Forms Of Economic Management Research Articles

History of formation and development of legal guaranteeing of Pharmacia in Ukraine

The purpose of the article was to characterize the processes related to the genesis of the legal guarantee of the Ukrainian pharmacy. The methodological basis meant a set of general scientific and special legal methods of scientific knowledge, the use of which was determined by the purpose, objectives and specifics of the subject. It has been concluded that the emergence and formation of the legal guarantee of pharmacy has ancient origins, but its development is taking place at the present time, as new standards of Ukrainian pharmacy are still being formed. Four stages in the formation of pharmaceutical relations have been distinguished. It has been emphasized that the current state of the legal guarantee of pharmacy begins its development from the moment when Ukraine gained independence. That led to the emergence of new forms of economic management within the pharmacy, which affected its formation of legal guarantee. In particular, it was necessary to create the system of state control over the quality of medicines. The processes of globalization of the markets of production and sale of medicines required the updating of technologies for the production of drugs by domestic manufacturers.

Research on Standardization of Modern Enterprise Economic Management Model Based on Competency Model

The economic management of enterprises needs to adhere to scientific management measures and rich experience. Although there are many enterprises in China, the form of economic management is still rough and has certain limitations. Managers should take a longer-term view, pay attention to the standardization of on-site management, and establish a dynamic supervision mechanism to create greater economic and social benefits for enterprises. In the increasingly fierce market competition, the operating costs of enterprises are affected by transportation costs, raw material costs and other factors. If scientific management mode is not implemented, enterprises will be at a disadvantage in the fierce competition. Once the market changes, enterprises will not be able to maintain stable development or even be swallowed up by the market. If enterprises want to achieve long-term development, they must actively change the traditional economic management mode, promote its standardized development and improve their core competitiveness.

ИНВЕСТИЦИОННЫЕ ЭФФЕКТЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РОССИЙСКО-ВЬЕТНАМСКОЙ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ

This article examines the dynamics of the investment field and the effects of investment policy changes that have taken place since the beginning of the reform policy (Chính sách Đổi Mới) in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The growing inflow of FDI in Vietnam coincided with the fall of the socialist camp and the transition of CMEA countries to new forms of economic management. Vietnam was more ready for a rapid restructuring of its economic system, thanks to the testing of new mechanisms within the framework of modernization and reform policies. The authors examine the structure of investment capital in Vietnam, analyze the dynamics of ICOR – the marginal coefficient of return on capital – and conclude that the pandemic and its consequences had a direct impact on economic growth and a significant increase in ICOR. FDI inflows are more supportive of economic growth in Vietnam than public and private domestic investment. The article touches on Vietnam's 2014–2020 legislative changes that have impacted investment inflows in the real estate sector and Vietnamese private investment directed overseas directly.

The History of the Transformation of Cuban Socialism in the Context of Contemporary Reforms: A Political Economy Perspective

The paper explores transformation of the contemporary Cuban model of socialism. The purpose is to ascertain the dynamics of the interpretation of socialism as a mode of production in three different stages. It draws on crucial sources such as the 1976 Constitution of Cuba, its 1992 amended version, and the 2019 Constitution. Each corresponds to one of the three models of development identified in the article: the Marxist-Leninist model, the special period model, and the model of actualisation process. The author also takes a more detailed look at the official documents of the First, Sixth, and Seventh Congresses of the Cuban Communist Party, reflecting aspects of socialism as a mode of production and the role of Marxism-Leninism. The paper examines issues such as forms of ownership of the means of production, changing attitudes towards exploitation, the operation of the socialist principle of distribution “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work”, and the role and scope of the planning sys-tem. The author's methodology rests upon the historical-genetic method and comparative analysis. The study indicates that Cuban socialism as a mode of production has undergone considerable changes over the course of its history. The planning system has lost its scale and short-term planning is being trans-formed from directive to indicative, while general economic policy is moving away from instruments of administrative intervention towards indirect regulation. Mid and long-term planning gets closer to the models of strategies. The actualisation model also legalises private ownership of the means of production, while the special period model views cooperatives as a socialist form of economic management. Although exploitation is condemned, the actualization model integrates it into the social system having legalised wage labour. The socialist principle of distribution is regarded only as a desired principle, but not as a functioning one. Thus, changes in the interpretation of socialism as a mode of production have been enshrined at the official level. Contemporary Cuban socialism has moved away from the Marxist-Leninist model adopted in the 1960s.

