Forms Of Entry Research Articles

Distinct subunit functions and cell cycle regulated phosphorylation of 20S APC/cyclosome required for anaphase in fission yeast.

We show here that the fission yeast gene products Cut9 and Nuc2 are the subunits of the 20S complex, the putative APC (anaphase promoting complex)/cyclosome which contains ubiquitin ligase activity required for cyclin and Cut2 destruction. The assembly of Cut9 into the 20S complex requires functional Nuc2, and vice versa. The size of fission yeast APC/cyclosome is similar to that of higher eukaryotes, but differs greatly from that (36S) of budding yeast. The 20S complex is present in cells arrested at different stages of the cell cycle, and becomes slightly heavier in mitosis than interphase. Cut9 in the 20S complex is hyperphosphorylated specifically at the time of metaphase. The truncated forms of Cut9 block entry into mitosis, however. The 20S assembly impaired in the cut9 mutant can be restored by elevating the level of a novel gene product Hcnl, similar to budding yeast Cdc26. Furthermore, deletion of protein kinase PKA (Pkal) suppresses the phenotype of the cut9 mutation and reduces phosphorylation of Cut9. In contrast, PP1 (Dis2) phosphatase mutation shows the reverse effect on the phenotype of cut9. The Cut9 subunit is likely to be a target for regulating APC/ cyclosome function through protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation.

More than you think: An inclusive estimate of business entries

The Wells Fargo/NFIB Series on Business Entries and Exits collected data throughout 1995 from 36,000 households regarding the business formation activity occurring among adults within those households. After adjusting for the 1.37 owners per firm and the 10% of households with more than one entry, there were an estimated 4.553-million business entries in the 12-month period involving 6.211 million active owners. Seventy-eight and one-half (78.5) percent of those businesses were de novo starts, 20.0% purchases, and the remainder other forms of entry (including missing responses). Most of the entries were quite small whether started or purchased.The number of business entries is significantly larger than prior estimates. However, the 4.553-million figure, when dissected into component parts, is consistent with other measures of business entry. The primary reason for the larger estimate is that this research was able to capture the significant number of very small entries that either do not appear in other databases or appear only after a substantial delay.These new data offer a significantly expanded view of the American business population and its dynamics. More specifically, they provide quantification of the smaller end of the entry scale, thereby introducing new population distributions and raising fundamental research and marketing questions about the unit of analysis (What is a business?) What constitutes a reasonable survey sample? To what population do we generalize survey data? What are the market segments of the small-business population, and how do they differ? What are the public policy requirements of these segments, and how do they coincide and conflict? And, what do real entry numbers tell us about the operation of the American economy on both a secular and cyclical basis?The foregoing are obvious. However, there are more subtle and perhaps more interesting questions. For example, the more people try to go into business for themselves, the more our collective (American) experience is influenced by the experience of business ownership. Small business draws enormous empathy from the American public; few Americans institutions are as popular. This is obviously a complex phenomenon. However, one explanation for its popularity is that so many Americans are exposed to business ownership either personally or through someone they know. Part of this research not yet published shows that small-business ownership pervades every class, income category, racial grouping, etc. The penetration of business formation into the American experience, therefore, is not only deep, it is also broad. And when its dimensions are so great, the remaining issue is not the existence of influence but its degree.If there are more starts than previously recognized, there must also be more exits. And, if there are more exits, the dynamics of the business entry-exit process become even more tumultuous than previously recognized. Particularly for those interested in either policy or management, the question becomes, “Why is exit so common?” One path of inquiry leads to motivation for entry, including career alternatives and income supplementation. To what extent do people intend to grow their businesses and to what extent do they intend their businesses to fill financial, occupational, or time gaps until something better comes along? Another path of inquiry leads to resources. Do resource constraints or constraints of other natures impede business development? Then there is the issue of preparation. How well-prepared are entrants? And, what reasonable steps can be taken to improve their assessments of potential opportunities or to effectively implement plans to capitalize on them? These are not necessarily new issues. But they become more conspicuous and pressing when the large number of exits is appreciated.The technique used to capture these data at a reasonable cost is called an “omnibus” or “caravan” survey. This survey technique is not well-known outside the commercial survey industry, but it presents considerable opportunity for researchers either with limited budgets or desirous of asking fewer than 10–15-minutes' worth of questions from a sample of the adult population. Its advantage is financial. Multiple sponsors can ask a limited number of proprietary questions at their own expense. But they then share the costs and results of reaching respondents and of asking the demographic questions, for example, age or sex of respondent. The current research posed two screen questions to all 36,000 households interviewed. The sponsors paid for those 72,000 questions. But only about 2,000 respondents passed one of the screens. These respondents were led through several more questions. Thus, the sponsors paid just for the screen questions and those questions administered to the 2,000. An extensive set of demographic data about the respondents was thrown in “free.”

