Fissure Formation Research Articles

Distribution and generative mechanisms of ground fissures in China

In this study, 5002 ground fissures in more than 1500 localities across 22 provinces in China are investigated and mapped to reveal their spatial distribution. The distribution of these ground fissures in China exhibits six regular patterns – assemblages in North China, syngenesis in extensional basins, clustering along fault zones, distributing along geomorphic boundaries, developed on the edge of subsidence areas, and clustering in large and medium-sized cities. Combined with regional GPS, numerical simulations, physical model test and In-SAR monitoring, the generative processes of ground fissures are analyzed and discussed in relationship to four mechanisms: (1) deep dynamic tectonism controls on the location of ground fissures, (2) intracontinental dynamic tectonism resulting in ground fissure assemblages, (3) fault stress inducing formation of ground fissures, and (4) groundwater overmining resulting in the reactivation and expansion of ground fissures. The geological environment is thus responsible for the establishment and appearance of ground fissure. More importantly, ground fissure propagation in China is the result of the synergistic effects of internal geological dynamic (including in deep tectonism, intracontinental tectoniim, and fault movement) coupled with anthropomorphic stress. This genetic model can be summarized as one that is tectonically controlled, stress-driven, and affected by regional hydrodynamic.

Anatomy of a Late Triassic Bristol fissure: Tytherington fissure 2

The Late Triassic and Early Jurassic fissures around Bristol and South Wales are famous as sources of excellent fossils of early mammals, dinosaurs, sphenodontians, and other tetrapods. However, the ways in which these fissures filled with sediment have not often been documented. Moreover, systematic faunal sampling up a working face exposure has rarely been attempted for the UK Triassic fissures. Here we show in detail how a complex fissure in Tytherington Quarry, north-east of Bristol, filled in multiple steps, and document both sedimentary facies and faunas. Tytherington Quarry is a key Late Triassic Bristol sauropsid fissure site, having previously yielded abundant Thecodontosaurus remains and a new genus of sphenodontian, Diphydontosaurus. Our findings comprise specimens of terrestrial reptiles, including sphenodontians and archosaurs. However, abundant remains of fishes and marine invertebrates were also recovered, indicating a significant marine influence during parts of the fissure-filling process. Comparisons of our results with those of previous studies on Tytherington and other Late Triassic SW UK fissure sites indicate some consistent patterns of faunal association and provide further evidence of a Rhaetian age for the Late Triassic palaeo-island fissures north of Bristol. Our analysis supports a model of fissure formation and filling entailing punctuated episodes of sedimentation through a relatively short time.

Proteome Alterations in Equine Osteochondrotic Chondrocytes.

Osteochondrosis is a failure of the endochondral ossification that affects developing joints in humans and several animal species. It is a localized idiopathic joint disorder characterized by focal chondronecrosis and growing cartilage retention, which can lead to the formation of fissures, subchondral bone cysts, or intra-articular fragments. Osteochondrosis is a complex multifactorial disease associated with extracellular matrix alterations and failure in chondrocyte differentiation, mainly due to genetic, biochemical, and nutritional factors, as well as traumas. This study describes the main proteomic alterations occurring in chondrocytes isolated from osteochondrotic cartilage fragments. A comparative analysis performed on equine osteochondrotic and healthy chondrocytes showed 26 protein species as differentially represented. In particular, quantitative changes in the extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal and chaperone proteins, and in cell adhesion and signaling molecules were observed in osteochondrotic cells, compared to healthy controls. Functional group analysis annotated most of these proteins in “growth plate and cartilage development”, while others were included in “glycolysis and gluconeogenesis”, “positive regulation of protein import”, “cell–cell adhesion mediator activity”, and “mitochondrion nucleoid”. These results may help to clarify some chondrocyte functional alterations that may play a significant role in determining the onset and progression of equine osteochondrosis and, being related, of human juvenile osteochondrosis.

