Mineral Formation Research Articles

Phase transformation of schwertmannite changes microbial iron and sulfate-reducing processes in flooded paddy soil and decreases arsenic accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is known to accumulate inorganic arsenic (iAs) and dimethylarsenate (DMA) in its grains, which threatens both human health and rice yield. Although schwertmannite, a metastable Fe (Ⅲ)-oxyhydroxysulfate mineral with extremely high adsorption capacity for iAs, has been proposed to remediate paddy soil to decrease As accumulation in rice, it remains unclear whether the phase transformation of schwertmannite would occur in flooded paddy soil and how its phase transformation changes the soil microbial processes that impact the accumulation of iAs and DMA in grains. Here, we found that amending As-contaminated paddy soil with 0.5%–1% (w/w) schwertmannite decreased the accumulation of iAs and DMA in grains by 37.41%–43.29% and 50.60%–73.89%, respectively, even though schwertmannite has transformed to goethite and secondary FeS was formed in both rhizosphere and bulk soils. The phase transformation of schwertmannite released a considerable amount of SO42− into porewater, thereby increasing the abundances of both sulfate-reducing bacteria and the dsrB gene but decreasing the abundance of iron-reducing bacteria. This result suggested that schwertmannite phase transformation has promoted sulfate-reducing process and weakened iron-reducing process in flooded soil. Such promoted sulfate-reducing process and weakened iron-reducing process in paddy soil can decrease the reductive dissolution of As-bearing (oxyhydr)oxides, increase the formation of secondary FeS mineral for decreasing porewater As concentration, and strengthen the role of Fe plaque as a barrier for As absorption by rice. Additionally, the application of schwertmannite has decreased the abundance of arsM gene and weakened As methylation process in soil. Therefore, the effective decrease of iAs and DMA accumulation in rice grains by schwertmannite can not only be ascribed to the adsorption capacity of schwertmannite for As and the adsorption or incorporation of As by transformation products, but also contributed by the promoted sulfate-reducing process and the weakened iron-reducing process in flooded paddy soil.

Characterization and acid leaching beneficiation studies of Anka (Zamfara State, Nigeria) copper ore deposit

The chemical and mineralogical characterization of the Anka copper was examined and its susceptibility to H2SO4 acid leaching was assessed. A crude sample of the ore, weighing 5 kg, was sourced from the mines, communiated, homogenized, and characterised the crude sample. A 100 g fraction of the crushed sample was subjected to fractional sieve analysis and each sieve retained was chemically analysed. The leaching process was carried out on 100 g of -125+90 µm sieve size fraction using H2SO4 acid and the resulting product was chemically analyzed. The characterization result reveals 42.271% CuO using the energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer and the x-ray diffractometer shows that the ore is mainly composed of Cu-carbonate hydroxide in the form of malachite mineral. The scanning electron microscope micrograph suggests that the ore contains dispersed grains of sodium aluminium silicate and copper carbonate hydroxide in a silica-dominated matrix. The ore's liberation size was determined to be at the sieve size of -125+90 μm. Finally, the ore was discovered to be responsive to the H2SO4 acid leaching operation, leading to an enrichment of the feed from 42.27% Cu to a pregnant solution of 52.51% Cu and the residue from the leaching was analyzed to be 4.69% Cu.

Stabilization effect of nano-SiO2@iron-phosphorus on ferrallisols, calcareous soil and organic soil heavily polluted by heavy metals: A fast reaction curing stabilization process

The remediation of soil pollution by heavy metals (HMs) presents a significant challenge in environmental restoration. Stabilization remediation technology has proven effective in treating HMs contaminated soil. However, its development is constrained by drawbacks such as slow reaction kinetics and low adsorption capacity. This research synthesized a nano-SiO2@iron‑phosphorus (FPOH) material by SiO32− encapsulating the iron-phosphate precipitate obtained from Fe ion and phosphate. In addition, this research applied this material to ferrallisols, calcareous soils and organic soils with three different levels of high pollution by Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. The experimental results indicate that all experimental soils stabilized rapidly within 1 day and met the requirements of remediation engineering standards (ChinaMEE HJ 1282-2023). Analysis of the possible mechanisms suggests that the FPOH material effectively fills voids with phosphate mineral formation, preventing the secondary release of HMs. During the stabilization process, FPOH involves the adsorption of free ions and small organic molecules in the soil, which does not affect its high reactivity. The development and utilization of FPOH offer valuable insights for soil stabilization remediation.

