in particular, Lefebvre's work might be seen to be foundational, as he understood the very idea of space to be historically linked to the transformation of the European west through Christianization and through the increasing urbanization of the European landscape. Lefebvre believed that space could be separated into three categories or types - social space, physical space, and mental space. He argued that social space was produced by various economic and political means; that physical space was empty or void; and that mental space was entirely abstract. Lefebvre's ideas on space were driven in part by a Marxist approach to the urbanization of the European landscape; he understood the 'commercial revolution' of the high Middle Ages to be a sort of precursor to a more intrusive form of capitalism which marked out urban space as a 'tool of terrifying power'. Although Lefebvre's characterization of the medieval urban landscape has been significantly nuanced in recent years, his overall insistence that historical change can be tracked through spatial understandings and forms has continued to stimulate what has come to be known as 'the spatial turn' in histories of the premodern world.

Abortion Incidence and Access to Services In the United States, 2008

The incidence of abortion has declined nearly every year between 1990 and 2005, but this trend may be ending, or at least leveling off. Access to abortion services is a critical issue, particularly since the number of abortion providers has been falling for the last three decades. In 2009 and 2010, all facilities known or expected to have provided abortion services in 2007 and 2008 were contacted, including hospitals, clinics and physicians' offices. Data on the number of abortions performed were collected and combined with population data to estimate national and state-level abortion rates. Abortion incidence, provision of early medication abortion, gestational limits, charges and antiabortion harassment were assessed by provider type and abortion caseload. In 2008, an estimated 1.21 million abortions were performed in the United States. The abortion rate increased 1% between 2005 and 2008, from 19.4 to 19.6 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44; the total number of abortion providers was virtually unchanged. Small changes in national abortion incidence and number of providers masked substantial changes in some states. Accessibility of services changed little: In both years, 35% of women of reproductive age lived in the 87% of counties that lacked a provider. Fifty-seven percent of nonhospital providers experienced antiabortion harassment in 2008; levels of harassment were particularly high in the Midwest (85%) and the South (75%). The long-term decline in abortion incidence has stalled. Higher levels of harassment in some regions suggest the need to enact and enforce laws that prohibit the more intrusive forms of harassment.

Vent fluid chemistry of the Rainbow hydrothermal system (36°N, MAR): Phase equilibria and in situ pH controls on subseafloor alteration processes

The Rainbow hydrothermal field is located at 36°13.8′N–33°54.15′W at 2300 m depth on the western flank of a non-volcanic ridge between the South AMAR and AMAR segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The hydrothermal field consists of 10–15 active chimneys that emit high-temperature (∼365 °C) fluid. In July 2008, vent fluids were sampled during cruise KNOX18RR, providing a rich dataset that extends in time information on subseafloor chemical and physical processes controlling vent fluid chemistry at Rainbow. Data suggest that the Mg concentration of the hydrothermal end-member is not zero, but rather 1.5–2 mmol/kg. This surprising result may be caused by a combination of factors including moderately low dissolved silica, low pH, and elevated chloride of the hydrothermal fluid. Combining end-member Mg data with analogous data for dissolved Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and H 2, permits calculation of mineral saturation states for minerals thought appropriate for ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at temperatures and pressures in keeping with constraints imposed by field observations. These data indicate that chlorite solid solution, talc, and magnetite achieve saturation in Rainbow vent fluid at a similar pH ( T,P ) (400 °C, 500 bar) of approximately 4.95, while higher pH values are indicated for serpentine, suggesting that serpentine may not coexist with the former assemblage at depth at Rainbow. The high Fe/Mg ratio of the Rainbow vent fluid notwithstanding, the mole fraction of clinochlore and chamosite components of chlorite solid solution at depth are predicted to be 0.78 and 0.22, respectively. In situ pH measurements made at Rainbow vents are in good agreement with pH ( T,P ) values estimated from mineral solubility calculations, when the in situ pH data are adjusted for temperature and pressure. Calculations further indicate that pH ( T,P ) and dissolved H 2 are extremely sensitive to changes in dissolved silica owing to constraints imposed by chlorite solid solution-fluid equilibria. Indeed, the predicted correlation between dissolved silica and H 2 defines a trend that is in good agreement with vent fluid data from Rainbow and other high-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems. We speculate that the moderate concentrations of dissolved silica in vent fluids from these systems result from hydrothermal alteration of plagioclase and olivine in the form of subsurface gabbroic intrusions, which, in turn are variably replaced by chlorite + magnetite + talc ± tremolite, with important implications for pH lowering, dissolved sulfide concentrations, and metal mobility.

