Pit Formation Research Articles

Slow-light effects of plasmon-induced transparency based on patterned graphene metasurfaces

Enhancing light–matter interactions is particularly important in the field of micronano optics, which can be achieved through plasmon-induced transparency. A new type of metasurface consisting of a single layer of graphene is mainly investigated in the study. This structure is mainly composed of a graphene strip and two graphene blocks, generating plasmon-induced transparency at terahertz frequencies via weak coupling between the two bright modes. Furthermore, the time-domain finite-difference method (FDTD) and coupled-mode theory (CMT) are utilized to further explore the physical mechanism of PIT formation. By adjusting the Fermi level of graphene, the transmittance window of PIT can be effectively regulated, resulting in a reflectivity of more than 65% for this structure. Moreover, the influence of the graphene Fermi level on the slow-light effect was analyzed, and the group index was increased from 450 to 562 when the Fermi level of graphene was increased from 0.8 eV to 1.1 eV. The findings are important for the realization of multifunctional terahertz devices such as modulators and slow light.

Effect of 2-Mercapto-1-methylimidazole on the Dual Action of Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Cu and Ta.

When chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of tantalum (Ta)-based barrier layers is done through silicon via (TSV), it is necessary to control the rate selection of copper (Cu) and Ta to prevent the formation of dishing pit formation due to the rapid removal rate (RR) of copper in the via compared to tantalum outside the via. This paper selected 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole (TAMZ) as an inhibitor, which has the dual effect of reducing the RR of Cu and increasing the RR of Ta. The experimental results show that the rate selection ratio of Cu and Ta is up to 2.12:1, the inhibition rate of TAMZ on Cu is up to 98.37%, and it can control Cu-Ta galvanic corrosion; the mechanism of TAMZ on Cu and Ta was studied by XPS, SEM, AFM, and other experiments. Theoretical calculation found that TAMZ formed chemical bonds with the metal surface mainly through N and S atoms and could be adsorbed on the surface of Cu and Ta by mixed adsorption, which clarified the inhibition mechanism of TAMZ from a microscopic perspective.

Weight loss and electrochemical measurements of aluminum corrosion in diesel fuel and biodiesel prepared via transesterification of waste cooking oil

Recent studies have found potentials in the utilization of biodiesel from renewable energy sources to tackle environmental pollution associated with the release of exhausts from fossil diesel fuel engines. However, it's imperative to investigate the corrosion rate and nature of the engine components fuelled with the biodiesel. This study examines the corrosion rate and nature of aluminum coupon (AC) in fossil diesel fuel (DF) and biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil via transesterification reaction (WCOB) using weight loss and electrochemical measurements. Taguchi Orthogonal Array was used to study the influence of temperature, immersion time, agitation and WCOD/DF volume. Weight loss method revealed highest corrosion rates to be 0.0052 mm y−1 and 0.0381 mm y−1 for AC in DF and WCOB respectively. Corrosion rate increased with increase in immersion time and temperature. A shift in the corrosion potential from -0.192 V to -0.574 V; and -0.178 V to -0.516 V was revealed by potentiodynamic polarization curve for AC in WCOB and DF respectively. Nyquist plots exhibited relatively perfect semicircles of different diameters and similar shape. The developed mathematical models were effective for corrosion rate prediction. Minimum corrosion rates of 1.222 × 10−3 mm y−1 and 1.822 × 10−3 mm y−1 for AC in DF and WCOB are respectively feasible at optimum point. Presence of carbon and oxygen on AC surface; pits formation; and loss of Al ion into WCOB and DF after corrosion were noticed. In conclusion, the corrosion rate of AC in WCOB was higher than the DF counterpart.