Chemical aging of biochar-zero-valent iron composites in groundwater: Impact on Cd(II) and Cr(VI) co-removal

Biochar (BC), zero-valent iron (ZVI), and their composites are promising materials for use in permeable reactive barriers, although further research is needed to understand how their properties change during long-term aging in groundwater. In this study, BC, ZVI and their composites (4BC-1ZVI) were subjected to the chemical aging tests in five media (deionized water, NaCl, NaHCO3, CaCl2 and a mixture of CaCl2 and NaHCO3 solutions) for 20 days. After treatment, the microscopic analysis and performance tests for the co-removal of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) were carried out. The results indicated that the removal of Cd(II) by aged 4BC-1ZVI followed a pseudo-second-order model, whereas the removal of Cr(VI) was better fitted with a pseudo-first order model. The aging mechanism of 4BC-1ZVI was primarily governed by iron corrosion/passivation, the reduction of soluble components, and the formation of carbonate minerals. Less Fe3O4/ γ-Fe2O3 was formed during aging in deionized water, NaCl and CaCl2 solutions. The corrosion products, Fe3O4/ γ-Fe2O3, FeCO3 and α/γ-FeOOH, were observed after aging in NaHCO3 and a mixture of NaHCO3 and CaCl2 solutions. The decrease in the soluble components of biochar led to a decrease in cation exchange, while carbonate minerals contributed to Cd(II) precipitation. This work provides insights into the aging processes of BC-ZVI composites for long-term groundwater remediation applications.

Modulation of osteoblastogenesis by NRF2: NRF2 activation suppresses osteogenic differentiation and enhances mineralization in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.

Mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) or skeletal stem cells (SSCs) play a major role in tissue repair due to their robust ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Complex cell signaling cascades tightly regulate this differentiation. In osteogenic differentiation, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and ALP activity are essential. Furthermore, during the latter stages of osteogenic differentiation, mineral formation mediated by the osteoblast occurs with the secretion of a collagenous extracellular matrix and calcium deposition. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), an important transcription factor against oxidative stress, inhibits osteogenic differentiation and mineralization via modulation of RUNX2 function; however, the exact role of NRF2 in osteoblastogenesis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that NRF2 activation in human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (HBMSCs) suppressed osteogenic differentiation. NRF2 activation increased the expression of STRO-1 and KITLG (stem cell markers), indicating NRF2 protects HBMSCs stemness against osteogenic differentiation. In contrast, NRF2 activation enhanced mineralization, which is typically linked to osteogenic differentiation. We determined that these divergent results were due in part to the modulation of cellular calcium flux genes by NRF2 activation. The current findings demonstrate a dual role for NRF2 as a HBMSC maintenance factor as well as a central factor in mineralization, with implications therein for elucidation of bone formation and cellular Ca2+ kinetics, dystrophic calcification and, potentially, application in the modulation of bone formation.

Mining corruption, environmental damage, and the increasing unauthorized properties of state officials

Indonesia is blessed with natural resources in the form of minerals and coal. Their use must be directed towards the greatest welfare and prosperity of the people based on the 1945 Constitution. However, what is currently happening is the opposite. the Attorney General revealed case of alleged corruption in the trading system of tin commodities in the Bangka Belitung region. The suspects include businessmen, directors, crazy rich Indonesians, and artists who are now increasingly attracting public attention. The total state losses were equivalent to $16,667 billion USD. This research used a sociological legal research model. The research object was the legal behavior in the reality of society. It was found that to formulate appropriate law enforcement for mining corruption, Friedman’s legal system theory approach was used. This theory includes legal structures, with good synergy from each law enforcement institution. Concerning the legal substance, apart from using the Corruption Crime Law, perpetrators also need to be impoverished by regulating the crime of money laundering. In terms of legal culture, state officials should uphold ethics and integrity to achieve good governance. Meanwhile, restoration of environmental damage resulting from mining activities can begin with future environmental policies that are directed towards ensuring the safety and health of the human life as well as controlling the wise use of natural resources. The integration of environmental law and Islam can be carried out using a prophetic ethical approach. The prophetic paradigm interprets nature as something sacred as humans only borrow it and manage.