NATIONALIZATION OF BANKS AND INDUSTRY IN AUSTRIA IN 1945–1946

The article gives the analysis of post-war nationalization in Austria. Nationalization was carried out in the interests of the big capital. This was applied both to the methods and forms of economic management in the nationalized sector, and to the methods and forms of management that were directly carried out by large monopolists and their protégés. Austria’s monopolies exercised full power in the country and used the public sector to the maximum extent possible to strengthen their financial, political and economic dominance, to increase their own profits by redistributing the national income and violating the labor legislation. The experience of the nationalization in Austria, although it is a small country, has made it possible to draw some conclusions about the significance and the role of nationalization in the workers’ struggle to build a socially just state. In Austria, nationalization was caused by the special historical conditions that developed in the country after the defeat of the fascist Germany. The Austrian oligarchy, which was a Germany’s ally, had no direct way to get the industry located in Austria, which belonged to German monopolies. In this period Austrian financial experts considered nationalization as a lesser evil. It was advantageous for the Austrian oligarchy to shuffle off the burden of the entire financial and economic burden on to the state, i.e., ultimately, to the taxpayers. With the help of nationalization, it hoped to prevent the transfer of enterprises located in Eastern Austria and owned by Germany, as reparations, under the ownership of the USSR. The author comes to the conclusion that the economic basis of Austrian neutrality was nationalization, which was also a powerful weapon of the workers in the conditions of a radical change in the balance of power in the country.

РОЛЬ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ В ЗАЩИТЕ ПРАВ КОРЕННЫХ МАЛОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАРОДОВ СЕВЕРА (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ЭКСПЕРТНОГО ОПРОСА В ХМАО – ЮГРЕ)

The article is devoted to the study of the state of institutional support for the rights of the indigenous peoples of the North. The industrial development of Siberian territories creates a threat of destruction of traditional forms of economic management. This makes this problem actual. The empirical material is the results of an expert survey conducted on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. It is concluded that a regula- tory and legal framework has been created in the region to ensure the interests of indigenous peoples. However, it only creates an opportunity to protect their interests. This opportunity can be fully realized through the activities of political institutions. Today, public organizations of the indigenous peoples themselves are effectively working. They enjoy the trust of the indigenous population and protect not only the rights of Aboriginal people to traditional forms of farming, but also their socio-economic interests in general. However, the capabilities of these organizations are rather limited. For example, small indigenous peoples, due to their small number, do not have the opportunity to conduct “their” deputies to representative bodies of power. At the same time, the role of other actors – political organizations, mass media, ombudsmen – is insignificant. Expanding the range of political institutions involved in protecting the rights of the indigenous peoples of the North is the main condition for the successful solution of this task.

State support development of agricultural consumer cooperation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

In the article we considered the main directions of the state support of the cooperative relations. In total there are five main directions allocated, such as: legislative actions of support, actions of financial support, the organizational and information and consulting actions, actions directed to training, preparation and retraining of personnel and actions for the organization of sales channels and markets of products, and target indicators of implementation efficiency of actions package for agricultural cooperation development in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are also given for 2018 – 2021. The sociological research analysis conducted within the social and labor sphere monitoring of the rural areas is provided in article. Heads of administration of municipal districts, and rural communities, heads of agricultural cooperatives and heads of farms were included into the expert board. Experts estimated the development nature of the economic and social relations in the sphere of consumer cooperation, the reasons hindering agricultural consumer cooperation development, cost and social efficiency of various forms of economic management in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, ranged actions for ensuring sustainable dynamic development of consumer cooperation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Experts estimated the development nature of the economic and social relations in the sphere of consumer cooperation, the reasons hindering agricultural consumer cooperation development, various forms cost and social efficiency of economic management in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, ranged actions for ensuring sustainable dynamic development of consumer cooperation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. For the cooperative relations development in rural areas it is necessary to strengthen the state support. Creating favorable conditions for development of agricultural consumer cooperatives in the region is a task of the state.

