Formation Of Intermetallic Phases Research Articles

Investigation of the Compound Strength of Hybrid Casting Components with Different Variations of Coated and Undercut Sheet Metal

AbstractLightweight design can reduce CO2 emissions and improve energy efficiency, especially in the fuel-intensive transportation sector. Multi-material design approaches can combine specific properties of materials for effective lightweight design. A multi-material component made from two metals used widely in industry could combine the exceptionally lightweight properties of aluminum with the strength and structural integrity of steel. However, joining aluminum and steel is a challenge due to their different thermo-physical properties and the possible formation of brittle intermetallic phases. In hybrid casting, aluminum is cast around a steel sheet insert in a high-pressure die casting process to produce complex parts. In a first approach, a cold gas sprayed aluminum coating on the insert was tested as a bonding agent between the steel substrate and the molten aluminum. The joint was achieved by a combination of metallurgical bonding and micro-clamping. As a second option, surface structures with undercuts were applied to the steel sheet by modified cold rolling, which allowed the molten aluminum to flow into the channels and interlock with the solid steel. Different orientations of the structure on the insert were tested. In addition, the combination of both approaches was used to potentially enhance the positive effect of the pretreatment techniques. Given the critical importance of joint strength, the quality of these approaches was tested by static tensile tests and dynamic fatigue tests. The results show that the joint by coatings is strongly influenced by the process temperature. The improvement of the joint by the surface structure depends on its orientation to the melt flow.

Formation of metastable phases during spark plasma sintering of Fe@Au core–shell particles

ABSTRACT The present work reports the formation of Fe-Au metastable alloys by galvanic replacement, pressureless spark plasma sintering (SPS) and acid treatment. The reaction of partial galvanic replacement between micrometer-sized iron particles and HAuCl4 solution allowed synthesising core–shell Fe@Au particles. When the Fe@Au particles were treated in HCl solution, iron was selectively dissolved and hollow Au particles were formed. Pressureless SPS of the Fe@Au core–shell particles led to the formation of a metastable intermetallic phase, FeAu3, and a supersaturated solid solution, Au(Fe). The latter was resistant to HCl solution; at the same time, the FeAu3 phase decomposed during HCl treatment to form a porous gold structure. This work shows that a combination of galvanic replacement, SPS and acid treatment can be used for the preparation of metastable Fe-Au alloys with different phase compositions and particle morphologies.

Zr as an Alternative Grain Refiner in the Novel AlSi5Cu2Mg Alloy

Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys are among the most significant types of aluminum alloys, accounting for 85–90% of all castings used in the automotive sector. These alloys are used, for example, in the manufacturing of engine blocks and cylinder heads due to their excellent specific strength (ratio of strength to specific weight) and superior castability and thermal conductivity. This study investigated the effect of using Zr as an alternative grain refiner in the novel AlSi5Cu2Mg cylinder head alloy. The microstructure of this alloy could not be refined via common Al-Ti-B grain refiners due to its specifically designed chemical composition, which limits the maximum Ti content to 0.03 wt.%. The results showed that the addition of Zr via the AlZr20 master alloy led to a gradual increase in the solidus temperature and to the grain refinement of the microstructure with the addition of as little as 0.05 wt.% Zr. The addition of more Zr (0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 wt.%) led to a gradual grain refinement effect for the alloy. The presence of Zr in the AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy was reflected in the formation of Zr-rich intermetallic phases with acicular morphology. Such phases acted as potent nucleants for the α-Al grain.

Synthesis of Cobalt Molybdenum Nitrides From Precursors Precipitated at Different pH

AbstractCobalt molybdenum nitrides can be obtained from the oxidic precursor by reaction with gaseous ammonia. Despite the large number of works regarding the catalytical properties of these compounds, there are relatively few reports about the initial transformation from oxide to nitride. In this work, the influence of the precursor structure on the active phase formation and catalytic properties of cobalt molybdenum nitrides is examined. Oxidic precursors were obtained by precipitation at different pH values controlled by the addition of aqueous ammonia. The parameters of the precipitation process affected the composition and properties of the materials. The ammonolysis of NH4Co2OH(MoO4)2 ⋅ H2O was investigated in situ with the use of X‐ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetry. The ammonia synthesis activity of the obtained catalysts was compared to the reference iron catalyst. The formation of the Co3Mo intermetallic phase was suggested as the factor governing high activity.

