Formation Of Intrusions Research Articles

Geochemistry of the Abulangdang intrusion: Cumulates of high-Ti picritic magmas in the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China

The ~260Ma Abulangdang ultramafic intrusion in the Panxi region, SW China, is part of the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP). The intrusion is composed of dunite and lherzolite with minor olivine gabbro. Olivine crystals in the dunite have Fo values from 89.0 to 86.5mol%. Chromite grains in both the dunite and lherzolite contain more than 0.5wt.% TiO2 and show a trend of increasing Fe3+ with increasing Fe2+/(Mg+Fe2+). Rocks of the intrusion have γOs(t) values from +0.1 to +1.2 and εNd(t) values from −1.9 to +2.9, similar to the high-Ti picrites, high-Ti flood basalts and Fe–Ti oxide-bearing, gabbroic intrusions of the ELIP. Modeling indicates that the Abulangdang intrusion formed by accumulation of olivine and chromite from a high-Ti picritic magma, whereas the high-Ti flood basalts and Fe–Ti oxide-bearing, gabbroic intrusions formed from derivative, evolved magmas after the early fractionation of minerals from the high-Ti picritic magma. Both the dunite and lherzolite have relatively high PGE concentrations and primitive mantle-normalized chalcophile element patterns with positive Os and Ru anomalies, in contrast to PGE-poor high-Ti flood basalts with negative Os and Ru anomalies. This is consistent with the retention of Ru–Os–Ir trace phases with olivine and chromite in the formation of the Abulangdang intrusion. Using a clinopyroxene geobarometer, the crystallization pressure of the Abulangdang intrusion is calculated to be 7.1 to 8.3kbar, equivalent to a depth of ~21 to 24km, which is deeper than that estimated for the Fe–Ti oxide-bearing, gabbroic layered intrusions of the ELIP (~5kbar). We propose that large volumes of mantle plume-derived high-Ti picritic magma underplating along the Moho boundary underwent early fractionation before eruption, and some high-Ti picritic magma ascended through a fossil conduit where the Abulangdang intrusion formed. Residual, evolved magmas either from the conduits or underplating magma chamber formed Fe–Ti oxide-bearing, gabbroic layered intrusions or high-Ti flood basalts. In this fashion, the Abulangdang intrusion resembles ultramafic portions that are missing in the Fe–Ti oxide-bearing, gabbroic intrusions of the ELIP.

Neogene igneous intrusions in the northern South China Sea: Evidence from high-resolution three dimensional seismic data

Igneous intrusions emplaced within the prospective intervals of sedimentary basins can exert a significant impact on petroleum systems and hence are of considerable interest particularly when risking exploration plays. A number of discordant high amplitude seismic anomalies (DSAs) with a range of geometries are documented in high resolution 3D seismic data in the northern South China Sea. Their distribution and seismic characteristics are analysed and compared with similar seismic anomalies documented within sedimentary basins in the Atlantic margins and other locations. The DSAs occur mainly within Early Miocene strata and are interpreted as igneous intrusions that were emplaced close to the palaeo-seabed and are dated as early Middle Miocene using seismic-stratigraphic methods. A number of vents are also identified above the intrusions within early Middle Miocene strata. Several geometrical forms are observed, referred to here as saucer-shaped, lensoid-shaped, stacked and composite intrusions. The seismic expression of these is increasing complex towards the palaeo-seabed, with a tendency for the saucer-shaped sills to be the deepest intrusive forms. The igneous intrusions observed in this study only could be identified using 3D seismic data and they are important for the future evaluations of petroleum systems, basin evolution and tectonic analysis in the Pearl River Mouth Basin.

Feeding and growth of a dyke–laccolith system (Elba Island, Italy) from AMS and mineral fabric data

Dykes feed laccoliths and sills; however, the link between feeder and intrusion is rarely observed. The felsic San Martino laccolith displays a clear feeder–intrusion link, allowing reconstruction of the influence of the size and location of feeder dykes on magma flow during formation of subhorizontal intrusions. This work uses anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) combined with mineral shape-preferred orientations of sanidine megacrysts to examine magma flow pathways through feeders into a laccolith. Strong correlation between AMS and K-feldspar datasets indicates that alteration affecting the paramagnetic mineralogy did not influence AMS results. The well-established field relationships between feeder and laccolith provided a robust ‘geo-logical’ model for flow pathways that we have used as a framework to aid interpretation of AMS data. The position and size of the main feeder dyke helped to predict the flow paths in the overlying laccolith. Our results show that magma spread laterally from the feeding system and built the laccolith layers with propagating and inflating divergent flow where tabular particles became aligned perpendicular to the magma displacement direction. The lack of internal discontinuities indicates that the magma was injected as a single pulse or a series of quickly coalescing pulses. Supplementary material: AMS methods, AMS data and detailed fabric maps are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18717 .