Visfatin Enhances RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro: Synergistic Interactions and Its Role as a Mediator in Osteoclast Differentiation and Activation

Visfatin, an adipokine secreted by various cell types, plays multifaceted pathophysiological roles in inflammatory conditions, including obesity, which is closely associated with osteoclastogenesis, a key process underlying bone loss and increased osteoporosis (OP) risk. However, the role of visfatin in osteoclastogenesis remains controversial. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of visfatin on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation from precursor cells in vitro. Our results demonstrated that although visfatin exhibited a modest osteoclast-inductive effect relative to that of RANKL, co-stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with visfatin and RANKL led to significantly enhanced osteoclast differentiation and activation compared to individual stimulation. Neutralization of visfatin activity using blocking antibodies before differentiation markedly suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, as evidenced by a near-complete absence of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated osteoclasts, decreased levels of nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 and osteoclast-specific proteins, inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, and a decrease in resorption pit formation. Our findings underscore the critical role of visfatin in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and highlight the RANKL/visfatin signaling axis as a potential therapeutic target for destructive bone loss-related diseases.

Study on Cavitation Erosion Mechanism of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Polymer materials possess low density, high strength, corrosion resistance, and excellent cavitation erosion resistance. As a result, they are widely used in marine, water conservancy, and other engineering equipment as replacements for metal materials. However, polymer friction pairs working in a water environment for an extended period are easily damaged by cavitation erosion. In this work, the cavitation behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in deionized water and seawater is investigated through experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results indicate that the cavitation erosion resistance of UHMWPE is significantly better than that of PTFE, and the UHMWPE has four cavitation process stages, while the PTFE has only three cavitation stages. 316 L counterparts in the seawater corrosion and cavitation coupling effect of a large number of metal particles off and wash polymer material surface, so that the cavitation erosion of PTFE and UHMWPE is more serious in seawater environment. CFD simulation demonstrates that the cavitation erosion zone under the radiator shows a semicircular distribution. Meanwhile, the formation of ring-shaped cavitation pit is related to the distribution of bubbles on the surface of the radiator. The cavitation rate of PTFE and UHMWPE is slowed down by the “water cushion effect.”

Corrosion and wear performance and mechanism study of ZrB2/AA6016

Abstract This study involved the fabrication of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with ZrB2/AA6016 particles using the KBF4-Al-K2ZrF6 reaction system， the composites were then subjected to T6 heat treatment. An investigation was conducted to examine the impact of varying friction speeds on the corrosion and wear characteristics of ZrB2/AA6016. An investigation was conducted to study the frictional wear behavior of ZrB2/AA6016 in the presence of 3.5wt. % NaCl, both before and after T6 heat treatment. The study also aimed to understand the underlying mechanism of this behavior. The results indicate that the T6 heat treatment mitigates the impact of thermal stresses and strains caused by thermal mismatch, hence enhancing the material's wear resistance. The coefficient of friction (COF) for heat-treated ZrB2/AA6016 is lower than that for unheated-treated ZrB2/AA6016. As friction increases, the pace at which the material wears down tends to decrease. At a friction wear velocity of 50 mm/s, the wear rate of the material is minimized both before and after heat treatment, measuring 0.23×10-2mm3/Nm and 0.22×10-2mm3/Nm, respectively. Through the utilization of XRD, SEM, EBSD, TEM, and XPS analytical techniques, it has been determined that the ZrB2 particles exhibit strong bonding with the Al matrix. Additionally, the particle diameters range from 50~150nm. Following the T6 heat treatment, the grain size measured 40.53μm, while the proportion of large-angle grain boundaries was found to be 66.4%. The accumulation of Cl- resulted in the formation of localized corrosion pits on the surface undergoing wear, hence hastening the deterioration of the material. The primary causes of wear failure are corrosive wear, abrasive wear, and oxidative wear.