Economicrealizationofpropertythroughcooperation

The economic realization of property in a market economy is also manifested in a special form of organization of economic activity and entrepreneurship – cooperation. When organizing business through cooperation, a more vague alienation of the worker from the means of production is manifested, which allows to optimally resolve the contradiction between labor and capital. Around the world, most cooperative enterprises are based on various modifications of communal-collective ownership. In the conditions of modern Russia, in order to overcome the economic lag and import substitution, the transition to full-fledged market relations, the further development of ownership forms, the cooperative form of economic management is becoming increasingly important. The growing number of cooperative entrepreneurship contributes to de-monopolization and the development of healthy competition, increasing the level of consumer protection, increasing the number of jobs and reducing unemployment, creating a layer of collective owners as a social basis for the stable development of society and the welfare of the population. An analysis of numerous publications on the issue of cooperation in recent years suggests that representatives of cooperative management, without demanding large capital and production facilities, know-how and serious experience in manufacturing products with special consumer qualities, are created by their economic nature for "Start from scratch". In the article, the co-authors investigated issues related to the economic form of realization of property through cooperation. Questions concerning the history of the cooperative movement, foreign and Russian experience in the functioning and development of various forms of cooperation are considered.

SUBORDINATION AND ORDINATION MANAGEMENT IN ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

The article is devoted to the study of the content of subordinate and ordinational management. According to the results of the study, it was established that as the socio-economic relations caused by the objective transition from the traditional market economy based on the industrial technological structure to more developed forms of management become more complex, the importance of social capital and for subordinate management in economic systems increases. In addition, as social and technological progress progresses, there will inevitably be an increase in the role of ordinal economic management as compared to subordinate, as well as a significant increase in diversity in the forms of economic management.

The development of competitive forms of agricultural entrepreneuship in Kirgizia in conditions of integration

The article analyzes the development of agriculture in the Republic of Kirgizia and output of products by categories of entrepreneur structures. During the research the authors found out that reforms in agriculture caused serious changes in structure and forms of agricultural entrepreneurship, which can be seen in the fact of the primary settingup and developing the small-peasant family form. The reasons for the development of small-peasant forms of entrepreneurship were shown and it affects negatively the use of economic potential in industry. It was revealed that in agriculture of the Republic organizational forms of agricultural units were: joint stock companies, production cooperatives. It was grounded that insufficient development of big commodity production was caused by week stimulation of this form of entrepreneurship. On the basis of comparative analysis of entrepreneurial structure in the industry of Eurasian Economic Union country-members the authors identified the lines in shaping competitive forms of agricultural entrepreneurship in Kirgizia in conditions of integration. They proposed measures aimed at development of agricultural cooperation and setting-up competitive forms of economic management, which could promote transformation of the agrarian sector of the country within the frames of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Neo-liberalism, Crisis and the Contradictions of Depoliticisation

This paper develops a political economy analysis of depoliticisation in the context of the crisis of neo-liberalism in Western Europe. Following a discussion of the theoretical foundations of the concept, it emphases that whilst depoliticisation strategies are often associated with neo-liberalism, such strategies have a longer trajectory existing even within Keynesian regimes. The paper then details the many forms taken by depoliticisation within neo-liberal governing regimes focusing on the reorganisation of civil society and the state from the late 1970s to the present primarily with examples from the UK. It suggests, contrary to much popular discussion, that there is a significant degree of continuity in the form of economic manage-ment followed before, during and after the recent financial crisis of 2008/09. Both in terms of ideology and practice, many governments have maintained and even deepened their commitment to depoliticised gov-erning principles. However it seems clear that attempts to depoliticise neo-liberal economic policy have not enabled state managers to avoid the emergence of crisis at the level of the state. Contrary to accounts which argue in simplistic fashion that `economic’ crisis produces `political’ crisis, this paper suggests that crisis is best understood as expressed simultaneously in both economic and political forms. Crisis at the level of the state precipitated in part by the entrenchment of depoliticised governing strategies is not simply the result of economic crisis but is an aspect of that crisis contributing to its depth and apparent insolubility. In this way the paper challenges some critiques of depoliticisation which have suggested (Hay 2014, 303) that the concept is in part both fatalistic and functionalist removing much of the political contingency of the moment of crisis itself.