Pathways of river water to the surface layers of stratified reservoirs

This study uses tracer experiments to characterize the fate of a cold plunging river into a Mediterranean reservoir under different stratification conditions. Three tracer experiments in Lake Béznar, Spain, demonstrate that a significant fraction of the inflow may be quickly entrained into the surface mixed layer (SML), rather than flowing to lower depths. We observe that a fraction (and possibly all) of river inflow entrains into the SML when the density current forms intrusions at the top of the metalimnetic layer. Intrusions near the base of the SML form due to lighter interfacial fluid at the top of the density current, with intermediate properties between river—reservior water when there is sufficient dilution of the cold inflow, and abrupt density changes at the base of the SML. Consequently, a layer of fluid splits from the denser part of the current and intrudes just below the SML, while any remaining fluid flows to lower depths. We parameterize this splitting behavior in terms of the transition Richardson number, Ri12 = Γ × (ρ2 − ρ1)/(ρ0 − ρ1), where ρ0, ρ1, and ρ2 are densities of the inflow, the SML, and the metalimnetic layer underneath, respectively; and Γ is the total dilution through the plunge zone and subsequent entrainment. Splitting occurs when Ri12 ≥ 1, consistent with previous laboratory experiments. We use this theory to predict the seasonal fate of river water during the stratification of Lake Béznar and identify the conditions that favor the formation of intrusions near the base of the SML.

Dictatorships for Democracy: Takeovers of Financially Failed Cities

States have traditionally offered support to their fiscally distressed municipalities. When less intrusive forms of assistance fail to bring stability, some states employ supervisory institutions that exercise approval authority over local budgets or, more intrusively, that displace locally elected officials. These are frequently accused of representing an antidemocratic form of local government and a denial of local autonomy.In this Article, I suggest that the extent to which takeover boards are subject to an anti-democratic critique is frequently overstated. Efforts to revive near-insolvent localities cannot be oblivious to the causes that generated their distress. Depopulation, high unemployment, depleted municipal services, and blight do not arise spontaneously. They are frequently the consequence of long periods of local mismanagement, in which expenditures deviate substantially from those goods and services that residents prefer, inducing the most mobile among them to gravitate to more hospitable jurisdictions. Any viable response must therefore address the causes of political dysfunction. I contend that by addressing the political underpinnings of fiscal distress, takeover boards may be more capable of satisfying the interests of local residents for public goods than local elected officials, and may also represent the interests of nonresidents and creditors who are not considered by those officials. Moreover, I suggest, the authority of takeover boards should be expanded to allow them to engage in restructuring of municipal governance in order to avoid the entrenched and defragmented institutions that are often associated with local fiscal distress. The temporary nature of takeover board jurisdiction means that when local governance returns to the realm of normal politics, residents will be in a more informed position to evaluate the optimal structure of local governance.

Deformation Microstructures in Plagioclases of the Doran Granite: An Interpretation to Emplacement of this Intrusion at the Type Locality, Zanjan

Observations on the microstructure of a rock, in thin section, can be used to reconstruct its tectonic evolution. This paper presents deformation microstructures, which were observed in Plagioclase of the late precambrian Doran-granite at the type locality in south of Zanjan. Two sample-sets of central and marginal parts of the Doran intrusion show similar microstructures, which can be related to temperatures up to 500°C, believed as emplacement temperature of the Doran intrusion in shale of Kahar-formation. The former structures are affected, in some samples of marginal part of the intrusion, by cataclastic flow, formed at temperatures lower than 400°C, during subsequent uplift. The good preservation of the deformation microstructures, in the studied samples, can be referred to fast decrease of temperature, meaning quickly uplift process. Microscopic deformation-induced microstructures of minerals in rocks and set the conditions for reconstruction at the time of adoption of intrusive form used in the study, because the microstructure formation in minerals affected by the different conditions of temperature and pressure, and can be different stages of the fit mass to reflect stones. In this paper, the microscopic induced deformation microstructures in plagioclase White granite outcrop in the model presented, the analysis is presented on how to fit the masses.