Numerical and experimental investigations of the global and local behaviour of an Al(6061)/Al2O3 metal matrix composite under low cycle fatigue

The deformation behaviour of an Al(6061)/Al2O3 metal matrix composite was experimentally and numerically investigated under low cycle fatigue. The deformation behaviour,fatigue damage initiation and development are studied on the specimen surface and in the bulk material. The three-dimensional FE model based on tomographic data has been created and loaded step by step up to 100 cycles.For the simulation of the Al(6061) matrix behaviour aChaboche-type model has been used. The numerical results indicate that stress and strain concentrations in the microstructure can be responsible for the formation of extrusions and intrusions and subsequently for the crack formation.

Paleoproterozoic mafic dyke swarms of the Belomorian Province, eastern Fennoscandian Shield

Paleoproterozoic mafic igneous rocks (2450–1970 Ma) are exposed in the form of layered intrusions, dykes, and volcanic rocks in the Karelian, Kola and Murmansk provinces and in the form of dykes and small intrusions in the Belomorian Province, Eastern Fennoscandian Shield. The age and sequence of mafic dyke emplacement during the Paleoproterozoic are very similar in these regions. Further comparisons of geochemical characteristics of mafic dyke swarms in the Belomorian Province and neighboring cratons show considerable similarities. At least three distinct groups of Paleoproterozoic mafic dykes exist in the Belomorian Province of the Eastern Fennoscandian Shield. They are (i) early Mg-tholeiitic dykes, (ii) ca. 2.44–2.36 Ga high-Mg gabbronorites and (iii) ca. 2.12 Fe-tholeiitic dykes. Research into mafic dykes of the Belomorian Province and their comparison with Paleoproterozoic dyke swarms of the Karelian, Kola and Murmansk provinces has provided evidence for at least two extensive shared magmatic events dated to ca. 2.5–2.4 Ga and ca. 2.1 Ga in the Paleoproterozoic in the Eastern Fennoscandian Shield confirming that the Belomorian Province does not represent a Paleoproterozoic suture but rather a deep-eroded inner part of the Lapland-Kola orogen foreland.

Ore-magmatic systems of the Noril’sk ore field

Plutonogenic ore-magmatic systems of the Noril’sk ore field are unique constituents of the P 2–T 1 trap formation in the East Siberian Platform. We consider the formation of ore-bearing intrusions, evolution of Cr-spinels in intrusive magmatites, possible mechanisms of formation of massive, disseminated, and impregnated magmatic sulfide ores, possible reasons for the abundance of sulfide melts, quasi-anhydrite isotopic composition of sulfur of sulfide ores, and products of interaction of sulfide melts with ore-hosting basites. The unique contents of PGE, Ag, and Au in ores (eutectic Iss–PbSss intergrowths, crystallization products of low-temperature Ni-Fe-Cu-Pb-S melts) have been estimated for the first time. We have established that pneumatolytic Ag-Au-Pt-Pd mineralization is intimately related to the fluid aureoles near magmatic sulfide bodies. Pneumatolytic PGM are subdivided into early (tetraferroplatinum with lamellae atokite, paolovite with lamellae of insizwaite-geversite and niggliite, etc.), middle (rustenburgite-atokite-zvyagintsevite, mayakite, stannopalladinite, polarite, plumbopalladinite, maslovite, tatiyanite-taimyrite, Pd-Pt-containing tetraauricupride, etc.), late (sobolevskite, froodite, hessite, michenerite, cabriite, minerals of Au-Ag series, etc.), and the latest (sperrylite). The direct, reverse, oscillation, and complex zoning of gold particles is much due to variations in the Te activity in the fluids. Pneumatolytic noble-metal minerals were produced at <490 ºC in strongly reducing conditions with extremely low S 2 fugacity. The Pb isotope composition evidences that all systems of the trap formation in the Noril’sk region had the same mantle source. The Pb isotope compositions of ore-bearing intrusions, magmatic sulfide ores, PbSss, and Pd-Pt intermetallides in the Noril’sk and Talnakh ore clusters differ significantly: Lead in the Talnakh cluster is more radiogenic. This evidences genetic relations between sulfide ores and particular intrusions as well as different intermediate magma chambers in the Noril’sk and Talnakh clusters, and a higher degree of contamination of mantle magmas in the Talnakh cluster, which might be the explanation of its giant area.

