Russian Formation Research Articles

FEDERAL RESEARCH CENTER FOR VEGETABLE GROWING — 100-YEAR HISTORY AS A BASIS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS (review)

The review presents the history of the Gribovskaya Vegetable Breeding Experimental Station, the first in Russia and the USSR for vegetable breeding and seed production, on the basis of which the All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production was established, farther reorganized into the Federal Research Center for Vegetable Growing. The center’s activity dates back to 1920, when, under the leadership of Sergei I. Zhegalov, a theoretical and practical basis for the development of domestic breeding was laid. The century-old anniversary of the selection of vegetable crops allows us to trace the way of its formation in Russia, successes and future development. Since 1920, scientists paid much attention to the development and improvement of breeding methods that increase the efficiency of selection, as well as to accelerate the selection process to create targeted varieties and hybrids. With regard to the main vegetable crops, methods have been developed for interspecific hybridization (N.I. Timin et al., 2013; A.F. Agafonov et al., 2018), molecular labeling (T.P. Suprunova et al., 2011; E.A. Domblides et al., 2015), clonal micropropagation and production of doubled haploids successfully used in breeding (M.S. Bunin et al., 2004). Basic protocols have been proposed for in vitro culture of microspore for most cabbage crops (E.A. Domblides et al., 2016) and non-pollinated ovules for Cucurbitaceae (N.A. Shmykova et al., 2015). A technology has been developed for the production of doubled haploids in carrots in in vitro cultures of anthers, non-pollinated ovules and microspores (T.S. Wurtz et al., 2016). The economic benefit of modern biotechnological in vitro methods when creating hybrids has been proven: the time for creating hybrids is reduced from 12 to 6 years, financial costs are reduced 2 times (A. Mineikina et al., 2019; T. Vurtz et al., 2019). The aggravated situation with plant diseases and the expansion of the areas of new harmful pathogens on vegetable crops are discussed. Based on immunological, molecular and morphophysiological tests at artificial, provocative and natural infections, the sources of resistance to economically significant diseases are identified, in cabbage to Plasmodiophora brassicae, in table beet to Cercospora beticola, in vegetable beans to viral diseases, in onions to Peronospora destructor (I.A. Engalycheva et al., 2019). Physiological and biochemical methods are widely used when creating varieties with a high content of biologically active substances and antioxidants. Technologies have been developed for obtaining functional food products, including new types of teas with a therapeutic and prophylactic effect, soft drinks, food dyes, and confectionery (M.S. Gins et al., 2017). Recipes for gluten-free bakery products have been created using introduced yacon, amaranth and daikon cultures. Technologies for selenium enrichment of vegetable crops for fresh consumption and as raw materials for functional products have been developed (N.A. Golubkina et al., 2018). The intellectual potential accumulated over a hundred-year history is inextricably linked with the traditions laid down at the experimental station. Nowadays the Federal Research Center for Vegetable Growing coordinates scientific research on the selection, production and processing of vegetable and melon crops in Russia within the framework of state programs for the development of the industry and ensuring food security.

MEDIATION IN BUSINESS: PROBLEMS OF EFFECTIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT

The Wide application of mediation in the sphere of business activity is aimed at creating and implementing an effective model for resolving economic disputes. An important aspect in this area is the possibility of using effective non-judicial (so-called alternative) tools provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. It seems that mediation will become very widespread in the settlement of business disputes during the crisis processes in the Russian economy and socio-medical sphere. The article analyzes some of the features of legal regulation and the possibility of using mediation in business, identifies current problems of the theory and practice of application. It is argued that the potential of mediation in resolving disputes in the field of business is quite large, but there are a number of problems that prevent the wider dissemination of this procedure. Today, business entities rarely make their own decisions to seek mediation to resolve conflicts. The formation in Russia of mediation tools in the field of economic dispute resolution as an alternative procedure for resolving conflicts with the participation of a mediator (media tor) has undoubtedly become a progressive factor in the evolution of business law.

Врачебная тайна в России рубежа XIX-XX веков: от этической рекомендации к правовой оценке

The paper considers ethical and legal aspects of the medical secrecy principle formation in Russia. The article analyses legal regulation of medical secrecy at the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century. Scientific originality of the study involves identifying gaps in the tsarist and post-revolutionary legislation, which predetermined the necessity to improve ethical and legal regulation of medical secrecy in Russia. The findings indicate that at the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century, the Russian medical and legal communities urgently needed legislative solutions to protect medical secrecy, however, in the mentioned period, the state couldn’t solve the problem.