Electrochemical corrosion behaviors and mechanism of carbon steel in the presence of acid-producing bacterium Citrobacter farmeri in artificial seawater

Acid-producing bacteria, which can induce variation in pH, play a key role in microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). In this study, the corrosion behavior of Q235 carbon steel was investigated in the presence of acid-producing bacterium Citrobacter farmeri. During the initial stage of bacterial adhesion, formation of inhomogeneous biofilm of C. farmeri produced differential aeration cells, resulting in the formation of tiny crevices on the carbon steel. After 168 h incubation, a thick biofilm of C. farmeri formed on the carbon steel, which accelerated the corrosion process and produced an inner layer of Fe3O4. The results suggested that the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in the presence of C. farmeri was determined by the formation of thick biofilm and conductive Fe3O4 film.

Characteristics and mechanisms for origin of earth fissures in Fenwei basin, China

The most serious earth fissure disasters in China occur in the Fenwei basin. Since the late 1950s, earth fissure disasters have widely occurred in the Weihe, Yuncheng, Linfen, Taiyuan, and Datong sub-basins in the Fenwei basin, and such disaster has increased progressively in recent years. The current paper summarizes the characteristics of earth fissures in the Fenwei basin. Earth fissures usually occur in an extensional faulted basin, along an active fault zone, and within an area of land subsidence. Earth fissures often have a similar trend, with many branches that intermittently appear along their strike. The main and secondary earth fissures at a shallow depth form rupture belts of different widths, but they merge into a single shear belt and stay connected with the underlying active fault. The throw of two blocks increases with depth along a sedimentary fault. Earth fissures usually show the characteristic of three-dimensional movement. Vertical dislocation is the primary aspect of earth fissure movement. The horizontal tension is smaller and the horizontal twist is the smallest, which is consistent with the movement pattern of underlying active faults. Earth fissures have exhibited activity three or four times since the late Pleistocene. In the past half-century, earth fissures formed during four or five periods of peak activity were influenced strongly by groundwater fluctuation. Our research also indicates that cluster formation of earth fissures is polygenetic and results from a combination of tectonic and human activities. Earth fissures are driven by deep tectonic motions beneath the basin and are controlled by the local tectonic stress of the local fault zones. One of the most important factors contributing to earth fissure formation is groundwater overexploitation. This paper provides a scientific basis for proposed administrative means, mitigation measures and engineering solutions in the field of engineering geology.

Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Sulfate Adsorption on Magnetite at Elevated Temperatures

Magnetite is a major corrosion product of carbon steel that forms deposits in the steam generators in water-cooled nuclear reactors. Sulfate is present as an impurity in the steam generator feed water and accumulates in the magnetite deposits, leading to formation of acidic crevices, corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of steam generator tubing. Reliable adsorption data are required to understand material degradation of steam generator tubing. Sulfate adsorption onto magnetite has been studied at temperatures from 25 to 300 °C as a function of pH, and chloride and sulfate concentrations. The results show that adsorption decreases with increasing pH and ionic strength, and adsorption followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Overall, sulfate adsorption onto magnetite is endothermic and the enthalpy of adsorption depends on the pH and ionic strength of the solutions. The adsorption behavior of sulfate onto magnetite is explained through outer-sphere and inner-sphere adsorption.

Impact of a double-layer cementing technique on the homogeneity of cementation and the generation of loose bone cement fragments in tibial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a single- vs. double-layer cementing technique on morphological cementation and the generation of microscopic cement layers or loose cement fragments in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA).MethodsUKAs were implanted in 12 cadaver knees. The specimens were divided into two groups of comparable bone mineral density. Six UKAs were implanted using a single-layer cementing technique (group A) and six UKAs were implanted using a double-layer cementing technique (group B). Morphological cementation was assessed on nine cuts through the implant–cement–bone interface in the frontal plane. Loose bone cement fragments and the microscopically quality of layer formation were evaluated.ResultsContact between bone and prosthesis was observed in 45.4% of interfaces in group A and 27.8% in group B (p = 0.126). The significant increase of areas without visible cement interlocking in the anteroposterior direction in group A (p = 0.005) was not evident in group B (p = 0.262). Penetration around the peg tended to occur more frequently in group B (67.5% vs. 90.6% p = 0.091). Scanning electron microscopy identified no evidence of fissure formations within the bilaminar cement mantle. Free bone cement fragments were documented in 66.7% in both groups with no difference concerning mass (p = 1.0).ConclusionsThis in-vitro study showed a tendency towards a more homogenous cementation of tibial UKAs using a double-layer cementing technique, although most of the differences did not reach the level of significance. However, theoretical downsides of the double-layer cementing technique such as an increased formation of free bone fragments or a microscopically fissure formation within the cement layer could not be detected either.