Middle-proterozoic anorthosite–rapakivi granite complexes: An example of within-plate magmatism in abnormally thick crust: Evidence from the East European Craton

Large, bimodal, and multistage anorthosite–rapakivi granite complexes (ARGCs) of Middle-Proterozoic age (1.8–1.5 Ga) are distinct magmatic assemblages in the western part of the present-day European Craton. ARGCs formation commenced after stabilization of the Svecofennian orogen and relics of its abnormally thick crust occur in many places. In the eastern part of the Kola-Karelian domain and the Volga-Urals domain, where crustal thickness is normal ∼40 km, ARGCs are practically absent. Geological data evidence that melting processes occurred both in the crust and in the mantle during formation of the complexes. Geochemical peculiarities of ARGC rocks include enrichment in alkalis (mainly in K), Ti, Zn, Pb, Zr, Be, Sn, In, Y, Nb, Rb, F, Cu, W, Mo, sometimes Li and U. The negative ɛNd values and relatively high Th and Zn concentrations that are most frequently observed in the rocks imply that parental magmas were considerably contaminated by crustal components. According to the gravity and seismic profiles, ARGCs represent upper parts of large transcrustal magmatic systems, composed of alternating basic and silicic rocks layers. They are located over mantle uplift structures 10–20 km high, interpreted to represent former mantle plume heads. Origin of transcrustal systems was probably linked with penetrating sill-like bodies of Fe–Ti basalts, which after intruding into sialic crust, caused large-scale re-melting of the granitic material above them, forming two-layer magma chambers. Solidification of such chambers occurred in two stages: lower basic layers solidified first while heated from below, whereas the upper silicic layer crystallized later. Co-existing neighboring chambers led to gravitational instability, overturn, and mass redistribution in large volumes of crust. Furthermore, multistage formation of the ARGCs led to important petrological consequences: contamination of basic magmas by crustally derived SiO 2 and Al 2O 3, causing preferred precipitation of plagioclase and formation of plagioclase cumulates (anorthosites). Diffusion of Na into the basic melt and K into the silicic melt led to the appearance of potassic rapakivi granites. ARGCs on all Precambrian shields were developed in places with stabilized Paleoproterozoic orogens with atypical unusually thick crust compared with the Phanerozoic, and associated with large Mesoproterozoic belts of within-plate felsic volcanism. Under these conditions, the majority of mantle plume-derived mafic magmas were not able to reach the surface and were lost within the crust in the form of sill-like intrusions with zones of intense melting of a sialic roof. Evidently, ARGCs illustrate structure and processes that are not repeated in the Phanerozoic.