Revealing intermetallic strengthening in bainitic steel designed for nickel aluminide formation

BainNiAlCu steel was designed to achieve a cementite-free bainitic structure and susceptibility to the formation of intermetallic phases at elevated temperatures. Based on Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) observations, the intermetallic strengthening occurring in the bainitic ferrite matrix was revealed. The B2-ordered phase are rich in Ni, Al, and Cu, which indicates the growth of NiAl/Cu co-precipitates. The intermetallic phase was characterized by a spherical morphology and nanometer size. The micro-segregation of Ni, Al and Cu was observed at the boundaries of cementite particles and the bainitic matrix. The redistribution of atoms during the growth of carbides forms a heterogeneous nickel aluminide nucleation site. Intermetallic strengthening is a promising strategy for controlling the thermal stability of bainitic structures. The results of this research constitute fundamental knowledge regarding the design of ultra-fine, cementite-free bainitic steels subjected to intermetallic strengthening.

Design of heat-treatment and its effect on Ni-rich matrix of a W-Ni-Co alloy

The aim of this investigation is to optimize the heat-treatment for tailoring a suitable microstructure, especially that of the matrix phase in a W-Ni-Co alloy. Different microstructural features that have been focused on are grain size, fine W particles, intermetallics and short-range ordering. 92W-5.3Ni-2.7Co alloy prepared through powder metallurgy route was imparted a cyclic heat-treatment to obtain a microstructure comprising finely distributed tungsten particles in an FCC matrix that envelopes the large tungsten grains. While the fine W particle influences the mechanical behaviour of W-Ni-Co alloys, the grain size of the matrix and short-range ordering are also expected to play a significant role. The effect of different heat-treatments on the microstructure of the matrix was studied using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD). It is observed that increasing the quenching rate diminishes short-range ordering in the matrix. The formation of intermetallic phase at intermediate temperature range (between 800 °Cand 900 °C) and its subsequent dissolution at higher temperature influences the final microstructure of the alloy. In the present study, the effect of the intermetallic phase on the formation of randomly orientated fine equiaxed grains in the matrix has been elucidated.

Structural Evolution of GaOx-Shell and Intermetallic Phases in Ga-Pt Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions.

We present a comprehensive scale-bridging characterization approach for supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) which combines lab-based X-ray microscopy, nano X-ray computed tomography (nano-CT), and correlative analytical transmission electron microscopy. SCALMS catalysts consist of low-melting alloy particles and have demonstrated high catalytic activity, selectivity, and long-term stability in propane dehydrogenation (PDH). We established an identical-location nano-CT workflow which allows us to reveal site-specific changes of Ga-Pt SCALMS before and after PDH. These observations are complemented by analytical transmission electron microscopy investigations providing information on the structure, chemical composition, and phase distribution of individual SCALMS particles. Key findings of this combined microscopic approach include (i) structural evolution of the SCALMS particles' GaOx shell, (ii) Pt segregation toward the oxide shell leading to the formation of Ga-Pt intermetallic phases, and (iii) cracking of the oxide shell accompanied by the release of liquid Ga-Pt toward the porous support.

Die soldering and corrosion failure of high temperature tool steel for high-pressure die casting Al alloy

High-pressure die casting (HPDC) is regularly used to produce aluminum components. The die-casting molds are subjected to severe localized corrosion due to contact with the hot melted aluminum (700 °C) and accelerated by the intense thermal cycling generated by the cooling system. The correct understanding of each failure mode that occurs during the operation of these molds can increase tool life and reduce operational costs. Different components used in aluminum components production were evaluated after completing their useful tool life, and the failure modes were compared with two high-temperature laboratory tests, molten aluminum corrosion and die soldering tests. The primary crack mechanism observed in the HPDC die was heat checking, with a surface reaction of the tool steel with the molten aluminum. PVD coating increases the die's tool life, reducing the reactivity with the molten aluminum, which was observed in both laboratory tests. Die soldering tests represent the die mold behavior in HPDC production, showing a similar intermetallic phase and crack formation. Laboratory corrosion tests showed a more aggressive corrosion behavior than that observed in molds and dies used in HPDC industrial production.