Degradability and biofouling of oxo-biodegradable polyethylene in the planktonic and benthic zones of the Arabian Gulf.

Little is known about the degradability of oxo-biodegradable polyethylene (OXO-PE) and its surface fouling bacterial communities in the marine environment. The degradation of OXO-PE, PE and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was compared at two depths (2 m and 6 m) in the Arabian Gulf. Scanning electron microcopy (SEM) revealed more fissure formation on OXO-PE and PE than on PET, indicating physical degradation. The formation of hydroxyl groups and carbonyl bonds, by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), suggests chemical degradation of OXO-PE. Plastisphere bacterial communities on OXO-PE and PE were different than on PET. Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes and Planctomycetes were detected on all plastics, however, sequences of Alteromonas and Zoogloea were OXO-PE-specific suggesting a possible involvement of these bacterial genera in OXO-PE degradation. We conclude that OXO-PE shows increased signs of degradation with time owing to the combination of abiotic and biotic processes, and its degradation is higher in the benthic than in the planktonic zone.

Yap/Taz are required for establishing the cerebellar radial glia scaffold and proper foliation

Yap/Taz are well-established downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway, known to regulate organ size by directing proliferation and apoptosis. Although the functions of Yap/Taz have been extensively studied, little is known about their role in brain development. Here, through genetic ablation, we show that Yap/Taz are required for cerebellar morphogenesis. Yap/Taz deletion in neural progenitors causes defects in secondary fissure formation, leading to abnormal folia development. Although they seemed very likely to serve an important function in the development of cerebellar granule cell precursors, Yap/Taz are dispensable for their proliferation. Furthermore, Yap/Taz loss does not rescue the medulloblastoma phenotype caused by constitutively active Smoothened. Importantly, Yap/Taz are highly expressed in radial glia and play a crucial role in establishing the radial scaffold and cellular polarity of neural progenitors during embryogenesis. We found that Yap/Taz are necessary to establish and maintain junctional integrity of cerebellar neuroepithelium as prominent junction proteins are not maintained at the apical junction in the absence of Yap/Taz. Our study identifies a novel function of Yap/Taz in cerebellar foliation and finds that they are required to establish the radial glia scaffold and junctional stability.

Earth fissure hazard prediction using machine learning models

Earth fissures are the cracks on the surface of the earth mainly formed in the arid and the semi-arid basins. The excessive withdrawal of groundwater, as well as the other underground natural resources, has been introduced as the significant causing of land subsidence and potentially, the earth fissuring. Fissuring is rapidly turning into the nations’ major disasters which are responsible for significant economic, social, and environmental damages with devastating consequences. Modeling the earth fissure hazard is particularly important for identifying the vulnerable groundwater areas for the informed water management, and effectively enforce the groundwater recharge policies toward the sustainable conservation plans to preserve existing groundwater resources. Modeling the formation of earth fissures and ultimately prediction of the hazardous areas has been greatly challenged due to the complexity, and the multidisciplinary involved to predict the earth fissures. This paper aims at proposing novel machine learning models for prediction of earth fissuring hazards. The Simulated annealing feature selection (SAFS) method was applied to identify key features, and the generalized linear model (GLM), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), classification and regression tree (CART), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) have been used for the first time to build the prediction models. Results indicated that all the models had good accuracy (>86%) and precision (>81%) in the prediction of the earth fissure hazard. The GLM model (as a linear model) had the lowest performance, while the RF model was the best model in the modeling process. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the hazardous class in the study area was mainly related to low elevations with characteristics of high groundwater withdrawal, drop in groundwater level, high well density, high road density, low precipitation, and Quaternary sediments distribution.

