Formation In Japan Research Articles

Family Changes in the Context of Lowest‐Low Fertility: The Case of Japan

Abstract: Japan has currently one of the lowest‐low fertility rates in the world. Low fertility in Japan is due to the extreme postponement of marriage and childbearing, and their weak recuperation in women in their 30s, as well as very low levels of cohabitation and extra‐marital fertility. Both changing and unchanged aspects of families are related to lowest‐low fertility in Japan. Although premarital sexual activities have increased, women's contraceptive initiative is very weak: they may be connected with weak partnership formation. “Parasite singles”, “freeters”, or “NEETs”, probably related to weak family formation, have increased, but they may be connected with strong filial bondage derived from the traditional family system, i.e. Women have been normatively, educationally, and occupationally emancipated, but gender norms are currently divided in half among Japanese people, which may deter the revising of working conditions for women with children, leading to delaying family formation among working women. Lowest‐low fertility conversely brings about family changes. Its direct effect is the increase of lifetime celibacy and childless couples, which may jeopardize the universality of families. Its indirect effect is through policy response to low fertility as well as labor shortages and population aging: recently, both family and labor policies have been strengthened to make it easier for working women to continue their jobs after marriage and childbirth, which might in turn promote family formation in Japan.

State Formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century Ruling Elite (review)

Reviewed by: State Formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century Ruling Elite Walter Edwards State Formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century Ruling Elite. By Gina Barnes. London and New York: Routledge, 2006. 288 pages. Hardcover £75.00. A singular event in Japanese antiquity is the sudden appearance around the end of the third century c.e. of monumental keyhole-shaped tombs, differing sharply from elite burials of the preceding Yayoi period in both size and uniformity. The 280-meterlong Hashihaka, located in the southeast Nara basin and considered the oldest of the colossal keyhole tombs, dwarfs the earlier Yayoi mounds, which never exceeded one hundred meters in length. And whereas the latter varied in outward form according to region, the standardized keyhole shape spanned the area from northern Kyushu to Kinai in the first stage of its appearance, then spread as far north as the Tôhoku region by the mid-fourth century. Recent reappraisals have moreover pushed the age of the earliest keyhole tombs back to the latter decades of the third century, tantalizingly close to the age of Himiko’s hegemony, intensifying interest over possible links between the two. State Formation in Japan, Gina Barnes’s latest contribution to the study of the Japanese past, focuses on the keyhole tombs’ appearance and spread as critical steps toward the fifth-century emergence of the Yamato state. Approaching this topic from a comprehensive array of perspectives, it begins with a historical sketch against the wider canvas of northeast Asia (“Yellow Sea Interaction Sphere”), tracing the development from the Yayoi period of exchange with polities of the Korean peninsula and northern China, as seen through the movement of prestige goods such as bronze mirrors and strategic commodities such as iron, and through Chinese historic records. Barnes analyzes interaction in this arena as a combination of “core/periphery relations” on the one hand, such as the tributary system through which the Chinese court appeased distant peoples by providing prestige goods and titles, and “peer polity interaction” on the other, involving competitive emulation and differentiation among trans-regional networks of peers, both within Japan and between Japan and the Korean peninsula. Within this multidimensional framework, Barnes traces the development of a Yayoi prestige-goods system in which western Japan, and particularly the northern Kyushu region, had greater access to bronze and iron sources through core/periphery and peer-polity relations than did the areas at the eastern end of the Inland Sea corridor, which were probably dependent on their western Japanese counterparts for the metal that filtered down to them. Prestige items like the bronze bells commonly found in the eastern region were not used for the promotion of individual or group status, but rather as part of fertility rites for the benefit of the community as a whole. By contrast, the prestige [End Page 393] items buried in chief-like graves in northern Kyushu, such as Chinese mirrors, were status markers whose acquisition presumably enhanced social standing, although supply was apparently unstable and the focus of competition. Historical records depict interaction at this time between the more advanced polities of northern Kyushu and the Late Han dynasty (25–220), through which particular individuals were able to receive titles as “king.” And while the archaeological record allows the identification of a small number of “kingly” graves in the region, Barnes disputes claims made by some Japanese scholars that stratification into ruling versus commoner classes had already emerged. Rather, she points to a gradient of prestige indicated by relative amounts of bronze mirrors, etc., and suggests that status was not ascribed but achieved through individual success in supervising domestic production, manipulating social networks to obtain such items, or perhaps warfare. The archaeological record indeed indicates that warfare became increasingly prevalent from the first century b.c.e. on, as evidenced by the construction of villages at upland locations for defense and observations by the Chinese of a period of disturbance in the latter part of the second century c.e. In addition to pressure for land, competition intensified over the diminishing supply of prestige goods as the Late Han court fell to unrest and uprisings, and crude imitations of Chinese mirrors...

Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1750-1890. By Brian Platt (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001. viii plus 325 pp. $45.00)

Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1750-1890. By Brian Platt (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001. viii plus 325 pp. $45.00)

Cohabitation and family formation in Japan

This article documents the prevalence, duration, and marital outcomes of cohabiting unions in Japan. It then examines the correlates of cohabitation experiences and also describes differences in the family-formation trajectories of women who have and have not cohabited. Cohabitation has increased rapidly among recent cohorts of women, and cohabiting unions in Japan tend to be relatively short in duration and are almost as likely to dissolve as to result in marriage. Life table analyses demonstrate that the cumulative probabilities of marriage and parenthood within marriage are roughly similar for women who did and those who did not cohabit. The most notable difference is in the pathways to family formation, with women who cohabited more likely both to marry subsequent to pregnancy and to delay childbearing within marriage. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that cohabiting unions in Japan are best viewed as an emerging prelude to marriage rather than as an alternative to marriage or singlehood. We conclude with speculation about the likelihood of further increases in cohabitation in Japan and the potential implications for marriage and fertility.

Cohabitation and Family Formation in Japan

This paper documents the prevalence, duration, and marital outcomes of cohabiting unions in Japan. It then examines the correlates of cohabitation experiences and describes differences in the family formation trajectories of women who have and have not cohabited. Cohabitation has increased rapidly among recent cohorts of women and cohabiting unions in Japan tend to be relatively short and almost as likely to dissolve as to result in marriage. Life table analyses demonstrate that the cumulative probabilities of marriage and parenthood are roughly similar for women who did and did not cohabit. The most notable difference is in the pathways to family formation, with women who cohabited more likely to both marry subsequent to pregnancy and delay childbearing within marriage. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that cohabiting unions in Japan are best viewed as an emerging stage in the marriage process rather than as an alternative to marriage or singlehood. We conclude with speculation about the likelihood of further increases in cohabitation in Japan and the potential implications for marriage and fertility.

Taxonomy and sexual dimorphism of a new species of Loxoconcha (Podocopida: Ostracoda) from the Pleistocene of the Japan Sea

A new ostracod, Loxoconcha kamiyai sp. nov. in the Family Loxoconchidae, is described from the Pleistocene Omma Formation of Japan. Its geological and geographical distributions suggest that this species was once endemic to the Japan Sea, where it would have evolved until the Pliocene. Since the early Pleistocene, this species would have become extinct within this marginal sea during glacial maxima, probably due to its narrower salinity tolerances and geographical distributions than those of extant species inhabiting the euryhaline environments in other seas. The distributional patterns of pore systems in this species strongly suggest its closest phylogenetic affinities to a living species, Loxocorniculum mutsuense. These two species show a unique adult sexual dimorphism in the anterior element of the hingement. Taking the female hingement morphology as a standard, the male hingement can be explained in terms of heterochrony, i.e. paedomorphosis. Sexual hingement dimorphism with paedomorphosis occurs in only one phylogenetic group of the genus Loxoconcha, which is distinguished by the ontogenetic distributional patterns of pore systems. This morphology may represent relict primitive characters of ancient ostracods and could be an important character for evaluating the history of sexual dimorphism in ostracods since the Palaeozoic. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 153, 239–251.