Effect of titanium on the structural, mechanical and surface properties of CoCrFeMnNiTix high entropy alloy fabricated by selective laser melting

In this study, the effect of titanium (Ti) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, wear resistance and corrosion behavior of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) was examined. The selective laser melting (SLM) method was used to produce HEAs without Ti addition (HEA-1) and with Ti additions of 3 and 5 wt% (HEA-2 and HEA-3, respectively). While the HEA-1 sample exhibited a single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, the HEA-2 and HEA-3 samples exhibited intermetallic phase structures (Sigma and Laves) along with FCC. The addition of Ti and the presence of intermetallic phases in the HEA-2 sample revealed an improvement in mechanical properties without reducing the ductility value of the structure. However, in parallel with the increasing Ti ratio, the formation of more brittle intermetallic phases in the microstructure of the HEA-3 alloy caused a significant increase in strength but a decrease in ductility. Microstructural examinations revealed that all alloys had a cellular/dendritic structure and the relative densities of the samples were above 99%. While the ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of the HEA-1 sample was 548 MPa and the UTS of the HEA-3 alloy was 832.1 MPa, elongation values were obtained as 48% and 2%, respectively. HEA-2 sample exhibited more ideal results with an elongation value of approximately 22% and UTS values of 760.8 MPa. It was observed that the addition of Ti significantly increased the wear resistance in sliding conditions due to the increase in the hardness of the alloy. The highest hardness and lowest wear rate were obtained with HEA-3 coded samples. The HEA-1 sample exhibited the best corrosion rate, with higher corrosion potential (Ecorr) and lower corrosion current density (Icorr) values. The highest corrosion rate was observed in the HEA-3 sample.

Unraveling the impact of the substitution of Si by Al on liquid metal embrittlement behavior of 3rd generation AHSS

This study addresses one of the most crucial ongoing discussions concerning the mitigation of Zinc-induced Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) in third-generation Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS). The role of Silicon (Si) and Aluminum (Al), both common alloying elements in AHSS, in triggering LME-induced cracking is thoroughly investigated. Two chemical compositions, 0.2C–3Mn-0.8Si and 0.2C–3Mn–1Al, featuring martensitic microstructures, were selected. Hot tensile tests were conducted in the temperature range of 600–900 °C to simulate the thermomechanical cycle during spot welding.This resulted in a significant reduction in ductility for both Si and Al-alloyed steels in the coated samples compared to the uncoated ones. The loss of ductility was notably more pronounced in Si-alloyed steel than in Al-alloyed steel. These findings were also evident in a specialized LME-triggering spot-welding test, suggesting that Si, as an alloy element in steel, leads to higher LME susceptibility compared to Al. This can be attributed, as indicated by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations and investigations of the Zn–Fe layer, to an increased destabilization and retardation of the protective intermetallic Zn–Fe phases by Si. The insolubility of Si in intermetallic phases and liquid Zn is considered a thermodynamic constraint.In contrast, the theoretically possible full solubility of 1% Al in intermetallic phases as well as in liquid Zn was experimentally demonstrated and supported by thermodynamic simulation. Furthermore, Al, by increasing the Ac3 temperature, results in lower amounts of austenite in the microstructure. It is known that austenite plays a detrimental role in triggering LME. Based on this comprehensive study, it is reasonable to conclude that the formation of intermetallic phases plays a critical role in controlling the contact time between steel and liquid Zn as an embrittling agent, and this is strongly influenced by the Si and Al content of the steel.