Transient Sand Scour Dynamics Induced by Pulsed Submerged Water Jets: Simulation Analysis

Water jet scouring technology is extensively applied in marine engineering, harbor maintenance, river training, and various other fields, showcasing a broad spectrum of potential applications. However, achieving a comprehensive understanding of the transient sand scouring characteristics of water jets remains challenging due to the inherent complexity of the coupled flow structure involving submerged jets and environmental fluids, along with the intricate dynamics of two-phase flow. This study, rooted in numerical simulation and experimental validation, introduces pulse characteristics into a submerged jet. A thorough investigation is conducted to explore the transient sand scouring characteristics and sand transport laws of the submerged jet under diverse working conditions. The results of this study revealed that the main reason for the asymmetry of the sand pit morphology is not the non-uniform distribution of sand grains, but more likely caused by turbulence effects. Simultaneously, within the initial 0.25 s of the pulse cycle, suspended sediment resulting from the pulsed jet in the preceding cycle gradually transports to the dune and its surrounding areas. Subsequently, from 0.25 s to 0.5 s, sediment on both sides of the pit’s bottom undergoes movement and amalgamation with the sediment that remained unsettled during the previous cycle. The findings reveal that higher jet velocities significantly enhance sediment suspension, migration, and redeposition, leading to deeper erosion and the rapid formation of the sand pit’s outline within 2 s. Additionally, the jet velocity and the impact distance are identified as critical factors influencing erosion depth and sediment dynamics. These insights advance the understanding of erosion mechanisms driven by pulsed jets, highlighting their impact on sediment transport processes. The research findings provide important guidance for dredging and ocean engineering fields and offer a theoretical basis for improving the understanding of submerged jet scouring mechanisms.

Cavitation erosion behaviour of MAB-CU4 alloy: influences of cavitation number, attack angle, time, and stand-off distance

Abstract The present study comprehensively examines the cavitation erosion behaviour of a manganese aluminium bronze alloy (MAB-CU4 alloy) as a function of several parameters (i.e., cavitation angle, cavitation number, time, and stand-off distance), particularly focusing on the influences of cavitation angle on the surface morphology and topography of the alloy. According to the design of experiment (Taguchi experimental design) analysis, mass loss increased with cavitation number and attack angle, while increasing the stand-off distance resulted in a decrease in mass loss and an increase in the surface area affected by cavitation erosion. Cavitation erosion behaviour was most affected by the cavitation attack angle, with the cavitation attack angle contributing 69.1% to total erosion, according to variance analysis. At 90° cavitation attack angle, MAB-CU4’s erosion rate was 64% greater than that at 30°. Scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry revealed that cavitation erosion damage at 90° occurred mostly in the grain interiors as cavitation pits due to severe plastic deformation and surface corrosion, whereas pit formation was restricted around the hard secondary phases at the grain boundaries. At 30°, deep cavitation pits were limited, the erosion crater expanded, and the number of pits was reduced. Overall, finer microstructures with more grain boundaries and secondary phases may improve cavitation erosion resistance at 90°. The present study is the first to comprehensively capture erosion damage at the microstructural scale and analyse the impact of microstructural features on the erosion damage during the cavitation erosion of MAB-CU4 alloy.

Inhibition of EGFR Pathway Suppresses M1 Macrophage Polarization and Osteoclastogenesis, Mitigating Titanium Particle-Induced Bone Resorption.

The polarization of macrophages towards the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and osteoclast overactivation play a significant role in the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening of orthopedic implants. This study sought to examine the expression and activation of macrophages and osteoclasts in implant biopsies with respect to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and to assess the potential of EGFR inhibition in mitigating titanium particle-induced bone resorption in a cranial resorption murine model. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated with Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) initially. Subsequently, Osteoclast differentiation was initiated after Gefitinib was added to the treatment groups. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with Gefitinib or 0.5% Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Sodium (CMC-Na) by oral gavage daily for two weeks. A sham group received no further intervention, while the other groups had titanium particles implanted. Tissues were collected and analyzed by measurements such as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analyses, histology, immunofluorescence stainings, cell viability assays, assays for resorption pit formation, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reactions (RT-PCRs), and Western blots were conducted. The study demonstrated a significant upregulation of EGFR in response to titanium particle exposure. Inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation with gefitinib effectively reduced bone degradation at osteolytic sites in a murine model. Gefitinib treatment led to a notable reduction in M1 macrophage polarization, as indicated by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis of macrophage markers. Mechanistically, selective EGFR inhibitors mitigate osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast resorption by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Our findings provide compelling evidence of the essential role of EGFR-related pathways in M1 polarization, osteoclast activation, and ensuing periprosthetic osteolysis. Overall, EGFR presents a novel target for addressing bone resorption-associated conditions triggered by particles or modulated by macrophages and osteoclasts.