Effects of Microwave and Cold Plasma Assisted Hydrodistillation on Lemon Peel Oil Extraction

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of low-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma on microwave-assisted hydrodistillation of lemon peel oil extraction. Microwave pre-treated lemon peel powder was exposed to plasma treatment (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 kV) for 10 min. The treated lemon peel powders were subjected to hydrodistillation to extract the essential oil and the extraction yields were calculated. The extracted oil was analyzed for chemical composition with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Effect of plasma on the surface morphology of the lemon peel was observed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) which revealed the formation of fissures and cracks owing to the higher extraction yield. Plasma treatment at 2.5 kV was observed higher extraction yield than conventional hydrodistillation (149.34 % rise) and the chemical composition of plasma treated sample essential oil remains significantly unchanged. Thus, DBD plasma could be a promising technique to enhance the lemon peel essential oil extraction.

Fabrication of polymer colloidal/Au composite nanofilms for stable and reusable SERS-active substrates with highly-dense hotspots

Two-dimensional (2D) nanostructured arrays are regarded as attractive materials for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active substrates because of their excellent stability and signal reproducibility. We present a novel approach for fabricating stable and reusable 2D polymer colloidal monolayer on a SERS-active nanostructured Au substrate with high-density hotspots. Poly(styrene-co-N-isopropylacrylamide)@polyacrylic acid (PSN@PAA) polymer particles with core@shell structure were synthesized by a two-step polymerization. Using the soft microgel polymer particles as building blocks, a 2D close-packed PSN@PAA colloid nanofilm was fabricated at air–water interface. An ultra-thin Au nanofilm was sputtered onto the 2D PSN@PAA colloidal monolayer by a simple and efficient sputter-deposition technique. The aggregation structure of Au nanoparticles on the surface of the 2D microgel nanolayer could be regulated by shrinking the polymer microgels in methanol. Furthermore, the electrostatic interaction of sodium citrate on nanoparticles and the ripening process to Au nanoclusters could facilitate the formation of crevices. The region of Au nano-islands and nanocaps formed on the surface of the soft 2D polymer monolayer could generate very dense enhanced electromagnetic field hotspots, which can greatly enhance the Raman signals of R6G adsorbed on the substrate. The excellent reusability of the PSN@PAA/Au composite nanofilm was mainly due to the preferable adsorption of probe molecules on the 2D soft microgel particles. Moreover, the shrinkage of polymer microgel particles in the ethanol solvent made it easy to desorb the probe molecules from the substrate surface. Therefore, the macroscopic uniformity of the nanofilms ensured the reproducibility of SERS signals, providing an ideal candidate for SERS applications.

Investigations of the Effects of Electrochemical, Environmental and Geometric Parameters on Galvanic Coupling through Finite Element Modeling

Experimental studying of the galvanic coupling between different alloys can quickly become a difficult task, because of the many parameters to consider. Many of these parameters are dependent on each other, forcing researchers to create a web of test matrices in order to isolate one parameter at a time. Both electrochemical and geometric parameters must be considered, along with a constant environmental storage of samples before and after tests to guarantee that there has been no change in the system. This complexity makes experimental testing slow, however it can produce thorough results. Finite element modeling (FEM) has become a useful tool in studying galvanic corrosion[1] mainly because of its ability to both efficiently assess the effects of specific parameters and to isolate changes in parameters in a way that may not be possible experimentally. A computational study using FEM can allow a vast portion of parameter space to be assessed, guiding experimental tests to regions of interest. This approach narrows the daunting sea of parameters which experimentalists swim in, especially in the field of galvanic corrosion. In real applications, these parameters can be changed in a variety of ways. For example, different coatings can affect the electrochemical kinetics of the alloys, humidity changes can affect the concentration of the electrolyte solution, and atmospheric pressure or environmental changes can affect the temperature of the solution. The focus of this research therefore was to study the effects of different parameters on the galvanic coupling of AA7075 and SS316. These two materials are both common in aerospace applications, particularly with AA7075 as the structural material and SS316 as the fastener holding the assembly together. SS316 has been shown to severely couple with AA7075[2], leading to the formation of intergranular corrosion fissures of 2mm in length inside of the fastener hole[3]. Knowing which parameters create a large impact on this galvanic corrosion, and which do not, is valuable information when trying to maintain the safety of structures. A detailed computational matrix was run in the model, analyzing the effects of cathodic and anodic kinetics, conductivity, and temperature on the overall current distributions. These effects were quantified to determine which parameter made the largest contribution to the galvanic current, and which were negligible. A study of the interactions between these parameters was also conducted, in order to determine which parameter would be easily isolated by experimental technique. The computations were first run on a simple geometry in the model with one cathode surface and one anode surface, to get a generalized idea of the importance of the parameters. Afterwards, an occluded cell geometry was utilized in the model, to determine how the geometric change effects the contributions of the different parameters on the current distributions. A comprehensive analysis of these parameters will be presented, along with ideas of how to use this analysis for practical applications. [1] C. Liu, V. N. Rafla, J. R. Scully, and R. G. Kelly, “Mathematical modeling of potential and current distributions for atmospheric corrosion of galvanic coupling in airframe components,” Corros. 2015, no. May 2016, 2015. [2] C. A. Matzdorf, W. C. Nickerson, B. C. Rincon Tronconis, G. S. Frankel, L. Li, and R. G. Buchheit, “Galvanic test panels for accelerated corrosion testing of coated al alloys: Part 1 - Concept,” Corrosion, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 1240–1246, 2013. [3] R. J. Skelton and R. G. Kelly, “Investigation of Galvanic Coupling on AA7075-T6 Navair Plate inside Fastener Hole,” in ECS Meeting s, 2018.