Education, Democracy and the Future of the Comprehensive Ideal

After the next General Election, if not before, the issue of comprehensive secondary education is likely to be high on the political agenda. The debate has, in some ways, already started. There was, for example, an important series of lectures at the University of Oxford, Department of Education, in the spring and summer of 1996 which stimulated some excellent discussion about the future. The lectures will be published by Falmer in 1997. One of the stranger aspects of the public debate in the 1980s was an assumption, held by many politicians and promoted by much of the press, that comprehensive schools had failed. Part of the task of educationists is to challenge those assumptions. But how did they come to exist in the first place? As with so many aspects of education history, the answer is complex. First, many writers have pointed out that it was not only right-wing Conservatives who opposed comprehensive schools in the early days: many Labour Party politicians, including Ministers of Education such as Ellen Wilkinson, felt that they owed much to their own grammar school and were reluctant to destroy 'good' schools as part of a comprehensive experiment. Mixed up with those views was a suspicion that grammar schools should not be closed whilst leaving independent school untouched: the order of events was tactically wrong. Rab Butler had succeeded in his aim of shunting the public schools problem into an obscure siding. Many of those ostensibly supporting comprehensive policy had mixed feelings. The second handicap was the issue of school size. Many early comprehensive schools were much larger than teachers-and particularly headteachers-were accustomed to. There were sometimes problems of organisation, including control. This was the result of a planning misconception that in order to have an adequate sixth form it was necessary to have a very large lower school (eight forms of entry) feeding into it. It was much later that this misconception was corrected, but by then the myth of large disorderly schools was widely accepted.

Theoretical upper and lower bounds on typing speed using a stylus and a soft keyboard

Abstract A theoretical model is presented to predict upper-and lower-bound text-entry rates using a stylus to tap on a soft QWERTY keyboard. The model is based on the Hick-Hyman law for choice reaction time, Fitts law for rapid aimed movements, and linguistic tables for the relative frequencies of letter-pairs, or digrams, in common English. The model's importance lies not only in the predictions provided, but in its characterization of text-entry tasks using keyboards. Whereas previous studies only use frequency probabilities of the 26 × 26 digrams in the Roman alphabet, our model accommodates the space har—the most common character in typing tasks. Using a very large linguistic table that decomposes digrams by position-within-words, we established start-of-word (space-letter) and end-of-word (letter-space) probabilities and worked from a 27 × 27 digram table. The model predicts a typing rate of 8.9wpm for novices unfamiliar with the QWERTY keyboard, and 30.1wpm for experts. Comparisons are drawn with empirical studies using a stylus and other forms of text entry.

Present and future integration in Central America

Has the idea of integration in Central America been abandoned for the 1990s, while strategies for economic “openness” and other forms of entry into world markets are adopted? Are there any other ways? According to the author, there are grounds for moderate optimism as regards reinforcing Central American integration in this decade.

Variations in marriage patterns in central Thailand

Data from a survey of marriage patterns in central Thailand illustrate the complexity of change in marriage patterns in a developing society--the diversity of traditional patterns, the different directions of change, and the variations in current patterns. The data were collected in 1978 and 1979 from ever-married women aged 15-44 in three settings:a central plains village, established areas in Bangkok, and a Bangkok squatter settlement. Three forms of entry into marriage were identified:ceremonial marriage with parental involvement in the choice of spouse, ceremonial marriage with self-choice of spouse, and nonceremonial marriage (elopement and living together). All three forms of marriage existed in each setting, and the dominant form differed in each. In general, a family background of higher socioeconomic status led to a greater likelihood of a marriage ceremony and greater parental involvement in spouse choice. Women with more education were also more likely to marry with ceremony, but higher education for daughters was associated with less parental involvement in spouse choice. These findings suggest that marriage patterns may remain diverse in Thailand, even as further development occurs.