The characteristics of S-wave velocity and mineralization of the “Double Domes” structure in the eastern Tethys Himalaya

The Tethys Himalayan belt in the southern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has been intruded by a large amount of leucogranite due to collisional orogeny. In addition, strong tectonic movements since the Cenozoic era have led to the formation of a series of dome structures accompanied by various types of mineralization. The Cuonadong Dome and Yalaxiangbo Dome, forming the “double dome” structure in the eastern part of the Tethys Himalayan Belt, are affected by different geological processes, resulting in differences in their deep structures and affecting the formation of polymetallic minerals. At present, geophysical research on the fine structure of the crust of the “double dome” structure is limited, making it difficult to fully understand the formation of different deep structures in the Tethys Himalayan dome belt. This hinders the progress of research on the genesis of dome structures and large-scale mineralization mechanisms in continental collisional environments. In this study, the ambient noise tomographic method was used to obtain the S-wave velocity structure of the upper crust of the Cuonadong Dome and the Yalaxiangbo Dome, and the following results were found: 1. there is a significant difference in the velocity structures of the two domes, with the core velocity structure of the Yalaxiangbo Dome showing an overall high velocity, extending downward for more than 9 km, while the core of the Cuonadong Dome exhibits low-velocity characteristics, with some high-velocity bodies occurring locally, which may be related to the later intrusion of leucogranite and extensional activity of the Cuona Rift. 2. There are significant differences in the S-wave velocities between the lead–zinc deposits and rare metal deposits in the study area; the lead–zinc deposits occur in basins and graben margins and have large variations in the S-wave velocity, which may be related to the involvement of basin brine in mineralization; below the tungsten–tin–beryllium deposits, the S-wave velocity exhibits high-velocity protrusions, with mineralization occurring at the front ends of the protrusions, which may be caused by crystallization differentiation of leucogranite. 3. The study area has abundant geothermal resources and obvious geothermal structural features. The low-velocity basin in the upper part of the upper crust is a heat storage layer, the low-velocity channel in the middle is a heat-conducting layer, and the lower part is a low-velocity heat source area that continuously supplies heat, forming a special geothermal structural model for the Cuonadong Dome and Yalaxiangbo Dome.

Petrogenesis of Eocene A-Type Granite Associated with the Yingpanshan–Damanbie Regolith-Hosted Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Element Deposit in the Tengchong Block, Southwest China

The ion-adsorption-type rare earth element (iREE) deposits dominantly supply global resources of the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), which have a critical role in a variety of advanced technological applications. The initial enrichment of REEs in the parent granites controls the formation of iREE deposits. Many Mesozoic and Cenozoic granites are associated with iREE mineralization in the Tengchong block, Southwest China. However, it is unclear how vital the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of these granites are to the formation of iREE mineralization. We conducted geochronology, geochemistry, and Hf isotope analyses of the Yingpanshan–Damanbie granitoids associated with the iREE deposit in the Tengchong block with the aims to discuss their petrogenesis and illustrate the process of the initial REE enrichment in the granites. The results showed that the Yingpanshan–Damanbie pluton consists of syenogranite and monzogranite, containing REE-bearing accessory minerals such as monazite, xenotime, apatite, zircon, allanite, and titanite, with a high REE concentration (210–626 ppm, mean value is 402 ppm). The parent granites have Zr + Nb + Ce + Y (333–747 ppm) contents and a high FeOT/MgO ratio (5.89–11.4), and are enriched in Th (mean value of 43.6 ppm), U (mean value of 4.57 ppm), Zr (mean value of 305 ppm), Hf (mean value of 7.94 ppm), Rb (mean value of 198 ppm), K (mean value of 48,902 ppm), and have depletions of Sr (mean value of 188 ppm), Ba (mean value of 699 ppm), P (mean value of 586 ppm), Ti (mean value of 2757 ppm). The granites plot in the A-type area in FeOT/MgO vs. Zr + Nb + Ce + Y and Zr vs. 10,000 Ga/Al diagrams, suggesting that they are A2-type granites. These granites are believed to have formed through the partial melting of amphibolites at a post-collisional extension setting when the Tethys Ocean closed. REE-bearing minerals (e.g., apatite, titanite, allanite, and fluorite) and rock-forming minerals (e.g., potassium feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite) supply rare earth elements in weathering regolith for the Yingpanshan–Damanbie iREE deposit.