Mechanisms of extrusion and intrusion formation in fatigued crystalline materials

Experimental data on the formation of persistent slip markings (PSMs) at the egressing persistent slip bands (PSBs) and physically based models of surface relief formation and fatigue crack initiation are surveyed. The original Polák's model of fatigue crack initiation based on the formation, migration and annihilation of vacancy-type defects in PSBs is further refined and extended by taking into consideration the annihilation of vacancies in the matrix and the formation of internal stresses. The proposed mechanisms of surface relief formation are based on the plastic relaxation of internal compression stresses in PSBs and internal tensile stresses in the matrix. By solving the migration of vacancies from the PSB and their annihilation in the matrix, the shapes of extrusion and parallel intrusions are derived analytically under some simplifying assumptions.

Correlation between microstructure and temperature dependent electrical behavior of annealed Ti/Al/Ni/Au Ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures

This letter reports on the temperature behavior of the structural and electrical properties of Ti/Al/Ni/Au contacts to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. While Ohmic contacts formed at 750 °C showed a decreasing temperature behavior of the specific contact resistance ρC, which was explained by a thermionic field emission mechanism, an increasing trend is observed in the contacts formed at 850 °C. In this case, ρC exhibits a “metal-like” behavior, i.e., describable by a T1.8 dependence. The microstructural analysis of the interfacial region allowed to explain the results with the formation of metallic intrusions contacting directly the two dimensional electron gas.

Fatigue crack initiation – The role of point defects

The role of point defects in the formation of surface relief and in the initiation of a fatigue crack in crystalline materials is analyzed. The dislocation interactions in the bands of intensive cyclic slip (persistent slip bands – PSBs) are specified and relations describing the formation and annihilation of interstitial and vacancy type defects in the channels of the ladder-like PSB are derived.The continuous formation, annihilation and primarily the migration of point defects are proposed to be responsible for the mass redistribution within PSB and between PSB and the PSB/matrix boundary. The redistribution of the matter results in local tensile and compressive stresses that are the sources of the principal irreversibility of slip within PSB. Local tensile and compressive stresses are relaxed by dislocation movement within PSB in the direction of the active Burgers vector and lead to the formation of characteristic surface relief in the form of extrusions and intrusions. The intrusions represent crack-like defects and fatigue cracks initiate in the tip of intrusions.

Ocular flutter in essential tremor: clinical course and response to primidone

Essential tremor (ET) is generally regarded as a benign monosymptomatic condition with tremor being the sole neurological manifestation. Structural brain abnormalities are not considered part of the syndrome. Over recent years, however, it has become increasingly clear that a cerebellar pathology might be involved in the disease process [1, 2]. Neuropathological studies associated Purkinje cell loss with ET [3], whereas brain imaging demonstrated in many cases atrophic changes in different lobules of the cerebellum [4]. It should be mentioned, however, that there are also studies which failed to show an association of ET and cerebellar pathology [5]. Reports on clinical cerebellar signs in ET are sparse [1, 6]. Here, we present an ET case exhibiting saccadic intrusions with features of ocular flutter (OF). A 74-year-old woman presented with gradual onset of hand tremor over the last three decades. The tremor worsened with stress or intense physical exercise and improved after ingestion of small amounts of alcohol. Her father had similar symptoms but never sought medical advice. She also complained of dizziness and oscillopsia lasting ‘‘a few seconds’’ many times a day for at least 10 years. On examination, a postural tremor of both hands, more pronounced on the left, was noted. Finger-to-nose test was slightly impaired, but heel–knee–shin was unremarkable. The eyes showed infrequent (1–2/min), rapid, conjugate, horizontal oscillations occurring in bursts, leading to the clinical diagnosis of OF. No other ocular motor abnormalities were noted. Recording of eye movements confirmed the clinical impression, showing bursts of fast phases without intersaccadic intervals (Fig. 1a). Intraburst frequency was 10 Hz, and interburst frequency was 0.5 Hz in a 4-min record. Surface electromyography (EMG) recordings of the wrist extensors revealed a postural tremor frequency of 6–6.5 Hz (Fig. 1c). We put the patient on primidone, slowly titrated up to a daily dose of 375 mg. Upon reexamination 2 months later, hand tremor had virtually disappeared (Fig. 1d), although the patient reported a mild tremor of the left hand during emotional excitement. Interestingly, ocular flutter was also absent both clinically and in a 7-min-long record (Fig. 1b). Importantly, she could not recall any oscillopsias in the last couple of weeks. OF is a pathological form of saccadic intrusions consisting of back-to-back horizontal saccades [7]. It is considered a subtype of opsoclonus, the former being characterized by multidirectional fast phases of varying amplitudes. The pathophysiology of OF and opsoclonus is still controversial. It is assumed that abnormal Purkinje cell activity in the cerebellum leads to reduced inhibition on the fastigial nucleus. This results in enhanced inhibition of brainstem omnipause neurons, which, in turn, renders saccadic burst neurons free to oscillate [8, 9]. Recent modeling, however, is based on a dysfunction of the brainstem saccadic generator while cerebellar abnormalities are believed to be secondary to brainstem oscillations [10]. Nonetheless, available functional neuroimaging data conform to the cerebellar hypothesis of OF genesis [11, 12]. The present case exhibited ocular flutter linked with mild oscillopsia for presumably more than 10 years. Thus, this long period largely rules out causes such as encephalitis or paraneoplastic disease. The fact that both tremor E. Anagnostou (&) E. Kararizou I. Evdokimidis Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, University of Athens, Vas. Sophias Avenue 74, 11528 Athens, Greece e-mail: granavan@yahoo.com