Is Canada odd? A comparison of European and Canadian approaches to choice and regulation of the public/private divide in health care

Choice is often touted as a means for change within health care systems. Yet 'choice', in this context, takes at least three distinct forms: choice between providers within a publicly funded health care system; choice between competing insurers within a universal plan; and, lastly, choice as between privately financed health care and universal public coverage. In Canada, it is this last form of choice that is under active debate; particularly in light of the Supreme Court of Canada's decision in Chaoulli, which found a regulation banning private health insurance for medically necessary care was unconstitutional. The argument is frequently made that Canada is an outlier from other countries in having regulation that effectively precludes this kind of choice. This issue is likely to become of concern again in upcoming constitutional challenges where applicants are looking to overturn through judicial challenges Canada's medicare system. This article tests that argument of whether Canada truly is 'odd' from a comparative policy perspective by exploring regulation of choice of privately financed health care in several European countries - the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, England and France. We highlight commonalities as well as differences, showing the extent to which these countries employ regulation to fetter growth of a large privately financed sector. The article's thesis is that Canada, in employing more intrusive forms of regulation, is not an outlier per se but at one point in a regulatory spectrum.

Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr ages of gabbroids, granitoids, and titanomagnetite ores from layered intrusions of the Kusa-Kopan Complex (South Urals)

732 A band of layered gabbro intrusions belonging to the Kusa–Kopan Complex is confined to the zone of the Zyuratkul riftogenic fault in the eastern part of the Bashkir Meganticlinorium, where it consists of several massifs (Matkal, Kopan, Medvedevo, Kusa) with the Ryabinovka and Gubenskii granitoid massifs located in the hanging wall (Fig. 1). The gabbro massifs enclose synonymous ilmenite–titanomagnetite deposits of the Urals in the form of stratified series, vein, and lenticu� lar lodes of continuous and disseminated ores, which alternate with gabbroids. These deposits were discov� ered in the 1930s, and since that time their geological structure and composition of ores and host rocks have been studied by many researchers. The primary atten� tion was paid to the most debatable factors responsible for strong lateral variations in the composition of rocks and ores within the complex, represented by horn� blende gabbro and gneiss–granites in the Kusa and Gubenskii massifs and ilmenite–magnetite ores in the Kusa and Medvedevo deposits in the north and by gab� bronorites (Matkal and Kopan massifs), porphyroid granophyric granites (Ryabinovka Massif), and titano� magnetite ores in the south. Some researchers explain such differences in the mineral composition by the influence of superposed metamorphic processes on rocks and ores of the Kusa Massif [1, 2], which occurred substantially after the formation of intru� sions. Our petrological studies performed in recent years revealed that the formation depth of granitoids, gab� broids, and enclosed ores increases along this band in the northerly direction from 3–4 km in the south to 20–30 km in the north. Accordingly, the P–T param� eters of rock and ore formation vary in the same direc� tion: = 0.5–3.0 kbar and T = 900–1100°C in the south (Kopan and Matkal gabbro massifs and associ� ated deposits, Ryabinovka granite massif) and P = 6– 9 kbar and T = 600–900°C in the north (Kusa and Medvedevo gabbro and Gubenskii granite massifs,

Persistence in stalking: a comparison of associations in general forensic and public figure samples

In stalking research, the risk domain of persistence concerns the likelihood that intrusive behaviours will continue towards the same target. This is a major source of anxiety to victims, and is of practical importance in the allocation of expensive protective resources. This study examines the associations of persistence in two different samples: a public figure sample concerning inappropriate communications and approaches to members of the British Royal Family, and a sample concerning similar behaviours in a general forensic population. Despite differences in methodology and definition, factors associated with persistence proved similar: psychotic illness, intimacy-seeking motivation and multiple or intrusive forms of communication. The results contribute to the emerging literature on the common ground between risk associations in general population and in public figure samples. They underline the prime importance of motivation and of mental health issues in assessing and managing risk. We recommend the adoption of a common conceptual framework in future research.