The Politicization of Islamic Society in Post Soviet Russia

Aim. The paper analyses the Islamic revival in Russia in the late 20th century and early 21st. This was reflected in the registration of religious communities, the publication of periodicals on Muslim literature, and, in my opinion, most importantly - the construction of mosques and madrassas. It highlights the roles of mosques and madrassas built in the North Caucasus, which later became the theological centers for the spread of Islam and educated youngsters according to their propaganda.
 Methods. The study mainly uses an analysis method based on the study of historicism, documents and empirical material. The basis of the source are books, scientific articles, research works conducted by Russian and foreign experts.
 Results. The post-Soviet wars (1994-1996 and 1999-2000) in Chechnya contributed to the politicisation and realisation of Islam in this region. In 1996-1999 there were 26 Sharia courts, numerous Islamic parties, charitable foundations and organisations in the republic and, most importantly, structures of Wahhabi organisations (Akaev, n.d.). The process of politicisation gradually turned into organisational formations in Russia in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
 Conclusion. The constructive transformation by reinforcing the modernist potentials of Islam has contributed to the real renewal of Russian Muslim societies, which led to the radicalisation of the whole region. The described events have shown that for the last 20 years, the revival of religious Islam was a revival of political organisations and activities, where religion is connected to politics and criminal activities. A small North Caucasian republic immediately turned up at the center of Russia's recent history.
 Key Words: Islam, politics, revival, radicalization, Russia, North Caucasus

Организационно-экономические и правовые проблемы эффективного внедрения механизма расширенной ответственности производителя в сфере обращения с отходами

Objective: to systematize the main problems of implementing producer’s extended responsibility in the field of waste management and to propose ways to solve them. Methods: when writing the article, we used philosophical and general scientific methods of abstraction, analysis, synthesis, and system approach. Results: producer’s extended responsibility has proven to be an effective tool that affects the development of waste management systems. Since 2015, it has been successfully applied in Russia. The article discusses the concept of producer’s extended responsibility (PER), the principles of its implementation, and its application abroad. The main stages of PER system formation in Russia are determined, the main provisions of the normative acts regulating PER are analyzed, the opportunities and constraints to implement the Strategy of Ecological Safety of the Russian Federation up to 2025 are identified. It is shown that the current practice of PER fulfillment, namely, ecological fee collection and transfer of funds to the state municipal processor, actually nullifies all attempts to modernize the system for processing industrial waste and, moreover, creates prerequisites for increasing transaction costs of enterprises and the population. Scientific novelty: the first results of the introduction of goods producers and importers’ extended responsibility for the waste generated in the Russian regions are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the causes of problems with its implementation. It is stated that the original goals of Strategy adopted in 2015 should be returned. Practical significance: the research results can become the basis for further studies of the economic efficiency of waste processing and improving the environmental strategy of the government.

Use of Machine Learning Methods to Forecast Investment in Russia

This work forecasts the growth rate of quarterly gross fixed capital formation in Russia using machine learning methods (regularisation methods, ensemble methods) over a horizon of up to eight quarters. The methods tested show higher quality in terms of RMSFE than that of simple alternative models (autoregressive model, random walk model), with ensemble methods (boosting and random forest) leading in quality. The last statement is consistent with the results of other research on the application of big data in macroeconomics. It was found that removing observations from the sample which relate to the time before the 1998 crisis and that are atypical for the subsequent period of time does not worsen the short-term forecasts of machine learning methods. Estimates of the coefficients of generally accepted key investment factors obtained using regularisation methods are, on the whole, consistent with economic theory. The forecasts of the author’s models are superior in quality to the annual forecasts of growth rates of gross fixed capital formation published by the Ministry of Economic Development.

От кружков к партиям. Генезис партийной системы России начала XX века

The article is devoted to the general patterns of political parties formation in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. They were preceded by proto-party organizations that were far from being ideologically monolithic. Under the conditions of rapid differentiation of political forces, the existing alliances were often accidental and situational. They hung on to the legacy of the pre-revolutionary era, when the public was just “learning” to talk about politics, and the boundaries between different ideological structures were quite rather relative.

Языковые маркеры русофобии в англоязычном медиадискурсе

The article aims to identify linguistic markers of Russophobia in the English-language media texts, to reveal their semantic dominants and their role in the formation of Russia’s image in the media discourse. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that Russophobia is considered through the lenses of the American media worldview, within the “friend - foe” opposition. The findings have allowed the author to identify the most frequent markers of Russophobia: words with negative evaluation and pejoratives with semantic dominants of aggression, hostility, interference, manipulation, illegality, lie. They serve to form strictly hostile attitude to Russia.

