Class Formation Research Articles

Exploitation and Class Formation in the Inca State

Inca society was characterized by conditions of expanded exploitation which were produced by new contradictions that emerged as the composition of the dominant class changed. The expansionist policies of the Inca ruling class were an attempt to resolve problems resulting from an internal organization based on kinship. The collateral kin of the ruler were necessary for maintaining the dominant position of the Incas, but their claims to the throne made them unreliable allies. Rulers of the conquest state assured their loyalty by allowing them to extract surplus labor from the direct producers in the core areas of the empire. Consequently, the rulers themselves were forced to seek additional surplus by displacing their demands onto subjugated communities and polities. The new forms of exploitation that emerged initially emphasized control of local shrines or alliances with their spokesmen. Later, the politically dominant elements emphasized the creation of alliances with powerful shrines in newly conquered areas. Still later, land was appropriated not only for the direct use of Inca ruling class but also as gifts to be given to traditional leaders of ethnic groups or to other individuals who promoted the well-being of the Inca state and its dominant class. The new alliances created the conditions for the formation of social classes, that were not identical with earlier forms of social stratification — regardless of whether they were based on kinship or class.

Women and Warfare: Shifting Status in Precapitalist State Formation

Women’s engagement in warfare has been offered as requisite to the eradication of gender hierarchy. Their presumed non-involvement in combat has been presented as an indication of lower status. Both views are critiqued in this article. In kinship societies, women’s engagement in warfare is discussed. The relationship of warfare to social authority is considered in the context of class formative, and often colonial, pressures. Warfare in precapitalist state societies is considered as one form of labor service or conscript labor. Women’s engagement or non-involvement in state-sponsored warfare is analyzed in the context of class formation and surplus extraction. Warfare is not considered to be determinant of women’s status.

Work and Life in the Early Industrial City: Social Economy of Cotton Production, Carlisle, 1838–1861*

The discussion is focused on changes in the structure of the cotton industry and their effects on social and political life in Carlisle in the years from 1838 to 1861. The geographic framework of these changes is sketched out by investigating the interdependencies between factory locations in the city and the spatial formation of degraded working-class suburbs. Carlisle’s cotton industry was marked to a large degree by a twofold division between (a) spinning in factories and (b) weaving on the basis of outwork in both free and bound loomshops. Detailed descriptions of workers’ demographic characteristics in these two production environments are provided, with special reference to handloom weavers. The handloom weavers played a crucial role in these years in shaping political responses to the low wages and economic hardship faced by the working class in Carlisle. The marches and other public demonstrations associated with these responses are analysed in relation to the morphology of the city. The paper ends with a brief reflection on the role of urban space as a locus of political ferment and class formation in nineteenth-century industrial capitalism.

Meaningful Events in Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology Research Approaches: A 6-Year Literature Review

The concept of meaning has been a traditional object of scientific study over recent decades within the behavioral and cognitive psychology fields. The former defines meaningful events in terms of their existing or acquired behavioral functions. The latter focuses on explanatory models to describe the role of meaningful events in cognitive performance. We performed a literature review of research studies that were published between 2012 and 2017 that investigated the relationship between meaningful events and cognitive processes that are related to language acquisition and behavioral processes, specifically the formation of stimulus equivalence classes. The final sample included 33 articles that were identified by searching three different databases (Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar) using specific keywords. The results showed that meaningful events play an important role in cognitive/behavioral processes. More studies were found within the cognitive approach, whereas a stronger effect of meaningful events was observed in studies that employed a behavioral approach.Keywords: Behavioral psychology, cognitive psychology, meaningful events, meaning.

The Political and Economic Origins of the Roman Revolution

The paper considers some economic and legal aspects of the struggle for the public land in Late Republican Rome. This period is one of the most controversial in ancient history; it brought many significant changes to the socio-economic and political life of Rome and contributed much to its transformation from Republic to Principate. Nevertheless, there is no special paper examining the competition between the Romans and Italians for the ager publicus populi Romani which started with the agrarian reform of Tiberius Gracchus in modern historiography. The first episode ended after the enactment in 111 B.C. of the lex agraria, when a large amount of public land was brought into private hands by its Roman possessors. A further part of the ager publicus populi Romani was still public and remained in hands of the socii. The logic of historical process, the economic changes of the second century B.C. which led Rome from Republic to Principate, demanded the formation of a new class of landowners. The latter would be the basis of the political system of the Roman Empire instead of the nobilitas; its political power would be based on private ownership of land. This was impossible without the full privatization of public land, and it is logical that the struggle for the ager publicus populi Romani was not ended in 111 B.C. Only after privatization of that land, which was possessed by the allies, the agrarian question in Rome could be fully resolved. The latter problem is of crucial importance for the further history of Rome, because it not only caused the Social War but also radically changed both the social structure and the political balance within Roman society during the last decades of the Republic.