Effect of pre-exposure to chloride environment on the tensile deformation of SS 304HCu at 973 K

304HCu austenitic stainless steel (SS 304HCu) with 3 % copper content is utilized as the tubing material for advanced ultra-supercritical boilers, which operate at temperatures around 973 K and a pressure of 31 MPa. The current investigation aimed to examine the influence of prior exposure to an acidic chloride environment on the tensile characteristics of SS 304HCu at 973 K with the nominal strain rate of 1× 10−3 s−1 in solution annealed as well as thermally aged (973 K/10000 h) conditions. In the prior exposure condition, both the solution annealed and aged specimens were subjected to a pre-determined potential of −0.14 V (Ag/AgCl) for 48 h in 5 M NaCl + 0.15 M Na2SO4 + 2 ml HCl solutions. Thermally aged SS 304HCu showed lower strength in both true UTS and true yield strength compared to the solution annealed specimen tested at 973 K. Exposure to an acidic environment resulted in a considerable reduction in tensile strength and uniform plastic strain. For all the conditions, saturation-stress-based relationship was employed to describe the flow behaviour of the alloy. The relationship adequately fits the true stress-true strain data of SS 304HCu. A systematic variation in strain hardening parameters with respect to different test conditions is noticed. In the case of the aged alloy, the observed microstructure revealed the presence of M23C6 at grain boundaries and copper precipitates in the grain interior. The increased chromium depletion and the higher degree of sensitization led to the formation of localized pits in pre-exposed aged specimen conditions. Consequently, the synergistic influence of precipitation and pitting corrosion significantly affected the tensile deformation behaviour of SS 304HCu alloy in the aged and pre-exposed condition compared to the solution annealed condition.

In Situ STM Study of Roughening of Au(111) Single-Crystal Electrode in Sulfuric Acid Solution during Oxidation-Reduction Cycles.

Oxidation-reduction cycles (ORCs) on Au(111) in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution change the electrode morphology due to the formation of many new nanosized islands. With increasing the cycle number, the roughness of the surface increases due to the formation of multiatomic-step adatom islands and pits. The final roughness value is a function of the applied potential window, number of ORCs, scan rate, electrolyte concentration, and any applied delay time. In a first experiment, the roughening was tracked by recording the STM images in 11 steps during 200 ORCs. The results show the formation of pyramidal islands and a linear correlation between the roughness amplitude and the cycle number. In a second experiment, the 200 cycles were studied in 38 steps, while after each step, two images were recorded with a 3 min delay by holding the potential in the double-layer window. This leads to a lower roughness increase due to the high surface mobility of the Au surface atoms, which smoothens the surface during the delay time. Finally, the oxidation-reduction charge density per cycle shows an inverse correlation with surface roughness due to the (111) terrace showing a higher surface oxidation charge than the other sites and facets. Each delay causes a strong increase in the oxidation charge which is a consequence of surface smoothening during the delays leading to an enhancement of the (111) related oxidation charge.

Accelerated corrosion by nitrate-reducing bacteria and gaseous hydrogen permeation of X80 steel

Effects of hydrogen gas and Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria (NRB) on the corrosion and hydrogen permeation dynamics of X80 steel in simulated pipeline condensate water was investigated. Weight-loss analysis and electrochemical tests show a direct correlation between NRB-induced corrosion of X80 steel and the presence of hydrogen gas, particularly evident with escalating hydrogen blending ratios. Notably, corrosion primarily manifested through the formation of localized pitting, exhibiting a positive correlation with hydrogen blending ratios. Furthermore, the hydrogen permeating results show there is a synergistic enhancement of hydrogen permeating facilitated by the coexistence of hydrogen gas and NRB. Quantitative assessments of hydrogen permeability parameters highlighted significant amplifications in hydrogen diffusion flux (J) and apparent hydrogen concentration (Capp) under the combined influence of hydrogen and NRB, underscoring the complex interplay between these factors.