27.4: The Crevice Corrosion of Copper in TFT‐LCD Fabrication

In this work we investigated the crevice corrosion of copper and molybdenum dual metal, which is applied to metal electrode in amorphous silicon TFT backplane fabrication. The photo resist(PR) strip process after wet etching of metal was the position of crevice corrosion occurrence by analysing results of SEM images. Crevice has formed in stripping step and crevice corrosion of copper occurred in rinse step. The diluted stripper was the first factor of crevice formation, and oxygen depletion would be the key cause of copper crevice corrosion. The existence of chloride would increase the deterioration of crevice corrosion.

Effect of Coke Breeze on Fissure Formation of Coke

It is known that mixing the particle of inert material such as coke breeze to blending coal increases the mean size of lump coke. The size of lump coke is changed by the fissure formation, and it is assumed that the shape of lump coke is also changed by this mechanism. Therefore, the fissure formaiton of coke was investigated using the Gaudin-Meloy-Harris size distribution function. The coke blended with the coke breeze had larger grain size compared to the coke without mix of the coke breeze. In addition, the α value, which is the characteristic value of the Gaudin-Meloy-Harris size distribution function, reduced, suggesting that the shape of lump coke after breaking may be distorted. Therefore, as a result of analyzing coke fissures, it became clear that a change occurred in the fissure formation of the coke. The simulation results showed that the voidage of the coke packed layer was increased by increasing the coke grain size or distorting the shape of lump coke. It suggests that the coke produced from coal with coke breeze may increase the voids in the blast furnace.

Gemstones of Greece: Geology and Crystallizing Environments

In the Hellenides Orogen, minerals of various gem quality occur in various rock types from mainly four tectono-metamorphic units, the Rhodope, Pelagonian, and the Attico-Cycladic massifs, and the Phyllites-Quartzites unit of Crete Island. In crystalline rocks, gemstones are related to both regional metamorphic-metasomatic processes (e.g., gem corundums, Mn-andalusite, thulite/clinothulite, spessartine, titanite, jadeite), and to the formation of late alpine-type fissures, such as, for example, quartz, albite, adularia and titanite. The Tertiary (and Mesozoic) magmatic-hydrothermal environments provide gem-quality sapphire, beryl, garnet, vesuvianite, epidote, fluorite, and SiO2 varieties. The supergene oxidation zone of the Lavrion deposit hosts gem-quality smithsonite and azurite. Coloration in the studied material is either due to various chromophore trace elements present in the crystal structure, or due to inclusions of other mineral phases. Future modern exploration methods combined with gemological investigations (such as treatment and faceting of selected stones), are necessary in order to obtain a better knowledge of the gemstone potential of Greece for its possible exploitation.