New evidence for a volcanic arc on the western margin of a rifting Rodinia from ultramafic intrusions in the Andriamena region, north-central Madagascar

Ultramafic–mafic complexes that intruded into Archaean ortho- and paragneisses in the Andriamena region of north-central Madagascar fall within the domain of a 900-km-long belt consisting of gabbroic and granitoid plutons that has been interpreted as the roots of a Neoproterozoic (700–800 Ma) continental arc. This Andean-type arc is reported to extend from north-central Madagascar through the Seychelles into India. The ultramafic bodies (∼ 2 km × 1 km) are crudely zoned, with dunite forming the cores surrounded by harzburgite, lherzolite, pyroxenite, pegmatoidal pyroxenite and fine-grained gabbroic rocks on the margins of the intrusions. One sampled contact between an ultramafic entity and the basement is chilled and sharp, indicating an intrusive rather than a sheared contact; this argues against allochthonous emplacement as in ophiolite suites. The composition of this chilled basaltic margin is similar to volcanic lithologies from well-known continental Andean-type arcs. PGE data from dunites, harzburgites, lherzolites and websterites of the Lavatrafo body show enrichment in the Pd-group PGEs with significant Pt-enrichment and prominent negative Ru anomalies. [Ru/Ru*] N ranges from 0.037 to 0.31 with average [Ru/Ir] N = 0.17. These features are characteristic of zoned Alaskan–Uralian-type complexes ([Ru/Ru*] N = 0.029–0.15), which generally form the roots of volcanic arcs. Dunites, forming the cores of some intrusions, show enrichment in the LREE, are depleted with respect to chondrites (0.1× chondrite) and display negative Eu anomalies possibly caused by orthopyroxene fractionation. The Andriamena complexes are suggested to represent the roots or feeder conduits of a continental Andean-type arc and provide new evidence, in the form of ultramafic intrusions, for a convergent margin on the western edge of the Rodinia supercontinent. This tectonic setting is consistent with published data suggesting eastward subduction, on the eastern edge of the Mozambique Ocean, underneath the continental terrains of Madagascar, the Seychelles and NW India.

Residual circulation due to internal waves shoaling on a slope

We describe the residual circulation induced in a two‐layer system when internal waves, with a wave length equal to or longer than the slope length, propagate over a sloping bottom and either reflect or break. For the case of no wave breaking, scaling is used to derive Boussinesq‐type equations, the solution of which leads to an expression for the residual circulation adjacent to the sloping bottom. This residual circulation is maintained by a weak slope on the density interface. For breaking waves, laboratory experiments and numerical modeling were used to ascertain the details of the residual circulation arising from the formation of gravitational intrusions. Results from these three investigative tools were used to determine, as a function of bottom slope and incident wave amplitude, the internal wave reflection coefficient and the strength of the residual circulation pattern with and without wave breaking.

The dynamics of deep magmas

This study attempts to substantiate a model of magma ascent from deep-seated sources driven by the density difference between magmas and wall rocks in a plastic solid medium via hydraulic fracturing (magma-driven fracturing). The difference between magma and wall rock densities causes overpressure development in the head of a magma column. With increasing height of the column or decreasing magma density, the overpressure can build significantly, which is valid for the case of continuous magma conduit from a deepseated source. The depth of mantle chambers, their vertical extent, and magma densities seem to be the key factors in the formation of volcanoes and intracrustal intrusions. Intermittent (or peripheral) magma chambers under volcanoes and crustal-mantle intrusive bodies may be formed at strength barriers, in the zone of elastoplastic transition and at the mantle-crust boundary.

Tectonomagmatic events during stretching and basin formation in the Labrador Sea and the Davis Strait: evidence from age and composition of Mesozoic to Palaeogene dyke swarms in West Greenland

