New Word Forms Research Articles

What do we do with what we learn? Statistical learning of orthographic regularities impacts written word processing

Individuals rapidly become sensitive to recurrent patterns present in the environment and this occurs in many situations. However, evidence of a role for statistical learning of orthographic regularities in reading is mixed, and its role has peripheral status in current theories of visual word recognition. Additionally, exactly which regularities readers learn to be sensitive to is still unclear. To address these two issues, three experiments were conducted with artificial scripts. In Experiments 1a and 1b, participants were exposed to a flow of artificial words (five characters) for a few minutes, with either two or four bigrams occurring very frequently. In Experiment 2, exposure took place over several days while participants had to learn the orthographic and phonological forms of new words entailing or not frequent bigrams. Sensitivity to these regularities was then tested in a wordlikeness task. Finally, participants performed a letter detection task, with letters being either of high frequency or not in the exposure phase. The results of the wordlikeness task showed that after only a few minutes, readers become sensitive to the positional frequency of letter clusters and to bigram frequency beyond single letter frequency. Moreover, this new knowledge influenced the performance in the letter detection task, with high-frequency letters being detected more rapidly than low-frequency ones. We discuss the implications of such results for models of orthographic encoding and reading.

Неузуальные наименования лиц в форумном дискурсе

Non-usual nouns are considered - names of persons and groups that are created and used in the speech of users of a number of thematic Internet forums, specifically car forums, forums for cat lovers and dog lovers. These units are part of a dynamic verbal system, which, on the one hand, is able to reflect the latest trends in language development because of the weak normalizing, and on the other hand, potentially is able to have an impact on contemporary speech practices that determines the relevance of the study because of the wide coverage of users. The groups of considered derivatives are briefly presented in terms of their derivational structure. The typology of ways of word formation typical for the surveyed segment of forum discourse are suggested. Their most significant varieties and manifestations are noted. The focus is on “pure” (I. S. Ulukhanov) ways of word formation. Typical derivational formants are distinguished and characterized in the semantic and stylistic aspect. The thematic specificity of the derivatives formed in certain ways is identified. Attention is paid to structural, semantic and stylistic deviations from norms and rules that are acceptable in the formation of new words. The ambiguous approach to the consideration and interpretation of some items in the literature is noted.

Pollution of language as a part of the environment

Language, and words which make it, is a part of the environment and a part of our daily lives. Language is also the essential characteristic of the corresponding nation. Development of the science and culture drive to the formation of new words. That is the increase of vocabulary. But the echange a word of one’s own language with a word of another language is pollution of language. Also the using of sentence construction from forein language in one’s own language is also language pollution. This is a consequence of the low culture level and the low knoweledge level of individues with a half qualification.

Неологизмы в публицистическом дискурсе иностранного языка: методика преподавания (на материале итальянского и французского языков)

The study focuses on such linguistic phenomena as neologisms in business discourse of the French and Italian languages. The problem faced by the authors is how to teach language learners to recognize and understand the neologisms that are so often encountered in the business press? The relevance of this topic is determined by the necessity of understanding the neologisms as a widespread phenomenon in any living language. The authors believe that the neologisms are the characteristic of the language of journalism, which is committed to the brightness and imagery. It is emphasized that learners of a foreign language consider the neologisms as difficulty even at an advanced stage of training. The characteristic is given of ways of forming the new words: semantic derivation, diversity method, etc. Material is studied in the comparative aspect. For example, the authors draw attention to the fact that in the Italian language the tendency of formation of new words from proper names is expressed more clearly than in the French. Methodological principles of work with neologisms when learning a foreign language are listed.

Some Characteristics of the Formation of New Words related to Human Being

Some Characteristics of the Formation of New Words related to Human Being

Morphonological Phenomena in Derivation Process (as Exemplified by the Bashkir Language)

Background: The scientific article investigates morphonological phenomena observed in the formation of new words in the Bashkir language. In addition, the object of morphonology and linguistic nature of morphonological processes are considered. Methods: The article focuses on morphonological phenomena observed in the process of affixed derivation, as morphonological conversion occurs exactly in case of affixation in the structure of motivational word; other methods of derivation also have not remained out of sight. The authors of the scientific article considered the level of phonemes, performing morphophoneme function in the Bashkir language. Findings: This article focuses on morphonological phenomena taking place in the formative system of modern Bashkir language. According to the authors, the following morphonological phenomena types are highlighted in modern Bashkir language: Stem clipping, morpheme augmentation, juxtaposition of phonemes, phoneme alternation. Improvements: The novelty of the proposed method consists in the fact that during the study, morphophonemes, actively functioning in derivation process of the Bashkir language have been revealed. Their place and role in the formation of linguistic units of certain lexical and grammatical group have also been determined.