Comprehensive research of the distribution of tellurium-bismuth mineralization in the ores of the Abyz and Maleevskoe sulfide deposits (Republic of Kazakhstan)

Abstract. Within the formations of ensimatic and ensialic island arcs in the territory of Central and Northern Kazakhstan, there are more than thirty pyrite deposits enriched in copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver and rare metal mineralization, which is still insufficiently studied. Relevance. The need to replenish information on tellurium-bismuth mineralization in ores of sulfide deposits formed in ensimatic (Abyz deposit) and ensialic (Maleevskoe deposit) island-arc systems, to establish a spatial connection of this type of mineralization with geodynamic conditions and predict the potential for their associated extraction from ore. Aim. To study and compare morphological characteristics, distribution patterns and conditions for the formation of tellurium-bismuth mineralization in ores of pyrite deposits formed in different island-arc geodynamic settings. Methods. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, mineragraphic and mineralogical analyses, scanning electron microscopy in combination with X-ray spectral microanalysis, Raman spectroscopy, thermobarogeochemical studies. Results. A comparison of the pyrite deposits of the Rudno-Altai and Chingiz-Tarbagatai island arc systems showed many similarities and differences between them. The deposits have a multi-stage formation and a similar mechanism of ore deposition with similar physicochemical conditions for the formation of tellurium-bismuth mineralization. A spatial relationship between Te-Bi mineralization and geodynamic settings was established: for deposits associated with paleooceanic structures, a predominance of the tellurium element is observed, and for continental rifts, a predominance of the bismuth element.

Effect of secondary processes on the petrophysical properties of sand rock of the tanopchin formation of the Tambey field (Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrug)

Relevance. Finding the correlation between filtration-capacitive properties and secondary processes helps to identify missed oil and gas deposits. Traditional methods of processing geophysical information are becoming less and less effective, and accordingly there is a need to introduce new techniques for detecting missed hydrocarbon deposits. Aim. To study the effect of secondary processes on the filtration and reservoir properties of rocks in the productive lower strata of the tanopchin formation of the North Tambey license area, located within the Tambey field, using materials from geophysical surveys of wells and core data. Methods. The statistical-correlation interpretation method represents a significant breakthrough in the field of interpretation of well logging data. It allows for a more accurate interpretation of data from existing reservoir studies, which makes it possible to identify productive sections of wells where hydrocarbons could not be detected by traditional methods. Statistical correlation interpretation is carried out on the basis of data from secondary geochemical processes occurring in the formation. The scientific novelty. Identification of the relationship between the intensity of secondary processes and the petrophysical properties of the rocks of the Lower Cretaceous productive horizon of the Tambey field (Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrug). Results and conclusions. The author has determined the dependence of the filtration-capacitive properties of rocks on the intensity of secondary geochemical processes. It was established that secondary geochemical processes such as carbonatization and pyritization worsen reservoir properties, while kaolinization and pelitization lead to an improvement in the filtration and reservoir properties of reservoir rocks. The paper explains the mechanism of effect of secondary processes on filtration-capacitive properties. Pelitization of potassium feldspars leads to the formation of three-layer clay minerals, which have the largest sorption surface area and cation exchange capacity; as a result, the reservoir capacity increases, which leads to an increase in permeability several times.