A curcumin quantum dot blended polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofiber coating on 316 L SS for improved corrosion resistance in the marine environment.

Corrosion of 316 L SS is a significant global concern and recently polymeric nanofibers have been gaining attention for their potential in enhancing the corrosion resistance of metals. In this work, an electrospinning technique was deployed for the deposition of a curcumin quantum dot (CMQD) blended polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous anticorrosive coating on 316 L SS. The optimized PAN-CMQD coated samples obtained from the weight loss studies were examined to assess their corrosion inhibition characteristics in 3.5 wt% NaCl electrolyte as the corrosion environment using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The PAN-CMQD coated samples showed two-order reduction in I corr compared to the uncoated 316 L SS. The results of the long-term analysis for 30 days revealed no significant changes in I corr and E corr values and no pit formation for PAN-CMQD coated samples, proving the longevity of the coating. Thus, this work will serve as a cost-effective futuristic strategy for the large-scale development of anticorrosive nanofibrous coatings for enhancing the corrosion resistance behavior of metals and alloys in various industrial sectors.

A plastron fragment reveals a previously unrecorded turtle species in the Eocene of Messel Pit, Germany

Depending on taxonomic opinion, between four and five turtle species are well attested for the Middle Eocene Messel Pit formation of Germany. Here, we describe specimen SMF ME-3495 from the Messel collection of the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, which unambiguously corresponds to an additional turtle species. The specimen consists of a partial anterior plastral lobe that can be distinguished from other Messel turtle taxa on the basis of the presence of gular tubercles, an extensive epiplastral lip, narrow gulars that lap onto the entoplastron, and a sinuous gulo-humeral sulcus. The fragment is not sufficient to diagnose another contemporary European turtle taxon, but its epiplastral lip morphology is reminiscent of “ptychogasterid” geoemydids (Cryptodira). We also remark on bone corrosion consistent with “shell disease” and distinctive coloration.

Model for random internalization of nanoparticles by cells.

We propose a stochastic model for the internalization of nanoparticles by cells formulating cellular uptake as a compound Poisson process with a random probability of success. This is an alternative approach to the one presented by Rees etal. [Nat. Commun. 10, 2341 (2019)2041-172310.1038/s41467-018-07882-8] who explained overdispersion in nanoparticle uptake and associated negative binomial distribution by considering a Poisson distribution for particle arrival and a gamma-distributed cell area. In our stochastic model, the formation of new pits is represented by the Poisson process, whereas the capturing process and the population heterogeneity are described by a random Bernoulli process with a beta-distributed probability of success. The random probability of success generates ensemble-averaged conditional transition probabilities that increase with the number of newly formed pits (self-reinforcement). As a result, an ensemble-averaged nanoparticle uptake can be represented as a Polya process. We derive an explicit formula for the distribution of the random number of pits containing nanoparticles. In the limit of the fast nucleation and low probability of nanoparticle capture, we find the negative binomial distribution.

New insights into the influence mechanism of carbides on the localized corrosion of N80 carbon steel: Experiments and first-principles study

Carbides significantly influenced the corrosion behavior of N80 carbon steel. The specific types of carbides and their adsorption behavior at the interface with the steel matrix were particularly complex. This study comprehensively evaluated the impact of carbides on the localized corrosion of N80 steel using both computational and experimental techniques. The findings revealed that the predominant carbides in the steel were Fe3C, with a potential difference of approximately 65.3 mV greater than that of the steel matrix, leading to preferential dissolution of the steel matrix. The corrosion film that formed on the steel surface was loose and porous, enriched with Cl-, and insufficient to effectively prevent the penetration of corrosive media. The work function relationship between Fe3C and the steel matrix was Fe < Fe3C, and O exhibited a higher adsorption energy on the Fe surface than on the Fe3C surface. This resulted in a strong galvanic coupling corrosion effect between Fe3C and the steel matrix. Fe3C, acting as the cathodic phase in the galvanic corrosion process, accelerated the adsorption of O2 on the steel surface, which in turn led to significant dissolution of the steel matrix. This process facilitated the nucleation of pits, ultimately resulting in the formation of stable pits on the surface.