Analyzing the Challenges of Implementing Online Classes in Developing Countries during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Perspective from Bangladesh

COVID-19 has posed a significant threat to the global education system. Rethinking alternative classes for continuing education is the central issue for coping with the new-normal system. The study aims to seek the preparedness and practicality of online education in developing countries from Bangladesh's perspective. The study examined primary data collected through a survey. In line with the descriptive analysis of the collected data, a logistic regression model has been applied to justify the hypotheses. Among sixteen variables, we have found seven variables that significantly impact the students’ opinion regarding conducting classes in online. The findings show a positive association of lack of high internet speed, frequent disconnection issues during class time, mental stress about COVID-19, lack of engaging course contents, and deteriorating family financial condition with students' unwillingness towards online class during COVID-19.The study also revealed that students who have technical expertise in online classes are more interested in this type of class format. In this changing circumstance, online class format is an alternative channel to maintain the continuity in higher studies in Bangladesh. Thus the educational institutions can arrange training programs for teachers to improve the course contents. The institutions can also support the students by providing financial assistance for purchasing devices, internet data packages, guidelines for joining in online class and consulting to relieve mental stress. The government can also play a significant role by ensuring nationwide high-speed internet service and subsidy to purchase internet data for the students. Journal of Business Studies, Vol. XLII, No. 1, April 2021 Page 133-150

Statistical Inference for Ergodic Algorithmic Model (EAM), Applied to Hydrophobic Hydration Processes.

The thermodynamic properties of hydrophobic hydration processes can be represented in probability space by a Dual-Structure Partition Function {DS-PF} = {M-PF} · {T-PF}, which is the product of a Motive Partition Function {M-PF} multiplied by a Thermal Partition Function {T-PF}. By development of {DS-PF}, parabolic binding potential functions α) RlnKdual = (−ΔG°dual/T) ={f(1/T)*g(T)} and β) RTlnKdual = (−ΔG°dual) = {f(T)*g(lnT)} have been calculated. The resulting binding functions are “convoluted” functions dependent on the reciprocal interactions between the primary function f(1/T) or f(T) with the secondary function g(T) or g(lnT), respectively. The binding potential functions carry the essential thermodynamic information elements of each system. The analysis of the binding potential functions experimentally determined at different temperatures by means of the Thermal Equivalent Dilution (TED) principle has made possible the evaluation, for each compound, of the pseudo-stoichiometric coefficient ±ξw, from the curvature of the binding potential functions. The positive value indicates convex binding functions (Class A), whereas the negative value indicates concave binding function (Class B). All the information elements concern sets of compounds that are very different from one set to another, in molecular dimension, in chemical function, and in aggregation state. Notwithstanding the differences between, surprising equal unitary values of niche (cavity) formation in Class A <Δhfor>A = −22.7 ± 0.7 kJ·mol−1 ·ξw−1 sets with standard deviation σ = ±3.1% and <Δsfor>A = −445 ± 3J·K−1·mol−1·ξw−1J·K−1·mol−1·ξw−1 with standard deviation σ = ±0.7%. Other surprising similarities have been found, demonstrating that all the data analyzed belong to the same normal statistical population. The Ergodic Algorithmic Model (EAM) has been applied to the analysis of important classes of reactions, such as thermal and chemical denaturation, denaturation of proteins, iceberg formation or reduction, hydrophobic bonding, and null thermal free energy. The statistical analysis of errors has shown that EAM has a general validity, well beyond the limits of our experiments. Specifically, the properties of hydrophobic hydration processes as biphasic systems generating convoluted binding potential functions, with water as the implicit solvent, hold for all biochemical and biological solutions, on the ground that they also are necessarily diluted solutions, statistically validated.