The Reform of Skill Formation in Russia: Regional Responses

Effective systems of vocational education are crucial to economic and social development. However, the coordination of labour market demand and the supply of skill requires either well-functioning labour market institutions or institutionally embedded strategic partnerships among government, labour and employers. In particular, the transplantation of German-style dual education methods to a different environment poses significant institutional dilemmas. Russia presents a useful case for examining the conditions under which such arrangements can be established. Based on a series of interviews in six Russian regions and a set of case histories, we seek to draw testable hypotheses that can be applied to other settings.

CATALYSTS AND INHIBITORS OF POLITICAL CAREER IN RUSSIA

Studying the basic principles of the political elite formation in Russia is the cornerstone for understanding the country’s future strategy and its development vector, since the development strategy will depend on those people who will be at the helm of the country’s governance. There is already a dynamic process of rejuvenating the authorities, representatives of Generation X are actively striding along the political career ladder and gain high positions. The analysis of the career background of “young” politicians, the main political career elevators, its catalysts and inhibitors, and the speed of professional formation has been reflected in our research. The research was carried out on the base of biographies of 370 civil servants who, as of March 1, 2019, held the posts of deputy ministers or deputy heads of federal departments. Biographies were taken from open sources and were digitized in a database. The study examined the career paths of politicians, on the base of which it is possible to allocate the key institutions of the political elite formation and political career elevators.

Analysis of possibilities for achieving targets of Russian Road Safety Strategy

The article discusses the analysis of the possibilities for assessing the achievement of the targets of the Road Safety Strategy in the Russian Federation for 2018–2024. The ambitious goal of Russia to reach the level of Human Risk of 4 RA (road accident) fatalities/100,000 people by 2024 today seems almost impossible and requires a triple reduction in the annual number of RA fatalities within 5 years. This is evidenced by the experience of other world leaders in road traffic safety: it took them 11 to 39 years to solve this issue. Moreover, the analysis of the Strategy does not make it clear what means should be used to solve this issue. In this regard, the entropy analysis used by the authors is the very tool that makes it possible to consider in detail the relations between the elements of the cause-and-effect mechanism of road accident rate formation and assess the influence of each of these elements on the overall final picture of road traffic safety. The article provides examples of three possible scenarios for road accident rate formation in Russia in 2024, and these predictive examples show that without a qualitative breakthrough in road traffic safety technologies, a significant increase in the quality of the fleet of vehicles and infrastructure facilities ensuring traffic in the country, qualitative changes in self-awareness and the resulting transport behavior of citizens, the stated goal of the Road Safety Strategy in the Russian Federation for 2018–2024 is impossible to achieve.

The poet-philosopher Ivan Oreus-Konevskoy — a Cult Figure of “Russian Northernship” of the Silver Age

The article examines the philosophical and literary tradition of “Russian Northernship”, which goes in Russia from Derzhavin, Vyazemsky, Pushkin. Its key figure at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries was a young Russian poet of Swedish origin Ivan Konevskoy (1877–1901; real name — Ivan Ivanovitch Oreus). The author explores the formation in Russia of the Silver age the real «Cult of Konevskoy» (who tragically died in Zegevold/Sigulda in July 1901). In its creation the author's native grandfather — the art critic and memoirist S.G. Kara-Murza (1878–1956) — played a significant role. According to the author of the article, Aleksandr A. Blok and Valeriy Ya. Bryusov were direct literary heirs of Ivan Konevskoy. The poet Konevskoy played a major role in the fate of Osip Е. Mandelstam, who lived in 1906 in Zegevold, repeatedly visited his grave and created a number of poetic and memoir works, which clearly shows the “trace of Konevskoy”. In turn, the poet Boris L. Pasternak was under the great creative influence of Ivan Konevskoy, especially during the period of writing his first poetry collection “Twin in the clouds” (1914). The author of the article hypothesizes that the famous poem of the young Andrei A. Voznesenskiy (the closest pupil and poetic heir of Pasternak) “Autumn in Sigulda” (1961) was written under the direct influence of creativity and reflections on the tragic fate of Ivan Konevskoy.

ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-МУЗЫКАЛЬНАЯ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ: ЭТАПЫ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ В РОССИИ

The article analyzes the process of social and musical communication formation in Russia from the historical perspective. In practical and theoretical aspects the first attempts to manage social and musical life of the country are considered. Since 30s–40s of the XIXth century, concert societies of a communicative orientation are created in Russia. The first years of the second half of the XIXth century, associated with the development of democratic principles, are marked by a surge in the attention of professional musicians to social and communication processes in music and art in general. The formation of more mature public tastes and the emergence of new trends in the concert life of Russian cities stimulated the renewal of forms of social and musical communication, which required the training of specialists in the field of music education and enlightenment. The opening of conservatories in Saint Petersburg and Moscow created the necessary prerequisites for building a unified system providing not only the formation, but also the subsequent self-regulation of musical communication processes in society. At the beginning of the XXth century Russian National Conservatories played their role in the overall process as one of the effective models of the educational movement and as an example of practical implementation of the tasks of purposeful socio-cultural design in the sphere of functioning of musical art of high spiritual tradition.

Social Factors in the Digital Government Formation in Russia

Transformation of the e-government into the digital one is analyzed in the context of postmodern socio-economic factors. The stages of implementing accessibility and openness of executive authorities in the framework of administrative reform in the Russian Federation are presented. The weak and strong sides of forming accessibility of authorities in the electronic environment are identified. The risks of the digital divide associated with factors not only of an economic but also of a status nature are identified. Data on the use of digital communication by the population related to the conditions of social and spatial development are presented. The article considers the target directions of the transition to the digital government technology platform and the expected results in the short term. The transition from electronic to digital development of public administration is defined as a path to project management based on the creation of a new material base and the implementation of the principles of sustainable development. The social components of the transition – elimination of social Internet exclusion-are shown.

ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-МУЗЫКАЛЬНАЯ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ: ЭТАПЫ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ В РОССИИ

The article analyzes the process of social and musical communication formation in Russia from the historical perspective. In practical and theoretical aspects the first attempts to manage social and musical life of the country are considered. Since 30s–40s of the XIXth century, concert societies of a communicative orientation are created in Russia. The first years of the second half of the XIXth century, associated with the development of democratic principles, are marked by a surge in the attention of professional musicians to social and communication processes in music and art in general. The emergence of new trends in the concert life of Russian cities stimulated the renewal of forms of social and musical communication, which required the training of specialists in the field of music education and enlightenment. The opening of conservatories in Saint Petersburg and Moscow created the necessary prerequisites for the formation of a unified musical communication system in society. At the beginning of the XXth century Russian National Conservatories played their role in the overall process as one of the effective models of the educational movement and as an example of practical implementation of the tasks of purposeful socio-cultural design in the sphere of functioning of musical art of high spiritual tradition. In parallel with the empirical search for effective ways and methods of managing the musical life of society, the creation of its theoretical basis was intensively pursued. At the late 60s – early 70s musicology was enriched by the first fundamental works on this subject.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIA EDUCATION IN RUSSIA IN THE PERIOD FROM THE 18th CENTURY UP TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS

Purpose: Analysis of the formation and development of media education in Russia during the 18th – early 20th centuries. The main emphasis is placed on the formation of media education in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
 Methodology: The methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach, which was implemented using the content analysis of scientific publications on the topic of research; generalization and analysis of empirical-static data; comparative historical analysis of objectively observed trends and patterns in the formation in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century of the prototype of the modern media educational environment.
 Results: From a historical point of view, media education is the process of studying the impact of mass media on public consciousness, perception of reality, as well as on the ability of individuals or social groups to use media educational technologies as part of an increment of individual and collective knowledge;
 Media education, representing a new area for interdisciplinary research, is of high practical value to society. This value lies in teaching people new ways of understanding, processing and critically perceiving information.
 Application: The introduction of media educational technologies in the scientific and educational sphere will allow for better preparation of students and citizens in general for life in the modern information society.
 Novelty/originality: The article demonstrates that media education is not the result of the transition from an industrial to a post-industrial information society (as is commonly accepted now), but the result of experience that allows for qualified use of mass media (both traditional and modern) for social, economic, scientific and other interactions and in some cases – promotion of the state ideology in the collective consciousness.

