Pit Formation Research Articles

The miR-19a/Cylindromatosis Axis Regulates Pituitary Adenoma Bone Invasion by Promoting Osteoclast Differentiation.

The presence of bone invasion in aggressive pituitary adenoma (PA) was found in our previous study, suggesting that PA cells may be involved in the process of osteoclastogenesis. miR-19a (as a key member of the miR-17-92 cluster) has been reported to activate the nuclear factor-кB (NF-кB) pathway and promote inflammation, which could be involved in the process of the bone invasion of pituitary adenoma. In this work, FISH was applied to detect miR-19a distribution in tissues from patients with PA. A model of bone invasion in PA was established, GH3 cells were transfected with miR-19a mimic, and the grade of osteoclastosis was detected by HE staining. qPCR was performed to determine the expression of miR-19a throughout the course of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. After transfected with a miR-19a mimic, BMMs were treated with RANKL for the indicated time, and the osteoclast marker genes were detected by qPCR and Western Blot. Pit formation and F-actin ring assay were used to evaluate the function of osteoclast. The TargetScan database and GSEA were used to find the potential downstream of miR-19a, which was verified by Co-IP, Western Blot, and EMSA. Here, we found that miR-19a expression levels were significantly correlated with the bone invasion of PA, both in clinical samples and animal models. The osteoclast formation prior to bone resorption was dramatically enhanced by miR-19, which was mediated by decreased cylindromatosis (CYLD) expression, increasing the K63 ubiquitination of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Consequently, miR-19a promotes osteoclastogenesis by the activation of the downstream NF-кB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. To summarize, the results of this study indicate that PA-derived miR-19a promotes osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting CYLD expression and enhancing the activation of the NF-кB and MAPK pathways.

Effect of B. subtilis in simulated acid red soil on the corrosion behavior of X80 pipeline steel

The eastern section of China's West-east gas transmission project is laid in acidic red soil. NRB are widespread in soils and play an important role in metal corrosion. In this article, the corrosion failure behavior and mechanism of X80 pipeline steel under the action of NRB in simulated acidic soil were studied. It was found that the biofilm of B. subtilis had significant inhibitory on the overall corrosion of X80 steel. Electrochemical results prove that the corrosion rate of the sterile group after 14 days of immersion was about 4.5 times that of the bacterial group. However, the biofilm promotes the formation of local corrosion pits. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images indicate that that the corrosion pit depth of the bacterial group (46.1 μm) was three times that of the bacterial-free group (15.7 μm) after 14 days. The pH of the acidic environment was slightly improved by B. subtilis. XPS results proved that B. subtilis complicates the corrosion products of X80 steel through its nitrate reduction ability and metabolism.

Effects of different ions irradiation on the electrochemical corrosion and hardness of pure iron

Pure iron (Fe) was subjected to singly charged 1 MeV Gold (Au+1), Nickel (Ni+1), Cobalt (Co+1), Copper (Cu+1), and Yttrium (Y+1) ions irradiation at a constant dose of 5 × 10 14 ions/cm2. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed polycrystalline nature of Fe with ions-induced changes in its crystallinity. Improvement in the crsytallinity of Fe due Au+1 irradiation was more significant as compared to the others. Similarly, the crystallinity of Fe was greatly decreased due to the impact of Y+1 ions. The Fe surface morphology indicated the surface defects in the form of pits, cavities and protruded structures after ions irradiation. Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP) revealed an increase in the corrosion resistance of Fe after irradiation. The Au+1 ions irradiated specimen was found more effective in terms of high corrosion resistance than other specimens. The surface hardness of Fe exhibited Classical Hall–Petch relation, which demonstrated that the larger the crystallite size (26–83 nm), the smaller would be the surface hardness (190–182 HV) and vice versa.