Geological Factors Analysis of Gas Unusual Area in Southwest of Shandong Province

Gas geological law in southwest of Shandong province was studied with theoretical foundation and method of gas geology in this paper. It finds that the area in southwest of Shandong province is mostly low gas mining area. But Fucun coal mine of Tengnan mining area, Sanhekou coal mine, Jinyuan coal mine, Tangkou coal mine of Jining mining area and Zhaoguan coal mine of Huanghebei mining area are all gas unusual area. Among them, Fucun coal mine, Sanhekou coal mine and Jinyuan coal mine appear high gas unusual which are mainly affected by magma intrusion, Tangkou and Zhaoguan coal mine form gas unusual area which are mainly affected by thickness of upper bedrock.

Assessment of seawater intrusion and nitrate contamination on the groundwater quality in the Korba coastal plain of Cap-Bon (North-east of Tunisia)

In recent years, seawater intrusion and nitrate contamination of groundwater have become a growing concern for people in rural areas in Tunisia where groundwater is always used as drinking water. The coastal plain of Korba (north-east of Tunisia) is a typical area where the contamination of the aquifer in the form of saltwater intrusion and high nitrate concentrations is very developed and represents the major consequence of human activities.The objective of this study is to evaluate groundwater resource level, to determine groundwater quality and to assess the risk of NO3- pollution in groundwater using hydrogeochemical tools. Groundwater were sampled and analyzed for physic-chemical parameters: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO42-, HCO3-, NO3-, Total Dissolved Solid and of the physical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity and the temperature). The interpretation of the analytical results is shown numerically and graphically through the ionic deviations, Piper Diagram, seawater fractions and binary diagrams. Moreover, electrical conductivity investigations have been used to identify the location of the major intrusion plumes in this coastal area and to obtain new information on the spatial scales and dynamics of the fresh water–seawater interface. Those processes can be used as indicators of seawater intrusion progression.First, the hydrogeochemical investigation of this aquifer reveals the major sources of contamination, represented by seawater intrusion. Thus, the intensive extraction of groundwater from aquifer reduces freshwater outflow to the sea, creates several drawdown cones and lowering of the water table to as much as 12m below mean sea level in the center part of the study area especially between Diarr El Hojjej and Tafelloun villages, causing seawater migration inland and rising toward the wells.Moreover, the results of this study revealed the presence of direct cation exchange linked to seawater intrusion and dissolution processes associated with cations exchange.Second, a common contaminant identified in groundwater is dissolved nitrogen in the form of nitrate. The average nitrate concentration of the aquifer is about 30.44mg/l, but contents as great as about 50mg/l occur in the central region where seawater has been identified. Nitrate survey reveals that nitrate concentration above the drinking water standard (50mg/l) covered an area of 122.64km2, which accounts for 28% of the whole area. Irrigation with the nitrogen fertilizers, domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and movement of contaminants in areas of high hydraulic gradients within the drawdown cones probably are responsible for localized peaks of the nitrate concentration.It is suggested that risk assessment of nitrate pollution is useful for a better management of groundwater resources, preventing soil salinisation and minimizing nitrate pollution in groundwater.