OsMLH1 interacts with OsMLH3 to regulate synapsis and interference-sensitive crossover formation during meiosis in rice

Meiotic recombination is essential for reciprocal exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes and their subsequent proper segregation in sexually reproducing organisms. MLH1 and MLH3 belong to meiosis-specific members of the MutL-homolog family, which are required for normal level of crossovers (COs) in some eukaryotes. However, their functions in plants need to be further elucidated. Here, we report the identification of OsMLH1 and reveal its functions during meiosis in rice. Using CRISPR-Cas9 approach, two independent mutants, Osmlh1-1 and Osmlh1-2, are generated and exhibited significantly reduced male fertility. In Osmlh1-1, the clearance of PAIR2 is delayed and partial ZEP1 proteins are not loaded into the chromosomes, which might be due to the deficient in resolution of interlocks at late zygotene. Thus, OsMLH1 is required for the assembly of synapsis complex. In Osmlh1-1, CO number is dropped by ~53% and the distribution of residual COs is consistent with predicted Poisson distribution, indicating that OsMLH1 is essential for the formation of interference-sensitive COs (class I COs). OsMLH1 interacts with OsMLH3 through their C-terminal domains. Mutation in OsMLH3 also affects the pollen fertility. Thus, our experiments reveal that the conserved heterodimer MutLγ (OsMLH1-OsMLH3) is essential for the formation of class I COs in rice.

Transnational Labour Solidarity as Transformative Practice: Reframing the Role of Labour Transnationalism

In the 1980s and 1990s, a significant number of rank-and-file trade union activists in Canada became actively engaged in various forms of international labour solidarity. This activity, the end of the Cold War and the increasing impacts of neo-liberal globalisation combined to spark hopes for greatly expanding practices of labour transnationalism. This vision of transnationalising trade union organisation has not materialised and, in fact, inside Canadian unions there has been declining faith in the possibilities of building transnational solidarity. Starting with an analysis of the dominant dichotomies underlying the literature on labour transnationalism, I suggest that stepping outside these dichotomies can provide a different way of assessing the role of transnational labour solidarity within broader struggles for workers’ justice. In this article, drawing upon the case of transnational political solidarities built by workers inside Canadian unions in the 1980s and 1990s, I argue that assessing transnational practices with a longer view to class formation and the goals of workers’ emancipation can help to expand conceptions of what constitutes successful transnational practice. Such a reassessment of the role of labour transnationalism is particularly timely in the current context of right-wing populism.

A sala tá on: o ensino remoto de filosofia na educação superior em tempos de pandemia

The year 2020 was marked by the viral disease called the new coronavirus or covid-19. A lethal disease with a high degree of proliferation and contagion in which social isolation and distancing are the forms of palliative prevention to contain the mass advance of the virus. Educational institutions were closed to decrease human contact and most of them adhered to the remote teaching format. As a whole, the covid-19 pandemic modified the traditional classroom format and caused teachers and students to exchange the board and portfolios for the digital screen. It took a new adaptation and reinvention of the teacher, his didactic structure and his teaching-learning process. The objective of this work goes in this direction, to understand the current scenario of remote teaching and how philosophy teachers of higher education in Maranhão are dealing with the online class format and what digital resources/technologies have used in the virtual classroom.

MATERIALIZAÇÃO DO ENSINO MÉDIO INTEGRADO À EDUCAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL E TECNOLÓGICA: É POSSÍVEL?!

Materialization of High School Integrated to Professional and Technological Education: is it possible ? In this text, I present a review of the book Oficina de Integracao: classroom experiences in Integrated High School, by Professor Dr. Adriano Larentes da Silva. The work presents the experience of more than 10 years of the integrated technical course in computer science, from the Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Campus Chapeco, in the materialization of the Integrated High School (EMI) to the Professional and Technological Education (EPT), from the discipline Workshops of Integration. The EMI is a challenge for the subjects who work at EPT and who fight for an integral formation of the working class. Keywords: Integrated High School. Integration Workshops. Integral Formation.

Microparticles enhance the formation of seven major classes of natural products in native and metabolically engineered actinobacteria through accelerated morphological development.