Al-Cu intermetallic phase growth in hybrid metal extrusion & bonding welds exposed to isothermal annealing or direct current cycling

Joining of aluminium (Al) to copper (Cu) is of great interest to power generation, transportation and electronic industry. However, dissimilar metal joining often promotes intermetallic phase formation at the joined interface, which in redundancy can cause mechanical degradation and increased electrical resistance. The welding technique hybrid metal extrusion & bonding (HYB) is proven capable of joining dissimilar metals with a total intermetallic phase layer thickness <▪. To test how Al-Cu HYB joints perform as electrical conductors, a 6101 Al alloy HYB-welded to Cu is exposed to heat treatment at ▪ or cycling of direct current density up to ▪. In-depth micro- and nanostructure characterisation by (scanning) transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography are used to describe the structure and chemistry of the formed intermetallic phases.The Al-Cu HYB joints exhibited resilience against intermetallic phase growth during isothermal heat treatment or exposure to electric current. However, a non-symmetry is observed dependent on the current direction, creating voids in Cu near, and in the intermetallic layers when the current goes from Al to Cu. Detailed microstructure characterisation unveils Si and Mg in the intermetallic phase layers. Their origin and role in intermetallic phase growth are discussed.

Design and Selection of High Entropy Alloys for Hardmetal Matrix Applications Using a Coupled Machine Learning and Calculation of Phase Diagrams Methodology

This study aims to utilize a combined machine learning (ML) and CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) methodology to design hardmetal matrix phases for metal‐forming applications that can serve as the basis for carbide reinforcement. The vast compositional space that high entropy alloys (HEAs) occupy offers a promising avenue to satisfy the application design criteria of wear resistance and ductility. To efficiently explore this space, random forest ML models are constructed and trained from publicly available experimental HEA databases to make phase constitution and hardness predictions. Interrogation of the ML models constructed reveals accuracies &gt;78.7% and a mean absolute error of 66.1 HV for phase and hardness predictions respectively. Six promising alloy compositions, extracted from the ML predictions and CALPHAD calculations, are experimentally fabricated and tested. The hardness predictions are found to be systematically under‐ and overpredicted depending on the alloy microstructure. In parallel, the phase classification models are found to lack sensitivity toward additional intermetallic phase formation. Despite the discrepancies identified between ML and experimental results, the fabricated compositions show promise for further experimental evaluation. These discrepancies are believed to be directly associated with the available databases but, importantly, have highlighted several avenues for both ML and database development.

Role of ilmenite particles on high temperature wear behavior and coefficient of friction of LM30 aluminium alloy composites

In this study, experimental approach involves material preparation via stir casting, extensive testing, and characterization. Optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis reveal the uniform distribution of ilmenite particles within the alloy matrix and the formation of intermetallic phases. The thermal characteristics analysis demonstrates reduced 29 % coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in the composites, in the case of 15 wt% fine ilmenite particles reinforced composite. Hardness tests improvements in hardness, with the 15 wt% (32–50 μm) ilmenite Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite (AMC) exhibiting a 69% increase over the base alloy. Wear testing at various temperatures and loads showed the superior wear resistance of the composites compared to the base alloy, with the C3-15 composite outperforming cast iron typically used in brake drums. The wear rate of LM30 and LM30 + 15 wt% ilmenite (32–50 μm) (C3-15) sample is 38.8671 x 10−4 mm3/m and 10.50768 x 10−4 mm3/m at 200 °C and 68.67 N applied load, respectively. The coefficient of friction analysis further supports the enhanced performance of the composites. The coefficient of friction (COF) of LM30 + 15 wt% ilmenite (32–50 μm) (C3-15) is 0.29898, 0.47645 at 9.81 N and 68.67 N load, respectively measured at a temperature of 200 °C. Examining worn surfaces and debris provides insights into the wear mechanisms, including adhesion and abrasive wear. Overall, this research suggests the potential suitability of ilmenite-reinforced LM30 alloys as alternatives to traditional brake drum materials, offering improved thermal stability and wear resistance.

Copper Beam Electron Alloying with Ti Powder

The paper presents the effect of electron beam alloying on the surface of a copper flat bar (M1Ez4) with titanium powder. Due to the quality of the surface after alloying and the obtained properties, the parameters used were given which met the assumed conditions to the greatest extent. The microstructure and mechanical properties as well as the chemical composition of surface-modified electron-beam copper show improved mechanical properties, i.e. hardness and abrasion resistance. This article uses research techniques using scanning electron microscopy and analysis of chemical composition in micro-areas (EDS). In order to examine the properties of the material after electron beam modification, hardness measurements were performed at low loads (HV0.1), abrasion resistance was tested, and conductivity was also measured. As a result of modifying the chemical and phase composition of M1E copper using an electron beam, the hardness increased by 46%, while the conductivity decreased by 16% due to the formation of intermetallic phases during solidification.