THE VOCABULARY OF TRADES AS THE SOURCE OF RUSSIAN SURNAMES: TANNING INDUSTRY

The article deals with the ability of a derivative word to fix and maintain the knowledge. The formation of new words is always associated with the needs to secure the new object of thought in linguistic form. The structure of derivative contains a reference to the characteristic according to which the subject was realized and allocated among others. Words live in their original meaning as long as their meanings are important for speakers; but when human thought goes further and transfers old meanings to the new items and features, words change. Modern Russian names also used to be derived words with live word -formative links. Naming was carried out for various reasons: with a reference to personal traits, to place of residence, to parents' names and nicknames, as well as with a reference to professional activities. Within the framework of modern Russian anthroponomical system there is a great number of surnames with origins related to the vocabulary of ancient crafts and trades of peasantry. Using written records of various times, the author analyzes a number of Russian surnames within the historic and word-formation aspects. The surnames under consideration are related to the lexical and thematic group of words from the sphere of tanning industry. In the structure of each «professional» surname there are traces of directly motivating units and more distant links of the word-formation chain.

О слове «фейк» и о том, что за ним стоит

The paper focuses on a loanword borrowed from the English language “fake” that became very popular in the Russian soil. The author shows the derivational abilities of a word leading to the formation of new words that belong to the other parts of speech: a verb “фейковать”, an adjective “фейковый”, a noun “фейковость”. Every part of speech is analysed on the basis of paradigmatic relations, in which the word is involved, along with its sociolinguistic characteristics such as the field of use and social strata to which the native speakers belong. The author does not limit himself to an ordinary linguistic description of this loanword and its sense-correlates; instead the author tries to present socio-cultural peculiarities of reality that made possible a wide use of this loanword borrowed from the English language.

Nominalización clausal en tegüima u ópata y névome

The caracterization of nominalized constructions has been richly discussed in the linguistic literature. The discussion of this morpho-syntactic phenomenon considers not only its role in the formation of new words, but also on their syntactic function. This paper compares nominalized constructions in two extinct Uto-Aztecan languages spoken in northwestern Mexico. The aim of this paper is to show the mixed character of such constructions and to demonstrate that among the main properties of these syntactic constructions we can find genitive subjects, case marking of the clause and embedded clauses within the limits of the main construction.

Posebnosti otroškega dojemanja jezika

V sestavku avtorica razčlenjuje posebnosti otroškega dojemanja pomenov besed in druge jezikovne značilnosti v razvoju otroškega govora. Poseben poudarek je dan oblikovanju novih besed.

Developing automaticity and speed of lexical access: the effects of incidental and explicit teaching approaches

There is general agreement that speed of lexical access is an essential component for successful communication and fluent language use. In vocabulary acquisition research the majority of studies have focused on the acquisition of the form and meaning of new words but research into the teaching conditions leading to the improvement of speed of lexical access is still scarce. This article reports results of two studies which explored the effectiveness of two vocabulary teaching approaches for the development of speed and automaticity of lexical access by learners of Spanish as a foreign language. Participants in Study 1 were exposed to the target vocabulary in reading passages (incidental approach), while participants in Study 2 were exposed to the target words in explicit vocabulary activities (explicit approach). A pre- and post-treatment lexical decision task assessed participants’ speed of lexical access. Two indicators of improved lexical access were examined: faster reaction times (RTs) and a decrease in the coefficient of variation (CV), i.e., automaticity measure. Results showed that both types of treatment led to faster speed of lexical access, while only the explicit treatment led to automatic processing. The effect of repetition was also explored and results showed that there was no clear, significant effect of the number of repetitions on the development of speed and automaticity of lexical access. Taken together, the type and amount of vocabulary learning activities in these studies give an initial indication of the minimum amount of vocabulary engagement which may lead to significant improvement in learners’ speed and automaticity of lexical access.