Основные организационно-территориальные недостатки землепользований малых форм хозяйствования в Липецкой области

Основные организационно-территориальные недостатки землепользований малых форм хозяйствования в Липецкой области

Formation and Structuring of Cooperating Structures in Agrarian Production of Modern Russian Economy

The article reveals that the cooperation of labor in the agricultural sector in modern conditions is connected with the specialization of production on the scale of an individual closed household (LPH, KFH, sole proprietorship) and – in terms of the level of socialization of production – acts as a simple form of cooperation, and it is realized in the form of large forms of economic management on the basis of association of part of material-financial and human resources of various agricultural forms of economic management that is reflected in the complex form of agricultural cooperative business. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3p751

Проблемы развития малого и среднего предпринимательства в аграрном секторе экономики

Nowadays the market relations development in the agrarian sector of the Republic of Tatarstan led to changes not only the forms of ownership and management, but also the functioning conditions, mechanisms of management of agrarian formations at all levels of agribusiness. At the same time, it should be noted, that not enough accelerated development of the agrarian sector of the economy is largely due to the weak structure of most agrarian formations, what causes the necessity of improving the forms of economic management, efficient combination of government regulatory and market mechanisms in the organization of production. For further effective development of the agricultural sector requires tothe radical solution of problems, connected with improvement of technical level of production and quality improvement of the manufactured products, with the reorganization of the production structure of the industry, improvement of structure of technological equipment park, increase of efficiency of capital investments and agricultural production, in general. The main causes of existing problems of agriculture development are attempting to explain them, mainly due to an insufficient volume of capital investment, however, at present this explanation can hardly be regarded as satisfactory. Here we can distinguish two groups of factors, that have a direct impact on the final results of the agrarian economics. The first group is the organizational and technical factors, related to the organization of the agricultural production and its technical and technological level. The second group of factors is connected with the current organizational and economic mechanism of management.

Privatization as a Socioeconomic Phenomenon

The industrial policy of the last few years has been marked by the disintegration of established economic ties and a protracted structural crisis. This makes the transition to a market economy more painful, and workers at all levels face unaccustomed difficulties associated with the survival of enterprises and their conversion to forms of economic management more suited to the new socioeconomic realities. Economic adaptation (searching for investors, economic partners, and markets; creating competitive products; expanding and redesigning production, etc.) is intimately linked to social adaptation, that is, workers' search for their place in the emerging system of economic relations.

The New Zealand State and Educational Reforms: ‘competing’ interests

The starting point of this paper is the remarkable success of a relatively coherent, and strongly transnational, set of ideologies in securing a process of market-oriented educational reform in a number of nations; not the least in Britain, the United States and New Zealand. In order to explain this success, it is necessary to understand the relationship of this set of ideologies to two factors. First, market educational reforms are the corollary of the more general shift from Keynesian to neo-liberal forms of national economic management, with implications not just for education but for the state as a whole. Secondly, the shift to neoliberal forms of economic management was itself predicated on the failure of Keynesian policies to solve the economic and political crises of many nations which began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Thus the basis on which market educational reforms can be understood as transnational, if not global, is as part of a solution to a common set of economic circumstances, including the falling rate of profit, the growth in multinational corporations, increasing national debt, rising unemployment, high levels of inflation and spiralling welfare costs, to name just a few. However, the relationship between economic' problems and political 'solutions' is far from direct and clear. In claiming a common economic basis, rooted in a global crisis of capitalism, for the ideologies of neo-liberalism, I would not wish to argue that political responses have been the same in every country. Whilst similar themes can be identified in the literature, major differences are also evident. These differences can be explained by those element of states that are nation-specific. Examples of such factors include the previous political settlements (CCCS, 1981), broad historical forces, the institutional arrangements of state agencies and governments and the nature of social expectations within civil society. It is the particular mixture of national specificities and transnational trends that allows for national comparisons to be made about the implementation of market reforms in education (as well as in many other aspects of the state). A central issue is what kind of education system pre-existed the move to market reforms. Bruce Cooper (1990) lists a number of differences between the education systems of Britain and the United States, a key issue being the level of decentralisation of control over education preceding the reform processes (p. 133). He notes that the high level of decentralisation of education in the United States has impeded the implementation of market reforms. In contrast, the relatively centralised British system allowed for a much more direct implementation of new policies. New Zealand's education system has been for many years one of the most centralised in the world. Whilst Britain's system relied heavily on the intermediary role of the Local Education Authorities, New Zealand had only a minimal regional level of organisation,