The Beneficial Effect of Iron in Aluminum-Cerium-Based Cast Alloys

Iron (Fe) has been considered a major impurity since it is detrimental to the mechanical properties of many cast aluminum alloys due to the formation of Fe-containing brittle intermetallic phases. Fe is found naturally as an impurity in bauxite ore, resulting in Fe contamination of aluminum alloys with increasing contamination from current recycling practices. The Al–Ce–Fe system was investigated using CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) modeling and experimental casting techniques. It was found that additions of Fe to the Al–Ce system are beneficial to the strength (slightly) and ductility (significantly) of the ternary alloys, which is attributed to the formation of fine metastable Al8CeFe2 phase with aggregate morphology and equilibrium Al10CeFe2 phase, suppressing coarse proeutectic Al11Ce3 phase in near-eutectic Al–Ce alloys. Heat treatment study showed that the metastable Al8CeFe2 phase transforms to predicted equilibrium Al10CeFe2 phase at 500 °C, with essentially no intermetallic or grain coarsening; thus, the alloy displayed excellent property retention. The Al–Ce–Fe alloy system offers opportunities for sustainable, recyclable alloy development using low-cost Fe and low-cost cerium (a byproduct of rare-earth extraction).

Effect of welding parameters on weld surface roughness, hardness, and microstructure in laser-welded 340BH-steel and pure vanadium

This study delves into the influence of laser welding parameters on the microstructural evolution, surface roughness, and hardness of dissimilar lap joints formed by welding 340BH steel (upper) to cold-rolled pure vanadium (bottom) in an attempt to successfully develop metal membranes by adopting a novel technological route. Specifically, we examined power levels of 0.3 kW and 0.4 kW combined with varying welding speeds (40 mm/s, 50 mm/s, and 60 mm/s). The results indicate that defect-free joints were achievable at the higher welding speed of 60 mm/s. This conclusion is supported by the observed surface roughness profile. Elemental interdiffusion and temperature play pivotal roles in the formation of these dissimilar joints. These factors determine the dimensions of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the fusion zone (FZ) under all welding conditions. Notably, the high cooling rates during laser welding hindered the formation of intermetallic phases both in the FZ and at the interface between the metals. Microstructural examination of the HAZ/FZ on the Fe side showed a coarser microstructure when using a power of 0.4 kW, in contrast to the lath martensite observed at 0.3 kW. These observations align with the cooling curve derived from finite element analysis (FEA). FEA was also used to estimate temperature profiles throughout the welded area, and the results were consistent with experimental data. Further microstructural analysis using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) revealed a significant phenomenon: the formation of recrystallized grains of vanadium in the HAZ near the FZ on the vanadium side. Microhardness tests, conducted to gauge joint quality, displayed varying hardness levels across the base metal (BM), HAZ, and FZ interfaces. At a power of 0.3 kW, the HAZ displayed greater hardness than the FZ and BM due to the formation of lath martensite. Conversely, at a power setting of 0.4 kW, a reduction in hardness was observed within the HAZ, attributable to coarser ferrite formation.

Dissimilar friction stir welding and post-weld heat treatment of Ti-6Al-4V and AA7075 producing joints of unprecedented strength

Dissimilar welding of Ti and Al alloys is challenging due to the potential formation of brittle intermetallics, which can compromise weld strength. Friction stir welding (FSW) is an advanced joining method with the potential to drastically reduce or prevent the formation of intermetallic phases because melting is avoided. However, in previous studies, dissimilar joints of Ti-6Al-4V and EN AW-7075 with satisfactory strength could not be achieved. Thus, we investigated friction stir welding of these two materials in a butt configuration, and analyzed the effects of post-weld heat treatments on the mechanical properties. Tensile strengths of 441 MPa in the as-welded condition and 505 MPa after heat treatment were achieved, significantly surpassing strength values reported in earlier studies. Microscopic investigations showed no evidence of formation of brittle intermetallic phases, and ductile fracture was observed. Our results show that FSW is a very promising candidate for future aerospace applications requiring dissimilar joining of Ti and Al alloys.