Effect of nano-graphene as an additive for the improved rolling contact fatigue life of through hardened AISI 4140 alloy steel

The Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) behaviour of through-hardened AISI 4140 samples under formulated lubricant with nano-graphene additives were investigated. Results showed that the reference oil added with 1% (wt.) of nano-graphene particles has significantly improved life by 6 folds. The increased RCF performance is attributed to the efficient action of graphene nano particle which improves the antiwear and pitting resistance of contact pairs. Moreover, spectroscopy and microscopy analyses indicated that graphene particles are adsorbed on the contact surface and delay the surface pit formation. Adding nano-graphene particles in the reference lubricant is an effective way to improve the RCF life under thin oil having low lubricant viscosity and also for the samples having lesser surface hardness such as through- hardened compared to induction-hardened samples.

Na vs. Li metal anodes for batteries: unraveling thermodynamic and electronic origins of voids and developing descriptors for artificial surface coatings

This work examines the thermodynamics, interfacial chemistry, and stiffness variations between Na and Li void and pit formation in metal batteries, with the goal of developing accurate descriptors and coatings for a stable battery.

A novel atomic removal model for chemical mechanical polishing using developed mesoporous shell/core abrasives based on molecular dynamics.

To improve polishing performance and reduce the environmental pollution of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) tests, mesoporous shell/core silica abrasives were prepared, and a novel green CMP slurry was developed, including sorbitol, hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate. Prior to CMP, fused silica was roughly polished with ceria slurry. Using developed mesoporous abrasives, surface roughness Sa is reduced from 0.347 to 0.253 nm for a scanning area of 200 × 200 μm2, and the material removal rate (MRR) is increased from 70 to 127 nm min-1, compared with traditional solid abrasives. Based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, a novel atomic removal model is proposed for mesoporous abrasives through the immediate elastic recovery of atoms. MD simulations suggest that the formation of convex peaks and pits was inhibited by the mesoporous structure, promoting uniform distribution of surface atoms and atomic removal. This is different from a conventional simple increase of polishing times. In addition, more bridge bonds of Si-O-Si and a lower average Si-O bond order are produced in fused silica samples due to their mesoporous structure, contributing to a higher MRR.

Exploring pisciculture potentiality in Samdihi OCP: A comparative study on trace elements, potentially toxic metals and basic nutritive components of two edible cultured fish species of Samdihi OCP, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India

Opencast coal mining results into formation of huge pit like void locally called khadan which eventually being filled with water serves as a reservoir of aquatic resources. Present study intends to explore the pisciculture potentiality in one abandoned Samdihi opencast coal pit using two economically important edible fish species, viz. Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigal) and Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia). Analysis of trace elements of fish samples were done by using energy-dispersive X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry, dominant potentially toxic metals of water and fish samples were done using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and basic nutritional evaluation through AOAC FAM (2012) and Lowry et al. (1951) protocols. The comparative analysis of trace elements, viz., sodium and potassium revealed that the fish from culture pond had slightly elevated concentrations compared to opencast coal pit bred fish and they ranged between 1116.54±1.54 and 3791.01±1.35 mg/kg and 5321.96±1.11 and 6797.96±2.78 mg/kg for sodium and potassium respectively. On the other hand, the comparative values of calcium and chloride revealed similar trends, where the opencast coal pit bred fish had higher concentrations (6658.46±2.03 to 9767.91±1.10 mg/kg for calcium and 3266.55±1.08 to 4238.54±1.71 mg/kg for chloride respectively) than fish from culture pond. Analysis of potentially toxic metals viz., cadmium, arsenic, lead and nickel of fish from opencast coal pit and culture pond revealed values within the standard FSSAI limit, where, cadmium concentration in mrigal and tilapia from opencast coal pit were much lower (0.25±0.02 and 0.24±0.02 mg/kg respectively) than fish from culture pond and similar trends were followed by arsenic, lead and nickel. The comparative study on nutritive components of fish from opencast coal pit and culture pond revealed that the total protein content, total carbohydrate and total fat content were within 77.20±0.25 and 85.82±0.40 mg/g, 1.75±0.02 to 4.14±0.15% and 14.42±0.34 and 18.51±0.42 mg/g respectively, where in most of the cases the opencast coal pit bred fish were found having a little higher values. Results revealed that there is no significant difference in comparing the macronutrients like sodium, calcium, potassium and chloride in fish from opencast coal pit and culture pond. Whereas, average values of potentially toxic metals (cadmium, arsenic, lead and nickel) concentration in opencast coal pit and culture pond were within the safe limits as per FSSAI, as well as lower values of target hazard quotient (THQ<1) predicting no potential risk of metal toxicity for human. Also, both the opencast coal pit and control pond bred fish maintained a good status in respect to protein, carbohydrate and fat content. In terms of estimated daily intake, estimated fish nutritional index, basic nutritional profiling and macronutrients study, the fish cultured in opencast coal pit showed relatively higher values than that of fish from culture pond. Thus, the current investigation features the intense potential of sustainable pisciculture in Samdihi abandoned opencast coal pit directing the sustainable development of socio-economy of local community along with environmental resource reclamation.

Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Influence of Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether on the Surface Roughness of Silicon in Alkaline Solutions

In the final polishing process of silicon, it is susceptible to alkaline anisotropic chemical etch and may have residual silicon sol on the surface, leading to an increase in surface roughness of the wafer. To address this issue, this study investigates the mechanisms of how fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether AEO-9 and O-20 affect the surface roughness of silicon through systematic experimental measurements and theoretical calculations. The research results demonstrate that both AEO-9 and O-20 exhibit strong molecular activity and can adsorb on the silicon surface in a parallel manner, forming a protective film that effectively shields against corrosive particle erosion. Additionally, AEO-9 and O-20 can enhance the wetting of etching solutions on the silicon surface, resulting in more uniform chemical etch and reduced formation of etching pits. Furthermore, AEO-9 and O-20 can reduce the residual silicon sol on the silicon surface, thereby decreasing surface roughness. These findings shed new light on how AEO-9 and O-20 affect surface roughness on silicon, and suggest their potential use in the final polishing of silicon wafers.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis of the Bone-Resorption Activity in Mature Osteoclasts.

Bone homeostasis depends on the balance between bone deposition and bone resorption, which are mediated by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. Blocking osteoclast activity can be a therapeutic strategy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to reduce subsequent bone erosion. Therefore, investigating the activity of osteoclasts is essential for understanding the pathology of RA. Bone-resorption pits, which are caused by activated osteoclasts, are significantly increased in RA. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of bone-resorption pits is an effective method for understanding the pathology of RA. This chapter describes the method for observing the surface microstructure of pit formation on bone slices.

Effect of abrasive on tribological behavior and polishing effect of β-Ga2O3(100) substrate

Given the problems of easy cleavage and unfavorable surface integrity in the processing of β-Ga2O3(100), the effects of abrasive type (diamond, silicon carbide, alumina, cerium oxide) and abrasive particle size (W3, W2, W1, W0.5) on substrate processing were investigated via friction and polishing experiments. The results demonstrated that a strong correlation exists between the surface integrity of the β-Ga2O3(100) substrate and abrasive type, and it was determined that the diamond abrasive with sharp cutting edges was optimal. The abrasive particle size significantly affected the friction wear and polishing effect of β-Ga2O3(100). The use of fine abrasive particles can effectively inhibit the formation of cleavage pits and scratches. After polishing with the W0.5 diamond, the surface roughness (Ra) of the substrate decreased to 3.8 nm, and the scratch depth decreased to 18 nm. The abrasive particle size significantly affected the friction wear and polishing effect of β-Ga2O3(100). The shape and size of the abrasive are crucial factors affecting the processing of the β-Ga2O3(100) substrate. The diamond abrasive particle size distribution was uniform, and the axial ratio of the abrasive was predominantly between 0.6 and 0.9. The surface material of the substrate was removed via the “three-body rolling” method, so the polishing effect was optimal.

Farrerol suppresses osteoclast differentiation and postmenopausal osteoporosis by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway

Excessive bone resorption caused by upregulated osteoclast activity is a key factor in osteoporosis pathogenesis. Farrerol is a typical natural flavanone and exhibits various pharmacological actions. However, the role and mechanism of action of farrerol in osteoclast differentiation regulation remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects and mechanism of farrerol on the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, F-actin staining, and the pit formation assay were performed to examine the differentiation and functions of osteoclasts in vitro. The expression of proteins associated with the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways was analyzed by western blotting. Dual X-ray absorptiometry, microcomputed tomography, and histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine the therapeutic effect of farrerol in vivo bone loss prevention. The effects of farrerol on osteoblastic bone formation were assessed using alkaline phosphatase, alizarin red S staining, and calcein-alizarin red S double labeling. Farrerol inhibited osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in osteoclasts by suppressing nuclear factor kappa B signaling rather than mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in vitro. Farrerol protected mice against ovariectomy-induced bone loss by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, instead of promoting osteoblast-mediated bone formation in vivo. The findings of the current study revealed that farrerol is a potential therapeutic agent for osteoporosis.