Associative identity politics: unmasking the multi‐layered formation of queer male selves in 1990s Japan

This paper discusses one way to articulate queer male identity politics in 1990s Japan through Fran Martin’s conceptualization of the ‘mask’ (Martin 2003). By comparatively examining two key Japanese ‘gay’ coming‐out narratives, the paper shows how a reading of queer subject formation in the decade through a metaphor of ‘masking’ can shed light on the complex scenarios functioning beneath the surface of identity politics. I argue that the notion of ‘masking’ is useful in reading the multiple axes incorporated into queer identity formation in Japan in the context of globalization. The paper further refutes any reductive claim that queer identity in Japan can be understood in terms of essentialist epistemological binaries, such as global/local, West/non‐West, and Japan/abroad.

Korean Contributions to Agriculture, Technology, and State Formation in Japan: Archaeology and History of an Epochal Thousand Years, 400 B.C.–A.D. 600

This is a study of Korean contributions to cultural changes in ancient Japan as it developed agriculture and increasing social complexity and finally formed the Yamato state over the course of a thousand years, between 400 b.c. and a.d. 600. Central to this study are three broad themes, supported primarily by archaeology but importantly informed by historical texts. First, key cultural features and technologies that were essential to increasing social complexity in Yayoi period Japan and to formation of a centralized state in the sixth century a.d. entered the archipelago directly from the Korea Peninsula. Second, a dominant factor behind the infusion of Korean cultural features was the movement, in several waves, of peninsula residents into the Japanese archipelago. While trade moved peninsula goods to the archipelago all throughout the formative period, Korean technologies, skills, ideologies, and cultural systems moved with people, including permanent immigrants, temporary residents, and official envoys. The Korean immigrants in particular were impelled initially by explosive population growth in Korea fueled by the spread of agriculture there and later by increasingly tumultuous political and military events that unfolded in the peninsula as rival polities contended for power during several hundred years of war. Third, a number of Korean immigrants emerged as powerful technocrats and political functionaries during the Kofun period, providing important organizational experience and service to the Yamato court during the process of state formation in Japan.

Stratigraphy of the Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene Marine Formations in Japan on the Basis of Tephra Beds Correlation

A number of studies on lithostratigraphy and marine microfossil biostratigraphy has been conducted on the representative Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene formations in Japan. In recent years, new widespread tephra beds connecting the Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene formations in various areas have been discovered. The present work introduces the latest stratigraphic studies on the Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene formations in various regions. Further, it examines the relationship between extensive tephra beds as contemporaneous marker horizons and biostratigraphy of calcareous nannofossils and diatom fossils.

The hydrogeochemistry of argillaceous rock formations at the Horonobe URL site, Japan

A hydrogeochemical investigation is being carried out as part of the Horonobe underground research laboratory (URL) project in Japan. The main aims are to: (1) investigate an actual example of a geological environment in a sedimentary rock formation in Japan; and (2) to confirm the reliability of generic technologies that may in future be applied during the geological disposal of high level radioactive waste. The main rock formations being characterized are the marine Wakkanai and Koetoi Formations (Miocene to Pliocene), consisting dominantly of siliceous shales (porcelanites) and diatomaceous shales respectively. These formations are located within the Tempoku Basin, within a back-arc tectonic setting. Rock sequences of this kind occur widely in Japan and throughout the northern Pacific region. However, prior to the present study, there was relatively little information concerning the processes controlling in situ chemical conditions and groundwater flow in such settings. Chemical data was obtained for both pumped waters and squeezed porewaters in order to characterize the hydrogeochemistry of these argillaceous rock formations. The in situ chemical conditions, residence time of the groundwaters and the evolution processes of the groundwaters were investigated. Generally, at each locality studied, shallower groundwaters are fresh and have Na–HCO 3 dominated chemistry. Deeper groundwaters are saline (TDS up to about 22,000 mg/l) and have Na–Cl dominated chemistry. However, lateral gradients in salinity are also recognized, with salinity contours in the Na–Cl dominated saline water (having TDS > 10,000 mg/l) probably varying in elevation by at least 250 m. Further investigations are required to confirm the origins of the groundwater salinity, but the Na–Cl dominated groundwater chemistry is provisionally explained as a consequence of the dilution of fossil seawater, accompanied by diagenetic water–rock reactions. The vertical and lateral salinity gradients can potentially be used to test the validity of coupled groundwater flow models. A conceptual model is tentatively suggested in which the spatial distribution and frequency of fractures helps to control the spatial distribution of groundwater salinity. Future investigations will clarify the timing of flow, the flow directions and the characteristics of the flow paths.