The effect of heat input on weld-bead geometry, mechanical, phase transformation temperature, and corrosion properties of autogenous double pulse TIG welded nitinol sheets

This research aims to analyze the welding of 1 mm thick NiTinol sheets using an autogenous double pulse tungsten inert gas (DPTIG) welding process. The effect of heat input (HI) on bead geometry, microstructure, hardness, tensile strength, phase transformation temperature (PTT), and corrosion behavior was studied. The lower (111.25 J/mm), and higher (120.14 J/mm) HI produced an average grain size of 26 μm and 36 μm, respectively. The microstructure of the fusion zone (FZ) had coarser columnar grains with intermetallic phases such as Ni3Ti, and TiO2. The grain size in the FZ increased with the increase in HI. Sample P (111.25 J/mm) showed a higher hardness of 280.54 HV and tensile strength of 566 MPa due to a higher proportion of austenite phase (99.4%), the smaller grain size of 26 µm, a larger fraction of high angle grain boundary (HAGB) of 75.8%, and higher kernel average misorientation (KAM) value of 4.93. Compared to base metal (BM), sample P (111.25 J/mm), and sample S (120.14 J/mm) exhibited a reduction in tensile strength of 19.14% and 32.29%, respectively. The decline in hardness and tensile strength was attributed to the formation of intermetallic phases, a decrease in the Ti/Ni ratio, coarser grain formation, and a decrease in HAGB fraction and KAM values. The fractured tensile samples showed a mixed mode of fracture with dimples and cleavage facets. Compared to BM, Sample Q (118.05 J/mm) exhibited lesser variation in temperature hysteresis values for austenite and martensite temperatures, with a deviation of 0.4°C and 3.1°C, respectively. All the welded samples had better corrosion behavior than the BM due to a higher Ti/Ni ratio.

Superficial Modification of the Mg–Zn Biomaterials via Ion Nitriding for Biomedical Applications

In the present work, the powder metallurgy (PM) technique was used to synthesize biocompatible alloys Mg95–Zn5, Mg90–Zn10, and Mg85–Zn15 (wt %) under an argon atmosphere that employed stainless-steel vessels and spheres with a milling treatment of 360 rpm during 15 h. The obtained powder was consolidated through a sintering process for subsequent ion nitriding treatment to increase its corrosion resistance and hardness. The synthesized alloys analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a reduction in particle size with increasing grinding time. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the formation of a MgZn intermetallic phase and, furthermore, that no impurities were found during the grinding process. The surface-modified Mg–Zn alloys showed some improvement in terms of corrosion (Ecorr 26% and Icorr 13%) and microhardness (HV 40%) compared to Mg. Cytotoxicity evaluation was conducted via an MTT ((3-(4,5-DIMETHYLTHIAZOL-2-YL)-2,5-DIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE)) assay, which revealed that the Mg–Zn alloys and nitrided samples did not exhibit cytotoxicity towards fibroblast cells after 96 h.

Thermophysical Properties of Cu-Based Subsystems of High-Entropy Alloys

According to the well-known concept of multicomponent high-entropy alloys, high entropy of mixing can stabilize the formation of solid solutions (simple bcc or fcc crystal structure) during solidification. Stabilization of the solid solution and prevention of the formation of intermetallic phases during solidification is provided by the high entropy of mixing in the solid and liquid states. High-entropy alloys have increased strength, high hardness, thermal stability in combination with good resistance to oxidation and corrosion. These properties allow to significantly expand the scope of these alloys. In this work, the electrical resistivity, thermoelectric power and surface tension of binary Cu–Sn, Cu–Ga and Cu–Bi alloys, which are the sub-system components of model low-temperature high-entropy Bi–Cu–Ga–Pb–Sn alloys, have been studied in a wide temperature range including solid and liquid states. The lack of the surface tension data of the above-mentioned alloys is compensated by the model predicted values.