Determining features in the wear resistance characteristics of tribocompounds with a textured hole surface under conditions of boundary friction

The influence of surface texture in the form of pits on the wear resistance of tribocompounds under conditions of limit friction was investigated. At the first stage of research, the mechanism of lubricant behavior between the contacting surfaces and inside the holes was modeled. The limiting condition of the rotation frequency of the sample (n>27) was established, under which a drop of lubricant "leaves" the hole in the upper position of the sample and remains in the space between the sample and the surface of the counterbody, ensuring the regeneration of the boundary lubricating film on the surface of the tribocontact when it is destroyed. When the rotation frequency of the sample is reduced (n<27), the lubricant droplet remains in the hole and does not affect the processes of the boundary lubricant film. At the second stage, experimental studies of tribocombinations with a textured hole surface under conditions of extreme friction were carried out. It was established that the high wear resistance of the textured hole surfaces is provided by the high protective effect of the texture, as well as the high efficiency of the marginal lubricating film. It has been proven that the strengthening of the surface texture by the method of ion-plasma thermocyclic nitriding additionally increases the wear resistance by 1.7 times due to the high protective effect of surface nitrided layers and their high hardness (up to 9500 MPa). This strengthens the effect of inhibiting the occurrence of defects in the surface layers of tribocontact, ensures a high rate of wetting of the places of actual contact of triboconnections, and speeds up the process of regeneration of the boundary lubricating film. Research results can be used to modify the surface layer of heavily loaded parts operating under extreme operating conditions with limited supply of lubricant under various types of friction and wear

Evaluation of the efficiency of coconut dust extract as a corrosion inhibitor for steel reinforcement in concrete by mass spectrometry

Ethanol extraction was employed to isolate a range of compounds from waste products derived from coconut fiber production (coconut dust) in Ben Tre, Vietnam. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, flobatannins, and anthraquinones among the extracted substances. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis supported the identification of oxygen and nitrogen atoms within functional groups (e.g., O–H, N–H, C–O) and aromatic rings, characteristic of typical corrosion inhibitors. Mass spectrometry investigations indicated that when St3 steel was exposed to an alkaline solution lacking chlorides, a passive film composed of FeOOH formed on the surface. However, upon the addition of NaCl at a concentration of 1.00 mol/dm3, FeCl, FeCl2Cl–, and FeCl3Cl– compounds were detected across the analyzed surface, while peaks corresponding to FeOO– were absent. Remarkably, areas with the highest concentration of particles corresponded to regions exhibiting visible corrosion damage under magnification. The addition of 2.00 g/dm3 of coconut dust extract to the chloride solution prevents the formation of Fe and Cl compounds on the steel surface. Consequently, only peaks characteristic of FeOO– and organic fragments containing oxygen atoms from the extract were observed. Based on these results, it can be assumed that coconut dust extract has the potential to inhibit local (pitting) corrosion of low-carbon steel (St3) when exposed to aqueous alkaline solutions simulating concrete pore liquid containing chlorides. The addition of 2.00 g/dm3 of the extract has been shown to prevent pitting formation at a chloride concentration of 1.00 mol/dm3. Conversely, in the absence of the extract, visible local corrosion damage was observed upon magnification. These findings provide a basis for further exploration of the protective properties of coconut dust extract as an environment-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in concrete environments containing chlorides.