The Problem of Studying Neologisms and Their Influence on the Ecology of Language

Abstract. The article raises the issues of neology and ecolinguistics. The authors specifythe criteria of ecolinguistic approach to studying neologisms based on ecolinguistic monitoringwhich helps to elicit factors that influence the formation of new words, spheres in which theyfunction in language as well as to define the type of new words and number of loanwordsamong them. The data under analysis is compiled by about 3000 new words that appeared inEnglish and Dutch in the last three decades. The authors elicit the main changes in the ecologyof the Dutch language on different levels in the stated time frame together with the factorsthat motivate the formation of neologisms. Among extralinguistic factors the authors list suchdeterminants as the emergence of new realia; scientific and technical advancement;globalization and development of the Internet. To intralinguistic factors the following arereferred: linguistic economy; expressiveness of linguistic means; systematization of thevocabulary; unification of linguistic signs; conversion and the shift in stylistic usage of thewords can also generate neologisms. Future development of the ecolinguistic approach inneology will help to track the evolution of modern national language and preserve its ecolinguisticbalance. The research results can be used in language education, lexicographic practice orstate language policy.Key words: neologism, ecolinguistic approach, ecolinguistic monitoring, loanword,language ecology.Language is known for its constantdevelopment with lexis being its most mobile level.Every generation gives life to new words derivedfrom the current reality. The electronic revolutionin the second half of the twentieth century causedthe scientific and technical progress to speed up,and these processes were immediately reflectedin language. Every year lexicographers registerhundreds of new words. According to the surveycarried out by Global Language Monitor, theEnglish language obtains a new word every98minutes [8, p. 34].The analysis of different linguists’ viewpointsconcerning the phenomenon of neologism showed

Orthography plays a limited role when learning the phonological forms of new words: The case of Spanish and English learners of novel Dutch words

ABSTRACTSome previous studies have shown that the availability of orthographic information leads to positive effects for second language (L2) phonology, while others document negative effects. In this paper, we examine the role of orthography on novel spoken-word learning by comparing word pairs that differed in most or all of their segments (nonminimal pairs) and those that only differed in one phoneme (minimal pairs) that was considered easy or difficult to discriminate. We tested the performance of learners whose native languages have transparent orthographies as well as learners with opaque orthographies. Our findings show that regardless of linguistic background and native orthographic system, availability of orthographic information during word learning did not have an effect on nonminimal pairs or perceptually easy minimal pairs. However, it had a positive effect on two minimal pairs that had the highest accuracy among the seven perceptually difficult ones, indicating that orthography only helped contrasts that were relatively easy to discriminate. The implications of these findings for L2 teaching and for future directions within L2 phonology are discussed.

Lexical innovation: cromulently embiggening a language

In this article I look at the main ways of making new English words, and at the different types of neologisms this produces; consider various categories of people who coin them, including famous authors and television scriptwriters as well as anonymous nonnative speakers of English as a lingua franca, and highlight the similarities and differences in the ways they tend to coin words; consider to what extent the formation of new words by way of established processes or rules or schemas should be thought of as morphological productivity rather than individual creativity; and finally look at the processes by which neologisms can, potentially, be diffused.

Formation of Soil Science neologisms .

Since the IUSS Rome Congress in 1924, where the scientific community decided to use the expression<em> Soil Science </em>instead of <em>Pedology</em> or <em>Edaphology</em>, criteria for the formation of new words in Spanish concerning the study of the soil have not been established. New terms in English are formed by giving priority to the Greek root πἐδον in front of the root ἒδαψοξ. This criterion does not take into account the fact that in Greek the term πἐδον refers to the <em>soil we walk on</em> and not to the <em>soil where plants grow</em>, which is expressed by the term ἒδαψοξ. This paper proposes criteria based on etymological, semantic and pragmatic linguistics for the formation of new or the equivalent of English soil-related words in Spanish. The analysis is based on: authorities in this field; etymological elements; aspects of phonetic and orthographic ambiguity; the equivalences between similar terms in English, Spanish and French; the usage of the expression at university level, by soil societies, and by scientific journals; and on aspects of linguistic good taste in certain geographic areas of Spanish language. The scope of this paper is not to contest the use of terms already in existance, recognizing that there may be strongly entrenched terms in some countries having Spanish as their own language. These terms should be referred to as varieties for a particular geographical area according to the specific regional Spanish semantics in America.

Orthography Facilitates Vocabulary Learning for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

This study investigated the extent to which children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) can use orthography to facilitate vocabulary learning, as is the case for typically developing (TD) children. Forty-one children aged 7-12 years, 20 with a formal diagnosis of ASD and 21 TD peers, were taught 16 low-frequency concrete science words, such as "breccia". Half of the stimuli had the written word presented alongside a picture of the target item (orthography present: OP) while the remaining items were taught with orthography absent (OA). During the learning phase, eye movements were recorded; there were no group differences in the time spent fixating the written form. Production, comprehension, and recognition of orthographic forms of new words were assessed immediately after learning and again after a 24-hour delay. The vocabulary learning of both groups was facilitated by the presence of orthography. Overall, the groups did not differ in comprehension of new words or recognition of new orthographic forms, although the children with ASD demonstrated superior phonological learning (as measured by a picture naming task) relative to TD peers. Additionally, both groups retained or increased new knowledge after 24 hours. The results suggest that presenting the written form during oral vocabulary teaching will enhance learning and provide a mechanism for children with ASD to increase word knowledge despite potential limitations in social learning.