Abstract: Mesozoic to Palaeogene intrusive igneous rocks in West Greenland range from a large, coast-parallel dyke swarm to small, poorly defined dyke swarms or single intrusions. New age and geochemical data indicate that intrusion forms and melt compositions changed with time, dependent on changing stress fields and increasing lithospheric attenuation. During the period c . 220–150 Ma (Late Triassic to Late Jurassic) incipient stretching is reflected in the production of highly alkaline, volatile-rich melts formed in small volumes in the deep lithosphere. Around 150 Ma (Kimmeridgian), increased extension took place and melts were intruded in a 60 km long swarm of scattered alkaline dykes. In the Early Cretaceous, 140–133 Ma, the regional stress field was intense, upwelling asthenospheric mantle started to melt, and alkali basaltic magmas were emplaced in a 400 km long coastal dyke swarm parallel to large linear faults offshore. In the Palaeocene, continental break-up took place and flood basalts (62–60 Ma) were extruded in the Nuussuaq Basin. Large basalt sills and dykes extend the region with Palaeocene activity 150 km southwards and form a link between the Nuussuaq Basin and the Sisimiut Basin offshore. Dykes with ages of 57–51 Ma indicate widespread younger volcanic activity. Supplementary material: Sample details, Ar/Ar data and plots, and Rb–Sr isochrons are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18374 .

Detailed 2-D imaging of the Mediterranean outflow and meddies off W Iberia from multichannel seismic data

Reprocessing of a 326-km long multichannel seismic line acquired in the Tagus Abyssal Plain off W Iberia in 1991 allowed detailed imaging of the thermohaline structure of several mesoscale features within the water column. The interpretation was supported by subsurface float measurements, Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) maps and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) images contemporaneous with the acquisition of the seismic data. Clear images were obtained of the reflective patterns associated with one previously known and one newly discovered meddy, one cyclone, the upper and lower cores of the Mediterranean Undercurrent, and the interface of the high-salinity tongue of the Mediterranean Water with the North Atlantic Central Water. These reveal a complexity and a detail of the lateral variations of the thermohaline structure not easily observed by conventional physical oceanography tools. The mesoscale structures were imaged via reflections from oceanic fine structures of scale 30 m or less. We compare the characteristics of observed reflections with known mechanisms of fine-structure production. Most of the observed reflections are consistent with internal waves and thermohaline intrusions as previously hypothesized. We postulate a new mechanism to explain the formation of the steeply sloping reflections that outline the meddy and other features, involving frontogenetic isopycnal advection, formation of thermohaline intrusions, and tilting of the intrusive layers by mesoscale shear flows. The imaging technique therefore shows the relationship between mesoscale features and the fine-scale oceanographic phenomena associated with mixing, including steeply-sloped structures that would otherwise not be tracked using CTD profiles alone.

Extrusions and intrusions in fatigued metals. Part 1. State of the art and history†

Current state and historical progress in experimental and theoretical studies of surface relief appertaining to persistent slip bands (PSBs) and leading to fatigue crack initiation in cyclically deformed metals is presented as a thorough critical overview. A comprehensive inventory of microscopic techniques used for this study is tabulated chronologically with emphasis to their applicability to polycrystals. The most relevant experimental characteristics concerning surface relief evolution, namely the form of extrusions and intrusions in single- and polycrystalline materials, are surveyed. Theoretical models and computational simulations of extrusion and intrusion formation and fatigue crack initiation are critically reviewed. †In 2003, it was 100 years since J.A. Ewing and J.C.W. Humfrey first documented the nature of early surface fatigue damage in Swedish iron in their paper The Fracture of Metals under Repeated Alternations of Stress published in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A [1]. Let this work (Part 1 and 2) commemorate their pioneering effort to understand the physical mechanisms of early fatigue damage.

Legal responses to child protection, poverty and homelessness

Removal of children from the care of their parents is one of the most fundamental forms of intrusion the state may have in the lives of families. Those experiencing poverty are disproportionately targeted for intervention by child protection departments. This article reports on the results of two research studies that provide empirical evidence regarding the relationship between child protection and poverty. The links between child protection and poverty are well-documented. However, our research supports the view that existing knowledge is not being effectively translated into practice. Respondents to our research offered a number of practical suggestions as to how protective outcomes may be brought about for children living in poverty. In particular, their recommendations emphasise the importance of the provision of material assistance and support in building the capacity of families to adequately provide for, and protect, their children.