Structure of intrusions and fronts in the deep layer of the Eurasian basin and Makarov basin (Arctic)

Numerous CTD data obtained in the Eurasian and Makarov basins in the Arctic during the Polarstern (1996), Oden, and Louis S. St. Laurent (1994) international polar expeditions are analysed to describe fronts and intrusions observed in the deep layer (600–1300 m). The hydrological parameters were estimated from available CTD data, which made it possible to identify different types of fronts (baroclinic, thermohaline, and compound types of fronts) and analyze intrusive layering taking into account the peculiarities of the thermohaline structure of fronts. The field data are interpreted using an interleaving model describing the formation of intrusions on the baroclinic and pure thermohaline fronts under conditions of absolutely stable stratification. It is assumed that differential mixing is the main instability mechanism. Estimates of the vertical and lateral diffusivities in the frontal zones of the deep Arctic layer are presented.

Collision-related genesis of the Sharang porphyry molybdenum deposit, Tibet: Evidence from zircon U–Pb ages, Re–Os ages and Lu–Hf isotopes

Sharang is a low-fluorine, calc-alkaline porphyry Mo deposit hosted mainly in a granite porphyry of a multi-stage plutonic complex in the northern Gangdese metallogenic belt, largely with stockwork and ribbon-textured mineralization. The observed age estimates suggest that the formation of the magmatic host complex (52.9–51.6Ma) and the ore deposit itself (52.3Ma) occurred during the main stage of the India–Asia collision. The host rocks are characterized by lower zircon εHf(t) values than those of the pre-ore and post-ore rocks. This suggests that the Lhasa terrane basement might play an important role in the formation of Sharang ore-forming intrusions. In view of the framework of magmatic–metallogenic events we suggest that slab roll-back may have induced melting of juvenile crust and ancient continental complexes during the India–Asia collision. This proposal focuses exploration for additional molybdenum deposits on the collision zone.

A Cookbook of Her Own

A Cookbook of Her Own

Magma mixing revealed from in situ zircon U–Pb–Hf isotope analysis of the Muhuguan granitoid pluton, eastern Qinling Orogen, China: implications for late Mesozoic tectonic evolution

In this paper, we present zircon U–Pb age and Hf isotope data to document the significance of magma mixing in the formation of Late Jurassic granitoid intrusions in the eastern Qinling Orogen, China. The Muhuguan granitoid pluton from this orogen consists of monzogranite and lesser biotite granite and granodiorite, all containing abundant hornblende-rich cumulates, dioritic xenoliths, and mafic magmatic enclaves (MMEs). The monzogranite and granodiorite are intruded by a number of lamprophyre dykes. Both a cumulate and a dioritic xenolith samples have concordant zircon U–Pb ages of ca. 161 ± 1 Ma, but possess contrasting Hf isotopic compositions. The cumulate has more radiogenic zircon Hf isotopes with negative e Hf(t) values (−7.9 to −2.5) and T DM1 ages of 0.9–1.1 Ga, indicating its derivation likely from basaltic rocks of the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic Kuanping Group in the area. The dioritic xenolith has much lower zircon e Hf(t) values of −19.5 to −8.8 and T DM2 ages of 2.4–1.7 Ga, consistent with a juvenile Paleoproterozoic crust source presumably represented by the metabasic rocks of the Qinling Group in the area. Individual samples of the monzogranite, MME, and a lamprophyre dyke have U–Pb ages of 150 ± 1, 152 ± 1, and 152 ± 1 Ma, respectively, demonstrating coeval mafic and felsic magmatism in the Late Jurassic. The lamprophyre dyke has homogeneous, highly negative zircon e Hf(t) values (−29.8 to −24.8) and Archean T DM2 ages (3.0–2.7 Ga), and its genesis is interpreted as partial melting of an ancient enriched subcontinental mantle source. Zircons from the fine-grained MME show a large range of e Hf(t) between −29.1 and −9.8, overlapping values of the monzogranite and lamprophyre dyke samples. Zircon U–Pb age and Hf isotopes of the MMEs are consistent with their formation by mixing of crustal- and enriched mantle-derived magmas. The main group of zircons from the monzogranite has e Hf(t) values (−17.9 to −9.3) and T DM2 ages (2.3–1.8 Ga) that are compatible with the dioritic xenoliths, indicating that the former was produced by partial melting of Paleoproterozoic crustal source with involvement of mantle-derived magmas. Mafic magmatism revealed from the Muhuguan pluton indicates that the eastern Qinling Orogen was dominated by lithospheric extension during the Late Jurassic. Compilation of existing geological and geochronological data suggests that this extensional event started in Late Jurassic (ca. 160 Ma) and persisted into the Early Cretaceous until ca. 110 Ma. The Jura-Cretaceous extension may have resulted from the late Mesozoic westward subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the East Asian continental margin.