Capital and Countryside in Japan, 300-1180: Japanese Historians Interpreted in English (review)

Reviewed by: Capital and Countryside in Japan, 300-1180: Japanese Historians Interpreted in English William Wayne Farris Capital and Countryside in Japan, 300-1180: Japanese Historians Interpreted in English. Edited by Joan R. Piggott. Cornell East Asia Series, 2006. 496 pages. Hardcover $59.00; softcover $29.00. Capital and Countryside in Japan, 300-1180 is a collection of fourteen essays published by Japanese scholars over the postwar period, from 1946 to 1996. They have been translated and interpreted by eight American and European archaeologists and historians intimately familiar with both the Japanese authors and their work. Particularly for those interested in the complex and often inaccessible world of Japanese historiography for what the translators label "the classical age," this volume will prove a handy guide. The editor, Joan R. Piggott, provides a brief but illuminating introduction, describing [End Page 409] the theme of the collection as the "relationships that linked capital and countryside from approximately 300 to 1180" (p. 1). She pays homage to John W. Hall's classic Government and Local Power in Japan, 500 to 1700, which addressed this theme in detail, portraying not only larger trends in Japanese institutional history, but also how they played out in the small, western Honshu province of Bizen. The chapters in this volume, the editor then indicates, should be considered an expansion of Hall's seminal research for the classical age, where English-language publication has been so rare. The introduction also defines terms such as kodai ("classical") and characterizes the studies of six Anglophone scholars "who have laid the groundwork to which these essays contribute" (p. 3): Gina Barnes, Bruce Batten, Cornelius Kiley, Thomas Keir-stead, Mikael Adolphson, and Piggott herself. Walter Edwards does a splendid job introducing the first two chapters, "Early State Formation in Japan," by Tsude Hiroshi, and Kobayashi Yukio's "Treatise on Duplicate Mirrors." Tsude is one of the leading archaeologists dealing with Japan's Tomb Age (250-600 CE), and his contribution highlights his argument "that the cultural achievements of the eighth-century Nara period were built on an economic base established over the preceding millennium" (p. 13). While Tsude's ideas have appeared elsewhere in English, this article provides a useful summation of his beliefs in the existence of a political status hierarchy manifested in the size and shape of tombs and his emphasis on access to iron and salt as crucial to state formation. Edwards's introduction and interpretation of Kobayashi's treatise on the distribution of the famous triangular-rimmed deity-and-beast mirrors-a critical point in the debate over the location of Yamatai-is nothing less than brilliant. For various reasons, Kobayashi's prose is often difficult to interpret, but Edwards manages superbly. His explanations of Kobayashi's writing are so illuminating that I kept wishing for more. Joan Piggott then introduces and translates "Suruga and Tōtōmi in the Kofun Age," by Hara Hidesaburō, an historian of the era from 400 to 900. Using what Piggott rightly calls a "collage of evidence" (p. 77), Hara traces the slow integration of these two provinces along the Tōkaidō into the Yamato polity, especially through conquest. Lest readers think that the translators have selected only those viewpoints that fit their own, Piggott explicitly notes her disagreement with Hara about the importance of warfare in state formation in Japan. In the fourth chapter, Michiko Aoki interprets "The Hitachi fudoki and the Fujiwara," by Inoue Tatsuo, who describes Yamato penetration into the Kantō in the mid-fifth century. Inoue argues that the Nakatomi, later to be renamed the Fujiwara, had vested interests in the Tone river valley in Hitachi from early on. Besides asserting that the Nakatomi may have been of peninsular ancestry, Inoue shows how "The Records of Wind and Earth" (fudoki) may well have been a project developed by the Fujiwara to enhance their political power at court. Karl Friday translates and introduces a true monument among studies of the Nara and early Heian periods, "The Classical Polity and its Frontier," by Takahashi Tomio. Written in 1962, this essay has formed the foundation for all subsequent research into the Nara and early Heian states' relations with the peoples in southern...

Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1750-1890 (review)

Reviewed by: Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1750-1890 David R. Ambaras Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1750-1890. By Brian Platt. Harvard University Asia Center, 2004. 325 pages. Hardcover $45.00/£29.95. Brian Platt's study of the development of a modern elementary school system in Nagano prefecture centers on two dynamics: the Meiji government's attempts to impose a radically new system of education on local societies and the attempts by commoner elites to shape this process based on their remarkably extensive experiences of attending, funding, and administering schools prior to the Meiji Restoration. His analysis sheds new light on the nature of Japan's nineteenth-century transformation and adds new layers of complexity to longstanding debates on the relationships between the local and the national and "the people" and "the state." According to Platt, two main trends led to the growth of schooling for commoners in late Tokugawa Shinano, the region that subsequently became Nagano prefecture. First, schools emerged as centers of high cultural transmission to commoner elites seeking to tap into literary and intellectual networks centered on castle towns and more distant places such as Kyoto and Edo. Second, amid the socioeconomic crises of the early nineteenth century, commoner elites saw the provision of schooling to children from ordinary families as a means of revitalizing rural communities and reaffirming their own status as community leaders. The Meiji Restoration then opened a new "atmosphere of fluidity and possibility" in which the visions and initiatives of these local elites could "mesh unproblematically with the early state-building efforts of prefectural authorities" (p. 130). The Meiji government's promulgation in 1872 of the Fundamental Code of Education signaled the state's intention to eliminate this fluidity-not by simply asserting control over the myriad educational practices then in play, but by imposing a singular definition of "school" on society and delegitimizing all alternative conceptions and practices. This project, embodied in new regulations and bureaucratic protocols, formed part of the state's broader mission of bringing "civilization and enlightenment" to what was described as a dark and backward society. Nonetheless, the implementation of the Fundamental Code depended primarily on local notables whose experience in educational activities and attention to administrative details actually gave substance to the law in ways that its authors had not considered. These elites' shared commitment to the goal of enlightenment thus "generated a powerful local [End Page 115] momentum for the Meiji government's goals of centralization and integration" (p. 172) while leaving room for negotiating the terms of local integration into the nation-state. Nagano and Chikuma prefectures (the latter being a short-lived entity that was eventually incorporated into the former) did not experience the sort of violent uprisings against the new order, of which schools were a powerful symbol, that erupted in various regions in 1872-1873. Platt identifies other forms of opposition to new education policies in these two prefectures during the 1870s, however, all of which reflected the enduring influence of pre-Meiji conceptions of school and its relationship to the local community. But while some protesters rejected the premises of the Fundamental Code, many others accepted the basic parameters of the Meiji government's educational projects and utilized the code's language and procedures to pursue their own objectives. Intralocal conflicts rather than tensions between the locality and the new state, moreover, frequently lay at the heart of the protests Platt describes. Negotiations over the terms of integration into the nation-state would continue through the mid-Meiji years, informed by shifting governmental approaches to local society and by educators' and elite activists' engagement with ideas of local autonomy, popular rights, educational freedom, and professional autonomy. The result, Platt argues, was not "the subordination of local or professional concerns to the political goals of the state," but rather "a more enduring legal framework and administrative structure-one that would continue to be shaped, however, by a process of negotiation among competing forces and interests" (p. 254). Burning and Building engages with several important historiographical questions. First, Platt convincingly moves the terms of analysis of Tokugawa education away from the modernization school...

Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1750-1890 (review)

Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1750-1890 (review)

Andrew A. Barshay. The Social Sciences in Modern Japan: The Marxian and Modernist Traditions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 345 pp. Cloth $55.00. - Brian Piatt. Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1150–1890. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004. 352 pp. Cloth $45.00.

Andrew A. Barshay. The Social Sciences in Modern Japan: The Marxian and Modernist Traditions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 345 pp. Cloth $55.00. - Brian Piatt. Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1150–1890. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004. 352 pp. Cloth $45.00.

:Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1750–1890.(Harvard East Asian Monographs, number 237.)

:Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1750–1890.<i>(Harvard East Asian Monographs, number 237.)</i>

Japan, the West, and the whaling issue: understanding the Japanese side

This article examines the current dispute over whaling from the perspective of Japan, a country that is fiercely protective of its right to whale. It outlines the key role played by transnational environmental actors in defining and instituting an international norm of anti-whaling, symbolized in the passage of the moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982. This signalled a rejection of previously held attitudes towards the use of whales as natural resources and the embracing of a protectionist, hands-off approach. Support for this new stance however was not forthcoming from pro-whaling states Japan, Norway and Iceland. By analysing Japan's original objection to the moratorium, its later compliance and its commitment to the resumption of limited commercial whaling, this article outlines the principles that underpin Japan's whaling policy. While the Japanese government views the whaling dispute as a threat to resource security and also a danger to inter-state respect for differences in custom and cuisine, the need to be perceived as a responsible member of international society exercises a major influence on the formation of Japan's whaling policy, conditioning its rule compliance and prohibiting the independent action pursued by other pro-whaling states. Recent developments in the whaling dispute, however, may be enough to dislodge Japan's commitment to the moratorium, which would impact upon the legitimacy of the International Whaling Commission itself.

Burning and building: schooling and state formation in Japan, 1750-1890

Soon after overthrowing the Tokugawa government in 1868, the new Meiji leaders devised ambitious plans to build a modern nation-state. Among the earliest and most radical of the Meiji reforms was a plan for a centralised, compulsory educational system modelled after those in Europe and America. Meiji leaders hoped that schools would curb mounting social disorder and mobilise the Japanese people against the threat of Western imperialism. The sweeping tone of this revolutionary plan obscured the fact that the Japanese were already quite literate and had clear ideas about what a school should be. In the century preceding the Meiji restoration, commoners throughout Japan had established 50,000 schools with almost no guidance or support from the government. Consequently, the Ministry of Education's new code of 1872 met with resistance, as local officials, teachers, and citizens sought compromises and pursued alternative educational visions. Their efforts ultimately led to the growth and consolidation of a new educational system, one with the imprint of local demands and expectations. This book traces the unfolding of this process in Nagano prefecture and explores how local people negotiated the formation of the new order in their own communities.

Burning and Building: Schooling and State Formation in Japan, 1750–1890. By Brian Platt. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004. x, 325 pp. $45.00 (cloth).

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Presence or absence of the shell aperture: a criterion to identify shell breakage induced by durophagy in Umbonium (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Trochidae)

The pattern of shell breakage in the Recent trochid gastropods Umbonium (Suchium) moniliferum (Lamarck) and U. (S.) giganteum (Lesson) was observed under durophagous predation by crabs and in tumbling experiments, and the results of these experiments were applied to recent population samples from the natural environment. The experiments were carried out in order to learn if the pattern of shell breakage by durophagy (shell crushing) is different from that induced by water currents and waves. After predation by the predatory crabs Calappa lophos (Herbst) and Portunus trituberculatus (Miers), shell apertures of U. (S.) moniliferum and U. (S.) giganteum were broken in a characteristic fashion. In contrast, shells tumbled with sand and artificial seawater rarely lost the apertural margins, although other parts of the shells were relatively severely abraded. These results suggest that a shell from the natural environment with a similarly broken apertural margin was probably attacked by a durophagous crab, and that water currents and waves are not agents that cause breakage of shell apertures. The results were then applied to samples of Recent U. (S.) moniliferum from Lake Hamana-ko and fossil U. (S.) costatum (Kiener) from the Pleistocene Jizodo Formation in Japan. Shells with broken apertural margins amounted to 60% of all dead empty shells in the sample of Recent U. (S.) moniliferum, and over 90% in the sample of Pleistocene U. (S.) costatum, suggesting that these shells were extensively preyed upon by durophagous crabs. Shell repair frequencies of Recent U. (S.) moniliferum, calculated as a percentage of individuals with one or more repair scars, were 24–55%. The high repair frequencies indicate that considerable numbers of U. (S.) moniliferum can escape from attacks by crabs. All the results suggest that shell breakage along the apertural margins of gastropods is a good indicator of durophagy and that broken apertures, as well as shell repairs, are a useful tool for the investigation of predatory-prey interaction.

1D09 Optimal Trajectory of Agile Product Development Technology Stock Formation in Japan's Automotive Industry

1D09 Optimal Trajectory of Agile Product Development Technology Stock Formation in Japan's Automotive Industry