Foreign Capital in the Soviet Union The New and the Forgotten Past?

The failures of economic reform and the difficulty of making the transition to the new economic management mechanism are evoking stormy debates everywhere. How to undermine departmental monopolism, how to create competition, and how to saturate the market are questions requiring immediate solution. Not the last role in their resolution is assigned to such a new form of economic management as joint ventures (JV) [sovmestnye predpriiatiia]. To date, however, joint ventures present more questions than answers. It would therefore be very useful to consult our past, which is rich in the experience of working with foreign capital, especially in the form of concessions. As practice shows, this is experience that is very infrequently reflected upon.

Donna Bahry: Economic Reform and the Republics

The regional and local dimension entered the debate over economic decentralization and perestroika as different republics or provinces provided laboratories for experiments with new forms of economic management, and as public officials below the all-union level were ordered to take more initiative in critical areas such as consumer goods production. Now, however, the regional dimension in economic reform has moved to the top of the political agenda. In part, it moved there after last year's Party Conference where regional leaders discussed economic strains in perestroika, in part due to economic strains that have become more visible at the local level. As Gorbachev told the Supreme Soviet, this year marks a new stage in perestroika, one that is to harmonize inter-ethnic relations and redefine the relationship—especially the economic relationship—between center and periphery.

Planned Proportionality and the Mechanism of Supply and Demand

Proportionality in social production is one of the most important conditions for stable economic growth coupled with the acceleration of scientific-technical progress and the decisive turn to intensive forms of economic management. As noted in the decisions of the Twenty-sixth Congress of the CPSU, it is precisely on this basis that the strategy of CPSU economic policy to improve the people's well-being must be implemented.'

Urban agglomerations in the structure of national and regional socio-economic space

To discuss the problem of urban agglomerations within a wider context of national and regional development some additional theoretical constructions are necessary. As a starting point of the analysis the authors introduce the concept of a national settlement system. This concept together with its implications, assumptions and methodological questions involved as well as with advantages and difficulties of its application is described in the first part of the paper. Urban agglomerations forming at present an important and significant part of the national settlement system, represent an advanced stage in the growth of social territorial division of labour and reflect the progress of the processes of industrialization and urbanization. An analysis of those processes as they actually develop in modern conditions raises the question of adequcy of their traditional definitions. Different factors and ways of historical development are reflected in the changing structure and organization of settlement systems. Taking into account such elements as state of development, spatial concentration of population as well as social and economic activities, various forms of economic management, size structure of settlements and other similar ones, some basic types of settlement were identified and defined. In their description the importance of urban agglomerations as the leading factor in the development of the whole national settlement system is stressed. But the other forms of settlement such as the regional and/or growth poles, local urban-rural settlement complexes should not be forgotten. They form additional important elements in the spatial organization of a nation and its economy. Any change in one group and form of settlement finds its reflection in the others—all forming together one system. These interdependences lead now in numerous countries to the formation of functional urban regions. The importance of the concepts of national settlement system and of functional urban regions both for the development of geographical theory and for practice of physical planning suggest the need for their further study—both theoretical and empirical. Therefore, a programme of such studies is presented at the end.