Current-eddy interaction in the Agulhas Return Current region from the seismic oceanography perspective

Interleaving in the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) frontal region is commonly manifested in the form of thermohaline intrusions, as sub-tropical and sub-polar water masses of similar density meet. In Jan./Feb. 2012, the Naval Research Laboratory and collaborators carried out a field experiment in which seismic and traditional hydrographic observations were acquired to examine frontal zone mixing processes. The high lateral resolution (10 m) of the seismic observations allowed fine-scale lateral tracking of thermal intrusions, which were corroborated with simultaneous XBT casts. Between seismic deployments both salinity and temperature data were acquired via CTD, underway-CTD and microstructure profiles. This study focuses on analyzing seismic reflection data in a particular E-W transect where the northward flowing ARC interacted with the southward flowing portion of a large anticyclonic eddy. Strong reflectors were most prominent at the edge of a hyperbolic zone formed between the eddy and ARC, where sub-polar waters interacted with waters of sub-tropical origin on either side. Reflectors were shallow within the hyperbolic zone and extended to 1200 m below the ARC. The nature of the observed reflectors will be determined from comparison of seismic reflection and derived ∂T/∂z fields, and XBT and TS profiles from the available hydrographic data.

Magnetotelluric evidence for layered mafic intrusions beneath the Vøring and Exmouth rifted margins

Marine magnetotelluric (MT) surveys at two volcanic passive margins have revealed an enigmatic layer of extremely high conductivity (⩽0.1Ωm) at ∼10km depth. At the Vøring Plateau off the northwest shelf of Norway, 2D inversion of data from nine sites along a 54km line resolves a layer with a conductance of ∼104S. At the Exmouth Plateau off the northwest shelf of Australia, 2D inversion of 122 sites in 17 lines finds a similar layer at similar depth but an order of magnitude higher conductance. At both plateaus, the depth of the high conductivity layer coincides roughly with what seismic studies have identified as an assemblage of sills. We propose that the extremely high conductance is due to well-connected conductive cumulates (e.g. magnetite) precipitated in layered mafic intrusions. In contrast to sill emplacement, the nature of layered intrusion formation requires connection to a magma source over time. Such a connection would not be likely during rifting when the rift provides a preferential pathway for pressure release. This implies emplacement prior to or during a pause in the early stage of continental breakup.

Effects of Different Forms of Verbal Processing on the Formation of Intrusions

This study used the trauma film paradigm to investigate different forms of posttrauma verbal processing relevant to the formation of intrusive memories. We designed 3 experiments to investigate verbal processing that could help to reduce the formation of posttraumatic intrusions. Experiments 1 and 2 looked at the effect of several forms of verbal processing, varied in emotional foci and vantage points, on the formation of posttraumatic intrusions. Experiment 3 utilized event-related potential (ERP) technology to control emotional focus and to further examine the effect of verbal processing from different vantage points. Data produced by Experiment 1 showed that the "what-focus" group had fewer intrusions than the "why-focus" group. Experiment 2 produced no significant difference between first- and third-person vantage points. Results from the last experiment showed the what-focus group was faster to judge the colors of the words in the emotional Stroop task, and the amplitude and latency of P2 for negative words were greater than neutral words in the what-focus group. Based on the results of the experiments, participants who were led to verbalize their traumatic experiences using the what-focus and the first-person vantage point ended up with fewer intrusions.

Conditions of the formation of hypabyssal granitoid intrusions using the example of the Sizindzha Massif, the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt

The Sizindzha hypabyssal intrusive massif located in the Kuidusun volcanic zone of the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt has been mapped and studied in detail. The complex of textural-petrographic features indicates the in situ formation of granitoids by the successive replacement of the host sedimentary rocks of the Verkhoyansk Complex and the medium-grained diorites (more rarely, gabbro) by later granites. It was established that the oldest fine-grained intermediate rocks observed as xenoliths in all the granitoids are in situ relicts of the molten substrate.