Water Separation and Formation of Cells with Differential Aeration as Factors Controlling Corrosion of Steel Pipelines in a Crude Oil Storage Facility

The mechanism causing the dramatic intensification of the corrosion deterioration of carbon steel pipes in a crude oil storage facility has been investigated. This study considers a number of factors affecting corrosion in crude oil, such as the water content, the corrosivity of the aqueous phase, the kinetics of water–oil separation, the effect of dissolved oxygen, the effect of the crude oil quality, the degree of stagnancy inside of the pipes, the possible contribution of microbially induced corrosion (MIC) and the presence of deposits. The key root of the corrosion intensification was the separation of the water phase, supported by stagnancy, which eventually led to the formation of stable shallow pits surrounded by cathodic areas.

Effects of dual-phase deformation behaviors on simultaneously enhanced tensile properties and stress corrosion resistance of 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel treated by laser shock peening

Effects of changes in martensite and carbide induced by laser shock peening (LSP) on tensile properties and stress corrosion behaviors of 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel (MSS) were investigated. Results indicated that LSP not only caused plastic deformation of the martensite and carbide but also brittle deformation of carbide. Based on fine/coarse grain heterostructure, carbide plastic and brittle deformation, carbide local decomposition, compressive residual stress and grain coarsening caused by tensile stress, 14.7 % and 44.5 % increase in the strength and ductility in NaCl solution are respectively achieved for MSS with a surface where the formation of corrosion pits is significantly suppressed.

Assessing the effect of different biodiesels on corrosion of nickel alloy

This investigation explores the corrosion behaviour of Ni alloy (UNS718), which is a potential material for storing biodiesel and making engine components. The study also examines the connection between Ni alloy corrosion and biodiesel degradation. Immersion tests were conducted using in-house biodiesels to evaluate the corrosion rates of Used Cooking Oil (UCOB), Karanja oil (KOB), and Jatropha oil (JOB) biodiesels on Ni alloy (UNS718). The results highlighted the role of corrosion product morphology and the formation of corrosion-driven pitting, cracks, etc., on Ni alloy when exposed to different biodiesels such as KOB, JOB, and UCOB. The study utilized gravimetric techniques to measure the corrosion rate and advanced analytical tools such as FESEM, EDS, XPS, NMR and XRF. It revealed decreased corrosion rates of Ni alloys with prolonged biodiesel immersion. For example, after 2160 h, Jatropha biodiesel exhibited a corrosion rate of 0.000699 mm/year, while the corrosion rates of Ni alloy exposed to UCOB and KOB were 0.001398 mm/year and 0.001048 mm/year, respectively. The study also suggests a detailed mechanism of Ni alloy corrosion when exposed to different biodiesels such as Karanja, Jatropha, and Used Cooking Oil.

Precision Polishing of Ablator Capsules via in situ Process Monitoring and Machine Learning–Based Optimization

In inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments seeking output gains of unity and beyond, the quality of the ablator capsule is paramount for minimizing the hydrodynamic mix that quenches the central hot spot. Defects in the form of foreign particles or missing mass on the surface and within the wall of the capsule are primary offenders. High-density carbon capsules made for ICF experiments at the National Ignition Facility are precision polished to achieve surface smoothness on the order of a few nanometers as well as to minimize isolated defects in the form of pits. Given the critical role of this process, we are developing smart manufacturing techniques with the goal of elevating the efficiency of this process. Our approach is to use MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems)–based sensors to capture the fine vibration signals generated during the polishing process and combine them with synchronized visual feedback as needed. Beyond using these sensors for process monitoring, we use specific deep learning methods to analyze the data and extract correlations with both the process parameters and the final performance of the polishing run. Here, we describe the multiple fronts we have explored in this regard and the results we have gotten so far. This approach promises to have the potential to ultimately provide real-time feedback that can be used to ensure the progress of the run as well as a means for faster optimization.