BAHASA SMS DARI SEGI GRAFOLOGIS, SINTAKSIS, DAN PSIKOLINGUISTIK SERTA IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA

The high frequency use of phone- cell and short message service has produced various forms of new words. These words create such variation of language that needs to be interpreted. This is so because the results of abbreviations tend to go beyond grafology, syntax, and may produce psycholinguistic impacts. The fact that the creativity of the language users are very expressive and subjective it frequently breaks the linguistic aspects. These inappropriate words which is caused by irregular abbreviation seems so serious that writing instruction of Indonesian at school must be reconsidered. The phenomenon suggests that one can easily find students’ writing which are not understood, there have been so many illogical sentences, and ineffective language. Therefore, school teachers have to work hard to rearrange students’ activity so that their writing skills may achieve the appropriate level based on the patterns of effective sentences. Copyright © 2013 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved DOI: 10.15548/jt.v20i3.45

Reactivating EFL Learners' Word Knowledge by Means of Two Techniques: Flashcards versus Wordlists

This article best described learning vocabulary as an initial step to learn any foreign language. The authors showed an attempt to explore the effectiveness and nature of vocabulary acquisition through two techniques in English called picture flashcards and wordlists. The pedagogy discussed involved as a combination of two techniques concerned showing the efficacy of using these techniques i.e., picture flashcards versus wordlists in EFL classes on students’ English vocabulary learning with a quasi-experimental research design participating thirty six students studying in an English institute in north western of Iran. The subjects were instructed to try to learn new words through two precise vocabulary techniques. Their gains in the knowledge of 60 potentially words were then measured. The authors presented a straightforward procedure to scrutinize the efficacy of teaching vocabulary throughout flashcards and wordlists. The results denoted that, using flashcard as a vocabulary learning tool was much more helpful than wordlist. Meanwhile, the results revealed that picture flashcards looked as if to be very supportive tools than wordlists in presenting forms of new words, since they draw learners’ awareness.

The Poetics of Foregrounding: The Lexical Deviation in Ulysses

In Ulysses, there is a whole repertoire of linguistic inventiveness, creativity and play in the form of new words and odd constructions, which calls for our close reading. Lexical Inventiveness, as I argue, best characterizes Joyce’s lexical revolution in which both creativity and playfulness of language are fully stressed. To have a better understanding of them, this chapter is to investigate special conversions, unusual compounds and comic word-play by means of classification and comparison. Our studies show: (1) Joyce’s defamiliarized lexis is more motivated than arbitrary as he made the best use of the accepted lexical resources; (2) As for various word formations, we find that Joyce’s verb conversion follows fairly well the word-formation rules, his compounds deviate a lot from the rules and his jumbled compounds are, in its true sense, what Bakhtin calls “linguistic carnivalization”; (3) Semantically, neologisms, though fleeting, are terse, lively, exciting, expressive, and above all true to life. (4) Perfect truth was perfect language.” (French, 1982). The point with his linguistic inventiveness is to make full use of the visual and auditory textures of words, including their musical nature, and to increase the expressive power of literary language, and thus to achieve the special artistic effects of “defamiliarization” by increasing the difficulty of reading and lengthening their time of perception, and it is in grappling with linguistic deviation, creativity and indeterminateness that lies much of the pleasure of reading Ulysses. So Joyce’s linguistic inventiveness is part of his artistic ingenuity in fiction and calls for further studies.

‘On alterations in the form of speech and on the formation of new words and expressions in madness’ by L. Snell (1852)

This Classic Text is a translation of an 1852 paper on neologisms and other disorders of language in the insane by Ludwig Snell (1817—92). It illustrates the impact on descriptive psychopathology caused by the early nineteenth-century view that language shaped thought and culture. Developed by Herder, Humboldt and others, this view was to govern the way in which disorders of language were to be studied in psychiatry until well into the twentieth century. After World War II, the so-called ‘cognitive revolution’ returned to the view that thought was more important than language. This encouraged psychiatrists to neglect the study of psychotic neologisms per se and consider ‘thought disorder’ as a primary abnormality in schizophrenia.