Formation of high-silica adakites and their relationship with slab break-off: Implications for generating fertile Cu-Au-Mo porphyry systems

In recent years, the characteristics and sources of fertile adakites has received considerable attention. As well, most recently the geodynamic environment of convergent margins subducting oceanic crust aiding arc formation, evolving to slab rollback, then slab break-off after collision (i.e. late- to post-collisional slab failure (arc-like magmatism) and transpression) has gained more recognition, although their relationship to each other has yet to be explored. The geochemical characteristics imply that adakites/adakite-like, in particular high-silica adakites (HSA), can form by partial melting of subducting hydrothermally altered oceanic crust in convergent plate boundary settings during the terminal stages of subduction, lithosphere thickening, and then failure (all late to post collisional), while the melting of the mantle wedge during subduction-related dehydration creates more typical calc-alkaline basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite series (ADR) to form intraoceanic island arc to intracontinental margin arc systems, before the collisional stage. HSAs are characterized by high-silica (SiO2 > 67 wt.%), Al2O3 > 15 wt.%, Sr > 300 ppm, Y<20 ppm, Yb < 1.8 ppm, and Nb ≤ 10 ppm, and MgO < 3 wt.%, with high Sr/Y (>50), and La/Yb (>10). Some specific geochemical features, such as high Mg# (ave 0.51), Ni (ave 924 ppm), and Cr (ave 36 ppm), in HSAs are typical, in contrast to calc-alkaline arcs, although both groups display similar but less pronounced negative anomalies of Nb, Ta, and Ti in primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram profiles. These unique geochemical features are likely ascribed to the involvement of garnet, hornblende, and titanite either during partial melting of hydrous MORB-like oceanic crust with only minor assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) within the mantle and crustal during ascent in a transpressional collisional environment. Hypotheses for origin of HSA derivative from melting in convergent margins from young, hot oceanic plates subducting into the mantle is applicable to only some adakitic systems. The difference in geochemical characteristics of adakites compared to ADR, such as relative higher MgO, Cr, Cu, and Ni, are due to their slab source, as well as interaction of the slab-derived adakitic melts with overlying hot lithospheric mantle; altered oceanic slabs are also relatively rich in siderophile and other chalcophile elements, as well as sulfates and sulfides. HSA magmas related to slab failure have special geochemical properties, such as Sr/Y > 20, Nb/Y > 0.4, Ta/Yb > 0.3, La/Yb > 10, Gd/Yb > 2, and Sm/Yb > 2.5. Slightly higher Nb + Ta is due to high T melting of rutile. Varieties of Nb/Ta compared to silica are also significant in HSA as a result of slab failure (roll back to break-off). High T-P partial melting of the hydrothermally altered oceanic slab produces HSA with quite high activities of H2O, SO2, HCl, with chalcophile metals that remain incompatible at higher fO2 (low fH2); these situations happen in late- to post-collisional settings where the subducting oceanic crust experienced slab failure, resulting in advective heat addition to the system from upwelling asthenosphere. In such a slab failure setting, transpression and transtension play a significant role in the rapid emplacement of a high amount of fertile adakitic magmas through the subduction-modified lithosphere and crust into the upper crust. When oxidized slab melts interact with the subduction-modified lithospheric mantle, the resulting magmas stay oxidized, potentially contributing to the special conditions conducive to formation of porphyry Cu-Au mineralization.

Deformation and fluid flow history of a fractured basement hydrocarbon reservoir below the Sab'atayn Basin, Habban Field, Yemen

Fractured crystalline basement reservoirs are of increasing economic interest for oil and gas exploration and subsurface fluid storage. The successful characterization of these reservoirs is commonly challenged by their structural heterogeneity, complexity in fracture distribution and flow properties at multiple scales, and the difficulty of imaging fractures in exploration seismic. We analyzed the fracture geometry and fracture diagenetic attributes in two oriented cores from the Habban Field in the Late Jurassic Sab'atayn Basin (Yemen) to evaluate the multi-phase deformation history and fracture flow pathway evolution for (hydrothermal) fluids and hydrocarbons. Analyses included petrographic and fluid inclusion analysis of fracture-filling cements, and stable sulfur isotope analyses of fracture-filling pyrite.The Paleoproterozoic basement consists of amphibolite-facies metamorphic ortho- and paragneiss cut by several phases of Neoproterozoic granitoid intrusions. The investigated lithologies in the drill cores comprise (1) epidote quartzite, (2) amphibolite, (3) monzogranite, (4) meta-arkose, and (5) quartz-feldspar porphyry. These lithologies show an inhomogeneous fracture network that is partially cemented. Ediacaran brittle-ductile deformation (D1) recognized only within a Pan-African monzogranite lead to cataclasis and porosity generating alteration. Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous extension (D2) related to the break-up of Gondwanaland and the formation of the Sab'atayn Basin is found in all lithologies and likely resulted in pervasive quartz cementation. Late Jurassic fractures parallel to the NW-SE trending long axis of the Sab'atayn Basin are best recognized in a strongly foliated amphibolites. Cenozoic extensional fracturing (D3) reactivated older structures, which probably formed during activity of the Neoproterozoic Najd Fault System and caused multi-phased (pyrite-(saddle) dolomite-calcite) fracture cementations. The sulfur isotope compositions of pyrite with δ34S values ranging between −17.4 and + 26.4‰ vs. V-CDT reflects the variability of the fluid source during sulphide mineral formation from hydrocarbon-rich hydrothermal solutions. Fluid inclusions indicate that cementation reactions occurred in a relatively narrow temperature field between 120 °C and 140 °C, ideal for hydrocarbon maturation. Our results demonstrate the potentially complex charge history of basement reservoirs, involving multiple phases of fracture formation and cementation, and fluid charge episodes.