(Invited) Controlling Nucleation and Growth of Lithium Metal for High Performance Batteries

The cycling behavior of the lithium metal anode determines the life time of lithium metal batteries when paired with common oxide or polymer-based sulfur (e.g., sulfurized polyacrylonitrile, SPAN) cathodes. Significant progress has been made on electrolyte engineering to improve the morphology of lithium metal. Those electrolytes with high concentration or weakly solvating solvents have shown most promise due to the promotion of anion-cation ion pairing and the reduction in desolvation energy.On the other hand, gaining control of the lithium nucleation and growth remains challenging. We have shown recently that the substrate plays an important role in dictating lithium nucleation. An in-situ formed Fe/LiF substrate has been shown to lead to uniform lithium nucleation and fast lithium surface transport, resulting in the formation of hexagonal lithium single crystal seeds. These faceted seeds promote subsequent dense lithium growth even after repeated cycles. Importantly, the growth of porosity and the pulverization are effectively mitigated.In this talk, we systematically analyze the factors that contribute to the single crystal growth and strive to quantify the different kinetic processes (surface transport, electrolyte transport, bulk diffusion, charge transfer) that collectively determine the seed growth behavior. On the other hand, we will describe our implementation of the nucleation control mechanism on a lithium metal foil so that these electrodes can be paired with non-lithium containing cathodes. We have found that adding nucleation agents to the lithium metal mitigates the formation of random pits during lithium stripping and subsequently promote the formation of dense lithium layer on top. As a result, a Li/SPAN battery with an areal capacity of > 7 mAh cm-2 has demonstrated stable cycling for over 200 cycles. Adding nucleation control measures to lithium metal is thus a promising approach to improve the cycle life of lithium metal batteries.

InGaN based Schottky barrier solar cell: Study of the temperature dependence of electrical characteristics

The indium gallium nitride (InGaN) semiconductor alloy shows great promise for high-efficiency thin-film solar cells due to its intrinsic characteristics. However, there are major challenges in the development of high-quality p-doped and indium-rich InGaN layers to fabricate a pn or pin solar cell. This study focuses on the development of an alternative structure, not requiring p-doping, with a Schottky contact on n-type InGaN. The InGaN absorber was grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and its structural, morphological and optical properties studied. Structural analysis by X-ray diffraction showed the growth of single crystal layers without phase separation. Indium compositions which vary up to around 8.3 % were confirmed by transmission measurements. The formation of V-shaped pits was observed with increased indium composition at lower growth temperatures. Schottky diodes based on InGaN with platinum metallic contacts were fabricated and their current–voltage characteristics studied in detail as a function of temperature. This analysis of the conduction mechanisms in Schottky/InGaN devices permitted in particular the extraction of the diode parameters as a function of the temperature showing a high rectification with an ideality factor of 1.15 with reverse saturation current of 6.7×10−9A at room temperature for an indium composition of 5.52 %. In addition, the analysis revealed the presence of a dual Gaussian distribution of barrier heights in a specific temperature range. Finally, the incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of the fabricated InGaN Schottky solar cells, measured using intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy, reached a peak value of 51 %, which is among the highest published values for InGaN based solar cells.

Millions of seafloor pits, not pockmarks, induced by vertebrates in the North Sea

Seabed pockmarks are among the most prominent morphologic structures in the oceans. They are usually interpreted as surface manifestation of hydrocarbon fluids venting from sediments. Here we suggest an alternative hypothesis of pockmark formation based on latest multibeam echosounder data with a centimeter resolution. In the North Sea, >40,000 enigmatically shaped shallow depressions or ‘pits’ with a mean depth of 0.11 m were documented, that do not resemble known pockmark morphologies. Combining the new echosounder data with information from behavioral biology, physical oceanography, satellite remote sensing and habitat mapping, we conclude that harbor porpoises excavate sediments during benthic foraging. By grubbing the seabed, they cause sandeels to escape from the sediment and initiate the formation of seafloor pits. Time-lapse data reveals that the initially feeding pits serve as nuclei for scouring and eventually merge into larger scour-pits. With the immense number of vertebrates in the ocean, such megafauna-driven macro-bioturbation reshapes the seafloor, modulates sediment transport, and ultimately impacts associated ecosystems on a global scale.