Contemporary Perception of the Protoevangelium Ancient Frescoes of the Mirozhsky Monastery

The article reveals artistic features of the unique ancient frescoes of the Protoevangelium cycle of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of the Mirozhsky Monastery in Pskov, dedicated to the life of the parents of the Blessed Virgin Mary, as well as her childhood and youth. The article considers a brief history of the first artistic ima­ges of the Virgin, her life and the Protoevangelium cycles in the history of world art and the monumental painting in the period from 2nd to the 12th century. In previous scientific publications, the attention was paid to the history of the monastery, the disclosure of ancient fresco technique and technology, the conditions of frescoes preservation, as well as the main characters and the content of the scenes. The novelty of this study lies in the analysis of artistic features of the Protoevangelium compositions of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of the Mirozhsky Monastery and in the disclosure of a narrower to­pic insufficiently covered in the specific literature and requiring further in-depth research: the perception of the ancient frescoes’ background details by vie­wers of the 21st century. The article analyzes the artistic features of additional, secondary background details of the frescoes, whose thoroughness is unique for the medieval period of Christianity formation in Russia. The author focuses on our contemporaries’ perception of the features of the composition and color of the Mirozhsky Monastery’s Protoevangelium frescoes’ background in comparison with similar scenes of medieval murals in temples of Kiev, Veliky Novgorod, Polotsk and other cities. The artistic compositions of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral were developed on the initiative of Archbishop Nifont, one of the most educated people of his time, and made by Byzantine masters invited to Pskov to paint the walls in the first half of the 12th century. The frescoes of the Protoevangelium cycle are located in a separate South-Western compartment under the choirs. This article organically complements the scientific publications devoted to the analysis of gospel scenes, acts of the apostles, the life cycle of the Pope Clement, prophets and martyrs depicted in the paintings of the Mirozhsky Monastery.

Problems of Architectural and Space-Planning Design of Urban Facilities for Industrial and Utility Purposes (by the Example of Moscow)

A modern composition of industrial and utility enterprises, intended for placement in the modern structure of large urban formations, is considered in the study. By the example of the planning design of a large urban territory of Moscow, a set of unresolved problematic issues characteristic of modern urban planning practices associated with the unsatisfactory architectural, planning and transport organization of public utilities in relation to public residential areas of the city is revealed. A fundamentally new methodical approach to the design of urban utility enterprises based on the formation of cooperative industrial and utility complexes as part of groups of specialized low-waste modular-type enterprises intended for system placement in the structure of developing cities is proposed.Subject of study: the problems of planning design of modern urban development and urban facilities for industrial and utility purposes. Results: a number of problems are identified in the system of industrial and utility facilities of large urban formations in Russia; a number of architectural and urban planning measures, potentially leading to the improvement of the functioning of the system of such objects, are proposed; a model of the functional design of an interdistrict industrial and utility complex (IIUC) of a new type is proposed as part of a number of technologically-connected industrial facilities and a system of economic interrelations with designated territories of the supported residential development of the city.

The Distribution of Organic Matter in the Rocks of the Bazhenov High-Carbon Formation

The Bazhenov formation is one of the most famous and promising shale formations in Russia. The ambiguity of the ideas about its geological features, which is caused by the complex and heterogeneous structure of the stratum, has been noted many researchers. In this work, the Bazhenov Formation is united with its stratigraphic analogues as the Bazhenov high-carbon formation (BHCF). The main characteristics of its integration and distribution over the area, as well as the geological structure are considered. As an unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir, the BHCF has properties of an oil-source rock, one of the main characteristics of which is organic matter, that is, its type and maturity. The results of studying the organic matter by different methods at the microlevel, as well as their integration with larger-scale studies, are presented. The need for detailed consideration of organic matter in the BHCF is justified by the fact that it has a mixed composition and, as a consequence, a different maturity and spatial distribution in a rock.

Distribution of organic matter in Bazhenov high-carbon formation

One of the most famous and promising shale formations in Russia is the Bazhenov formation. The ambiguity of ideas about its geological features, caused by the complex, heterogeneous structure of the strata, attracts the attention of many researchers. In this work, the Bazhenov formation is singled out in conjunction with its stratigraphic counterparts in the Bazhenov high-carbon formation (BVCHF). In this were considered the main characteristics of its allotment and distribution over the area, as well as the geological structure. Being an unconventional reservoir of hydrocarbons, BVCHF has properties of a petroleum-bearing rock, one of the main characteristics of which is organic matter, its type and maturity. The paper presents the results of the study of organic matter by various methods at the micro level, as well as their integration with larger-scale studies. The need for detailed consideration of the organic matter of the BVCHF is justified by the fact that it has a mixed composition and, as a consequence, a different degree of transformation and spatial distribution.