Crystallographic plane-induced selective mineralization of nanohydroxyapatite on fibrous-grained titanium promotes osteointegration and biocorrosion resistance

The (002) crystallographic plane-oriented hydroxyapatite (HA) and anatase TiO2 enable favorable hydrophilicity, osteogenesis, and biocorrosion resistance. Thus, the crystallographic plane control in HA coating and crystalline phase control in TiO2 is vital to affect the surface and interface bioactivity and biocorrosion resistance of titanium (Ti) implants. However, a corresponding facile and efficient fabrication method is absent to realize the HA(002) mineralization and anatase TiO2 formation on Ti. Herein, we utilized the predominant Ti(0002) plane of the fibrous-grained titanium (FG Ti) to naturally form anatase TiO2 and further achieve a (002) basal plane oriented nanoHA (nHA) film through an in situ mild hydrothermal growth strategy. The formed FG Ti-nHA(002) remarkably improved hydrophilicity, mineralization, and biocorrosion resistance. Moreover, the nHA(002) film reserved the microgroove-like topological structure on FG Ti. It could enhance osteogenic differentiation through promoted contact guidance, showing one order of magnitude higher expression of osteogenic-related genes. On the other hand, the nHA(002) film restrained the osteoclast activity by blocking actin ring formation. Based on these capacities, FG Ti-nHA(002) improved new bone growth and binding strength in rabbit femur implantation, achieving satisfactory osseointegration within 2 weeks.

Kinetics of hydrogen isotope exchange in kaolinite and the prediction of δD signature retention over geological time

Retention of the pristine hydrogen isotope composition (expressed as δD) formed during mineral formation in equilibrium with water is the basis for any paleoenvironmental reconstructions and for tracing mineral reactions using hydrogen (or H and O) isotope composition in kaolinite. Not only do post-formation reactions cause partial equilibration with ambient water, altering the pristine signature, but also result in the decoupling of H and O diffusion.In this study, kaolinite samples of different structural order (expressed, for example, as the Hinckley Index) were tested for their susceptibility to H isotope exchange under D2O vapor in an open system. The H isotope exchange was detected by recording the kaolinite’s structural OH and OD stretching mode using infrared spectroscopy. A number of different in-situ and ex-situ testing protocols under diverse temperature ranges (90 °C, 125–275 °C, 300–700 °C), show consistent kinetics and mechanism. In each kaolinite sample, the H isotope exchange rate increases with temperature; however, the major control on the reaction rate is the kaolinite crystallite’s structural order, not the particle (agglomerated crystallites) size. The hydrogen isotope composition in kaolinite can be altered independently of oxygen atoms, likely via proton hopping mechanism through structural defects. The H isotope exchange reaction under vapour shows a two-mode kinetics: the time-to-the-quarter (TTTQ; t1/4) dependence dominates in the first part of the reaction or in low-temperature reactions, transitioning to the log10t (Elovich) relationship and with lower activation energy, in advanced stages and in higher temperatures. Extrapolating the TTTQ model to temperatures < 90 °C allows estimating the rate of H isotope exchange between water vapor and kaolinite. The paper presents the prediction of preservation of pristine δD signature and thus reliability of using isotope data in kaolinites of different origins and structural order when exposed to pore water / water vapor over geological timescales.