Application of polyimide films as a nuclear track detector (2): A latent track structure study with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

This paper reports the relation between latent track structure and the detection threshold of etch pits formation in UPILEX-S® and Kapton. At the similar stopping power value, effective track core radii and G values for heavier ions are lower than those of lighter ions. These results would be due to the difference of the radial dose distribution for low- and high-velocity ions. The G value starts more rapidly rising above 600 and 1000 keV/μm for Kapton and UPILEX-S®, respectively. The detection threshold of UPILEX-S is 4000 keV/μm for Ar ions, at which effective track core radii of all functional groups are larger than 2 nm. Since the length of a molecule unit of UPILEX-S® is about 1.4 nm, at least more than two molecule units have to be damaged for the etch pit formation. A similar discussion is applicable to Kapton, whose detection threshold is significantly lower than UPILEX-S®.

Efficient and precise fabrication of Wolter type-I x-ray mirrors via nickel electroforming replication using quartz glass mandrels

This study presents an approach for fabricating Wolter type-I mirrors for x-ray telescopes using a nickel electroforming replication process with quartz glass mandrels. The proposed method addresses the challenges encountered in conventional fabrication techniques, which involve using electroless nickel-coated aluminum mandrels that are susceptible to corrosion and thermal deformation. Quartz glass mandrels offer excellent chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability, enabling the efficient production of high-performance mirrors. Wolter type-I mirrors for telescopes possess a large aperture that collects x-ray photons from the universe. However, previous nickel electroforming replication processes using quartz glass mandrels have challenges in fabricating large mirrors, particularly due to bubble pit formation during nickel shell development. In this study, we introduced an efficient pitting inhibition technique via vacuum degassing. This technique facilitates the precise replication of pit-free Wolter type-I mirrors for telescopes using quartz glass mandrels. We demonstrated the fabrication process on a Wolter type-I mirror proposed for FOXSI-4 [(FOXSI) Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager], resulting in three mirrors obtained from the same mandrel without repolishing or repairing. The figure error of the mirror was within 1 µm over most areas in both longitudinal and circumferential directions. The ray-tracing simulation indicated that the performance of the mirror was ∼12 arcsec in half-power diameter, comparable to the performance achieved by previous high-resolution x-ray missions.

Dynamic changes in ocular shape during human development and its implications for retina fovea formation.

The human fovea is known for its distinctive pit-like appearance, which results from the displacement of retinal layers superficial to the photoreceptors cells. The photoreceptors are found at high density within the foveal region but not the surrounding retina. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for these unique features have ruled out cell death as an explanation for pit formation and changes in cell proliferation as the cause of increased photoreceptor density. These findings have led to speculation that mechanical forces acting within and on the retina during development underly the formation of foveal architecture. Here we review eye morphogenesis and retinal remodeling in human embryonic development. Our meta-analysis of the literature suggests that fovea formation is a protracted process involving dynamic changes in ocular shape that start early and continue throughout most of human embryonic development. From these observations, we propose a new model for fovea development.

Zirconium Surface Treatment via Chemical Etching

The increased demand for implants that do not pose a threat to patients diagnosed using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and concerns arising from titanium allergies require the development of alternative implant materials. One promising concept is a use of zirconium as corrosion-resistant, nontoxic material that is lower in magnetic susceptibility. To achieve this, safe and efficient surface treatment methods of zirconium metal have to be developed. In this study, zirconium samples were treated with fluoride-free and fluoride-containing etching mixtures to determine their effect on the surface of Zr. SEM images were taken to investigate the preliminary effects of the etchants. Then, a second set of experiments was carried out using mixtures of HF-H2SO4 and ammonium persulfate–fluoride salts, as they gave the most promising results in the first trial. SEM images were taken and measurements on roughness, wettability, and atomic composition were made. The results showed an even zirconium surface in APS-fluoride salts, along with the formation of pits (1–3 μm) similar to those found in commercially available implants. There was no significant increase in the roughness of the treated samples. The addition of NO3− ions in the form of KNO3 speeded up etching and promoted pit formation. The HF-H2SO4 mixture was found to give unsatisfying results, as the surface was too rough and the formed pits were too large. It was concluded that etching zirconium in ammonium persulfate and fluoride salts is a promising area of research for the preparation of zirconium implants; however, further research has to be carried out on sandblasted samples.