Inference for Markov Chains Having Stochastic Entry and Exit

Abstract Models suitable for statistical inference in Markov chains are considered featuring various forms of stochastic entry, including Poisson, renewable binomial pool, uncertain pool size, negative binomial, and input-output reservoir. A parallel inactive states model is suggested for exit. Maximum likelihood estimates are obtained and likelihood ratio tests derived. An application is made to the distribution of Ninth Federal Reserve District member banks with respect to the ratio of farm loans to total loans.

Inference for Markov Chains Having Stochastic Entry and Exit

Abstract Models suitable for statistical inference in Markov chains are considered featuring various forms of stochastic entry, including Poisson, renewable binomial pool, uncertain pool size, negative binomial, and input-output reservoir. A parallel inactive states model is suggested for exit. Maximum likelihood estimates are obtained and likelihood ratio tests derived. An application is made to the distribution of Ninth Federal Reserve District member banks with respect to the ratio of farm loans to total loans.

Characteristics of Life Insurers Entering the Mutual Fund Industry

This paper explores the life insurance company-mutual fund combination movement. Three organizational forms of entry are examined and hypotheses are developed to determine if insurers entering the mutual fund field have characteristics that are systematically associated with form of entry. Questionnaire data and selected quantitative characteristics related to entrants' size, underwriting, and investment management are utilized to test the organizational form hypotheses. In 1952 Nationwide Corporation acquired an investment management company and became the first insurer to enter the mutual fund industry. However, the major movement of life insurance companies into the mutual fund field did not start until 1966.1 By mid-1969 over 100 life insurance companies were offering mutual funds. objective of this paper is to determine if life companies entering the mutual fund industry have qualitative and quantitative characteristics that are systematically related to their form of entry. first section briefly explores the entry movement. In the second section, questionnaire data and selected quantitaJames A. Gentry, D.B.A., and Charles M. Linke, D.B.A., are Associate Professors of Finance in the University of Illinois. This paper was submitted in August, 1969. authors wish to thank Mugur Ramaswamy, David Schroeder, Joe Seroka and David Turney for research assistance, and the Research Board at the University of Illinois for financial assistance. computer time was paid for in part by a grant to the University of Illinois Department of Computer Sciences, USNSF Grant Number GT 7634. Statistical calculations were performed by SOUPAC. 1 For a discussion of this entry movement, see James A. Gentry and Charles M. Linke, The Life Insurance Company-Mutual Fund Combination Movement: An Overview. Best's Review, Vol. 71, No. 3 (July, 1970), pp. 12-23. tive characteristics are used to examine life companies involved in the mutual fund movement. implications and limitations of the study are discussed in section three.

Accommodation of Nonstandard Entries in a Serial List Made by Computer

AbstractThe need to merge computerized lists of serials described with two major and apparently mutually exclusive forms of entry required special programs for automatic generation of alternative entry and cross‐references. These programs made it possible to create a union list without losing the capability of using a different form of entry for special libraries, two of which were involved in this study.

The Dynamics of Vocational Sponsorship

AbstractFive forms of job entry and retention dealing with sponsoring authority are discussed. Based on personality types, they are compared to Heath's psychological model. Implications for vocational planning of clients are considered.

The Dictionary of British Arms: Report of Progress

The collection of material for the Dictionary of British Arms under the Croft Lyons bequest has been in progress since early in 1940. It is thought that Fellows may now wish to have some account of the progress made, the problems met with, and the solutions proposed. An article which appeared in this journal in October 1941 explained that the material was being gathered from primary heraldic sources in card-index form, asked for help with the work, and set out in some detail the forms of entry decided on. The summary of cards written which follows will show how generous and notable the answer to the appeal for help has been. The annual income from the bequest is now about £600. From this Council has authorized for the present an expenditure of £300 a year, the balance being saved against the much heavier expenditure which the later, editorial, stage of the work will call for. Even now the rapid progress made has only been possible because the bulk of the indexing has been done by Fellows and others without payment, while there is at this stage no need for a paid editor or editorial staff. The bulk of expenditure so far has been on sorting and other office work, on the indexing of certain special sources such as the College of Arms and Lyon and Ulster Office Records, and on journeys, transport, photography, and materials.