Influence of titanium carbide particles on the characteristics of microarc oxidation layer on Ti6Al4V alloy

The Microarc Oxidation (MAO) layer on titanium alloy was mainly composed of TiO2, and there were some defects, such as holes and cracks, which made the performance of the MAO layer not ideal. To enhance the properties of the MAO layer, titanium carbide (TiC) particles were added to the electrolyte of a phosphate–silicate system as an additive. Consequently, the MAO layers containing the TiC phase on Ti6Al4V alloy were produced. The MAO process, composition, microstructure, and hardness of the MAO layer were comprehensively analyzed. Their frictional performance was assessed under reciprocating friction conditions without lubrication. The findings suggested that added TiC particles in the electrolyte played a significant role in creating the MAO layer, enhancing its thickness. The electrolyte without TiC particles produced an MAO layer primarily composed of TiO2 in two different mineral forms (rutile and anatase). Adding TiC particles resulted in the presence of TiC within the MAO layer, thereby facilitating the formation of a reinforced oxide layer. This addition also led to an improvement in the densification of the layer and a reduction in porosity. Notably, corrosion resistance testing indicated that incorporating 6 g l−1 TiC into the electrolyte resulted in superior performance compared with that obtained from the base electrolyte alone by achieving 1.4 times higher corrosion resistance. Moreover, a hardness value of 690 HV for the MAO layer was attained at a content level of 9 g l−1 TiC, demonstrating a significant 65% enhancement compared to the base oxide layer. This finding also demonstrated significantly enhanced friction property with a wear-volume reduction to 0.81 mm3. The findings on the relationship between the preparation of the MAO layer and its structure and properties can provide valuable guidance for designing and preparing the MAO layer.

Enhancement of copper mobilization using acidic AlCl3 − rich lixiviant

Copper (Cu) extraction from low-grade ores is limited by the formation of secondary minerals that can passivate the surfaces of Cu-sulphide minerals in these ores. Hence, a novel approach utilizing AlCl3 as a lixiviant was developed to modify coupled dissolution-reprecipitation processes at the mineral interface. The formation of Al-rich phases instead of Fe-hydroxysulphates enhanced Cu extraction through combined ferric-iron and proton-promoted dissolution. AlCl3 accelerated chalcopyrite and bornite dissolution by forming soluble intermediate Cu-phases (e.g., covellite) at consistently high Eh (550–650 mV) and acidity due to the Lewis acid property of AlCl3. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that Na-bearing jarosite [(K0.61Na0.41)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)] and sideronatrite [Na2Fe(SO4)2(OH)(H2O)] formation in lixiviants without AlCl3 decreased Fe3+(aq) availability for Cu-sulphide minerals dissolution. In contrast, significant amounts of AlSO4+(aq) formed in the AlCl3-rich lixiviant at pH 1–3, which reduced the sulphate activity and decreased the saturation state of the Fe-hydroxysulphates. Further, AlCl3 promoted the formation of amorphous, porous Al-rich phases, facilitating quick Fe diffusion through the passivating layer and improving Cu recovery compared to lixiviants containing CaCl2, NaCl, or acid-only.

Surface morphologic changes and mineral transformation mechanisms after CO2-brine-rock reaction in organic matter-rich ferroan shale

Sequestrating CO2 in shale reservoirs can not only reduce CO2 emission, and enhance oil and gas recovery. Nevertheless, shale reservoirs were normally formed in reducing environments, and are abundant in Fe2+ and organic matter. Fe2+ influence the dissolution and precipitation behavior of minerals within the reservoir. Simultaneously, organic matter occupies the pore spaces within the reservoir, thereby affecting the reservoir physical properties. The CO2-brine-rock reaction experiment was carried out using organic matter-rich ferroan shale in this study. The changes in surface morphology of minerals and organic matter utilizing X-ray Diffraction localization monitoring techniques. Based on the TOUGHREACT, a quantitative analysis was conducted on the dissolution and precipitation of individual components. The results suggest that the carbonates preferentially dissolved at the early stage, resulting in a rougher surface morphology andthe formation ofcracks. During the early stage, ankerite transformed into pyrite and chlorite. As the reaction progresses, an elevation in the solution’s acidity facilitates converts chlorite to pyrite and kaolinite. After the dissolution of dolomite, calcite is the primary secondary mineral. The formation of clay minerals consumes Mg2+, resulting in minimal magnesite. The dissolution of feldspar was weaker than carbonate minerals. Dissolution of plagioclase results in the formation of dawsonite in solution. The dissolution of K-feldspar induces the transformation of smectite to illite. In addition, as the reaction solution acid escalated, the soluble mineral components in the large-particle polymer dissolved and dispersed into small-particle organic matter. The small-particle organic matter absorbs secondary minerals generated to form a cake-like polymer.