Nano-viscosimetry analysis of the membrane disrupting action of the bee venom peptide melittin

Melittin is one of the most studied α-helical cationic membrane disrupting peptides. It is the main component of bee venom, however it is considered an antimicrobial peptide for its ability to kill bacteria. Melittin is believed to act by opening large toroidal pores in the plasma membrane of the targeted cells/bacteria, although this is questioned by some authors. Little is known, however, about the molecular mechanism leading to this activity. In this study the mechanism of action of melittin was studied by dye leakage and quartz crystal microbalance fingerprinting analysis in biomimetic model membranes. The results revealed the existence of multiple stages in the membrane disrupting action with characteristic differences between different membrane types. In bacterial-mimetic (charged) lipid mixtures the viscoelastic fingerprints suggest a surface-acting mechanism, whereas in mammalian-mimetic (neutral) membranes melittin appears to penetrate the bilayer already at low concentrations. In domain-forming mixed membranes melittin shows a preference for the domain containing predominantly zwitterionic lipids. The results confirm membrane poration but are inconsistent with the insertion-to-toroidal pore pathway. Therefore hypotheses of the two membrane disrupting pathways were developed, describing the membrane disruption as either surface tension modulation leading to toroidal pore formation, or linear aggregation leading to fissure formation in the membrane.

Neogenin-loss in neural crest cells results in persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous formation.

Neogenin is a transmembrane receptor critical for multiple cellular processes, including neurogenesis, astrogliogenesis, endochondral bone formation, and iron homeostasis. Here we present evidence that loss of neogenin contributes to pathogenesis of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) formation, a genetic disorder accounting for ~ 5% of blindness in the USA. Selective loss of neogenin in neural crest cells (as observed in Wnt1-Cre; Neof/f mice), but not neural stem cells (as observed in GFAP-Cre and Nestin-Cre; Neof/f mice), resulted in a dysregulation of neural crest cell migration or delamination, exhibiting features of PHPV-like pathology (e.g. elevated retrolental mass), unclosed retinal fissure, and microphthalmia. These results demonstrate an unrecognized function of neogenin in preventing PHPV pathogenesis, implicating neogenin regulation of neural crest cell delamination/migration and retinal fissure formation as potential underlying mechanisms of PHPV.

A typical Earth fissure resulting from loess collapse on the loess plateau in the Weihe Basin, China

Earth fissures are major geological hazards that frequently occur in the Weihe Basin in northwestern China and can cause severe damage to infrastructure. This paper reports a case study of earth fissures resulting from loess collapse in the village of Xibai, in the Weihe Basin. A series of geological investigations, consisting of a site investigation, trench excavation, geological drilling, exploratory well drilling, and geotechnical testing, were conducted to determine and analyze the characteristics of the Xibai Village earth fissures, as well as the physical characteristics of the loess in the earth fissure development area. The earth fissures were parallel to the village sewage pit and had a total length of 800 m. With a maximum depth of 8.5 m, the Xibai Village earth fissures were nearly vertical. Comparing the results of self-weight collapsibility coefficient and three parameters (void ratio, dry density, and water content) of loess at different distances from the sewage pit, the collapsibility of Malan loess in this area and the effects of leakage from the sewage pit were determined. The results revealed that a tilted seepage line was generated, and the loess below this seepage line underwent varying degrees of self-weight collapse deformation. The nonuniform collapse settlement and rotation deformation of loess above the seepage line were thus generated, while tensile stress was created in the upper part of the loess. This rotation of loess, similar to the deformation of the cantilever beam, caused the formation of the earth fissures at the site with higher tensile stress. Based on the rotation mechanism, this study explained the development process of collapse earth fissures and predicted that the Xibai Village earth fissures would continue to develop outward in the future.

Investigation of glass transition behavior in a rice kernel drying process by mathematical modeling

Rice fissuring during the drying process may decrease the head rice yield after milling. To better understand the rice fissure formation, a 3D body fitted mathematical model was developed based on the glass transition hypothesis. The simulated temperature, moisture content, and glassy/rubbery state distribution inside the rice kernel were used to analyze the glass transition behavior of the kernel in the hot air drying process. It was found that the changes of the kernel temperature and moisture content caused the glass transition behavior. The rice temperature dominated the glass transition occurring in the initial heating and final cooling stage, while the moisture content played a more important role in the main drying stage. No rubbery to glassy state transition occurred when the drying temperature is lower than 35 °C; the rubbery to glassy state transition occurred gradually in both the drying and cooling stage in 35 ∼ 45 °C, while took place sharply and only in the cooling stage when the drying temperature is larger than 45 °C. The glass transition behaviors obtained in this work were related well with experimental observations about the rice fissuring rate.