ROLE OF NATURAL RESOURCE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: PERSPECTIVE ON FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

It's a basic element of economic development that natural resources can provide or sustain, while humans first make great use of them in the form of energy, minerals and farm produce. They are also crucial during the process of development. Proper management of natural resources is a factor that affects both how well an economy can be built and this least conjunct of necessary conditions for its long-term stability. Well-managed finances require not only planning but also mechanisms to ensure that these resources are employed effectively and efficiently. From the standpoint of financial management, the management of natural resources includes the accurate calculation of the value of resources, long-term benefit analysis as well as management of risk in Azerbaijan. Investment in resources should take account not only of economic growth but also total environmental impact. And it is important to all a fair share of the income from natural resources for society as a whole whilst maximizing their contribution to the economy as far as is feasible. Therefore, since effective financial management of natural resources is the foundation of sustainable economic development, this process requires developed comprehensive strategies and management practices in Azerbaijan.

Inositol Hexaphosphate in Bone Health and Disease.

Dietary phytic acid/phytate/myo-inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), a phosphate reservoir in plants, was viewed as antinutrient, caused by an influence on the bioavailability of minerals through its chelating activity. However, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that IP6 has beneficial (e.g., antiinflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer) effects on multiple biological processes. Also, IP6 and its metabolites are known to exist in mammalian cells, including human cells, and the role of IP6 as a functional molecule is attracting attention. IP6 can bind to the growth sites of hydroxy-apatite (HA) and calcium oxalate crystals to prevent their growth and hence inhibit pathological calcification. SNF472, hexasodium IP6, is currently being evaluated in clinical studies as a treatment for vascular calcification and calciphylaxis. However, since HA crystal growth within bone matrix is an essential process in bone formation, it is possible that IP6 intake may inhibit physiological mineralization and bone formation, although currently more published studies suggest that IP6 may contribute to bone health rather than inhibit bone formation. Given that IP6 and its metabolites are thought to have diverse activities and many health benefits, it remains important to consider the range of effects of IP6 on bone.

Synergistic removal of bio-recalcitrant organic compounds and nitrate: Coupling photocatalysis and biodegradation to enhance the bioavailability of electron donors

Nitrate pollution poses significant threats to both aquatic ecosystems and human well-being, particularly due to eutrophication and increased risks of methemoglobinemia. Conventional treatment for nitrate-contaminated wastewater face challenges stemming from limited availability of carbon sources and the adverse impacts of toxins on denitrification processes. This study introduces an innovative Intimately Coupled Photocatalysis and Biodegradation (ICPB) system, which utilizes Ag3PO4/Bi4Ti3O12, denitrifying sludge, and polyurethane sponge within an anoxic environment. This system demonstrates remarkable efficacy in simultaneously removing bio-recalcitrant organic compounds (such as sulfamethoxazole) and nitrates, surpassing standalone treatment methods. Optimally, the ICPB achieves complete removal of sulfamethoxazole, along with 87.7 % removal of DOC, and 81.8 % reduction in nitrate levels. Its ability to sustain pollutant removal and biological activity over multiple cycles can be attributed to the special formation of biofilm and mineralization of sulfamethoxazole, minimizing both photocatalytic damage and toxic inhibitory effects on microbes. The dominant microbial genera of ICPB system included Castellaniella, Acidovorax, Raoultella, Giesbergeria, and Alicycliphilus. Additionally, the study sheds light on a potential mechanism for the concurrent treatment of recalcitrant organics and nitrates by the ICPB system, presenting a novel and highly effective approach for addressing biologically resistant wastewater.