Actinobacteria provide a rich spectrum of bioactive natural products and therefore display an invaluable source towards commercially valuable pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Here, we studied the use of inorganic talc microparticles (hydrous magnesium silicate, 3MgO·4SiO2 ·H2 O, 10 µm) as a general supplement to enhance natural product formation in this important class of bacteria. Added to cultures of recombinant Streptomyces lividans, talc enhanced production of the macrocyclic peptide antibiotic bottromycin A2 and its methylated derivative Met-bottromycin A2 up to 109 mg L-1 , the highest titer reported so far. Hereby, the microparticles fundamentally affected metabolism. With 10 g L-1 talc, S. lividans grew to 40% smaller pellets and, using RNA sequencing, revealed accelerated morphogenesis and aging, indicated by early upregulation of developmental regulator genes such as ssgA, ssgB, wblA, sigN, and bldN. Furthermore, the microparticles re-balanced the expression of individual bottromycin cluster genes, resulting in a higher macrocyclization efficiency at the level of BotAH and correspondingly lower levels of non-cyclized shunt by-products, driving the production of mature bottromycin. Testing a variety of Streptomyces species, talc addition resulted in up to 13-fold higher titers for the RiPPs bottromycin and cinnamycin, the alkaloid undecylprodigiosin, the polyketide pamamycin, the tetracycline-type oxytetracycline, and the anthramycin-analogs usabamycins. Moreover, talc addition boosted production in other actinobacteria, outside of the genus of Streptomyces: vancomycin (Amycolatopsis japonicum DSM 44213), teicoplanin (Actinoplanes teichomyceticus ATCC 31121), and the angucyclinone-type antibiotic simocyclinone (Kitasatospora sp.). For teicoplanin, the microparticles were even crucial to activate production. Taken together, the use of talc was beneficial in 75% of all tested cases and optimized natural and heterologous hosts forming the substance of interest with clusters under native and synthetic control. Given its simplicity and broad benefits, microparticle-supplementation appears as an enabling technology in natural product research of these most important microbes.

Politically directed accumulation in rural China: The making of the agrarian capitalist class and the new agrarian question of capital

AbstractWe study the formation of the agrarian capitalist class in the pig farming sector in a Chinese county. We propose a new framework for analyzing the dynamics of accumulation and class formation in agriculture that focuses on the role of the state and public resources. In what we call “politically directed accumulation,” local states in China, driven by a political logic of maximizing fiscal resources and improving performance record, select actors who either have accumulated non‐agrarian capital or possess political capital to serve as their agents (political selection) and then capitalize their farming operations by transferring to them public resources (political capitalization), creating a new agrarian capitalist class. The accumulation in this case happens largely without the dispossession of other agricultural producers but instead is assisted by the state's mobilization of public resources. This study advances the call for the renewal of the agrarian question of capital and proposes that the role of the state is now the most important factor in creating different paths of agrarian transition.

Horodlo Union and the formation of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the assessment of contemporary historiography

The article analyses achievements of contemporary historiography in the study of the role and significance of the Gorodel Union of 1413 in the formation of the gentry class of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The key subjects of scientific research of Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian historians are identified. It is emphasised that these subjects, as a rule, are not an independent historiographical problem and act as part of a broader research discussion about the causes and results of the Union of 1413 in the system of relations between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. In conclusion, it is noted that despite the differences in the interpretation of a number of specific issues, researchers generally agree in the statement that the acts of the Gorodel Union and the heraldic adoption, both in their content and in their consequences, are one of the key stages in the process of forming the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

European Carnival: traditions and nowadays

The problems of functioning of carnival traditions in the countries of Western Europe are examined in the given article. The ancient holidays of Dionysius and Saturnalia are the genetic ancestors, these were the periods when golden age seemed to be approaching the earth – the kingdom of universal equality and freedom. The carnival became a mass folk holiday with street processions, games, and theatrical performances in masks in the Middle Ages due to the development of European self-governing cities and the formation of the bourgeois class. Carnival theory is a field of active scientific discussion. While criticizing the vulnerable aspects of the carnival concept of M. Bakhtin, a representative of the international scientific community, they recognize the priority of the component structure of the public square laughter culture revealed by him. Inversion is the main idea of carnival illustrates change of the age, gender, social status of the participants of the festive event. One might receive a comprehensive knowledge of the international fund of carnival forms while analyzing its national variants. Taking this into account, the researcher might reveal the genesis and historical transformation of the most popular European carnivals, which are regularly performed in such cities as Venice, Cologne, Bensch, London. The European Carnival is the antithesis of a totalitarian holiday, which is characterized by excessive seriousness, false pathos, a stereotypical set of ideological slogans and clichйs. The experience of organizing carnival entertainment is interesting as an example of democratic festive communication, a bright artistic and aesthetic phenomenon, an example of successful self-organization of local communities.

The establishment of auditory equivalence classes with a go/no-go successive matching-to-sample procedure.

The go/no-go successive matching-to-sample (S-MTS) procedure involves the presentation of a sample followed by one comparison in the same location. Participants are required to either touch (go) or refrain from touching (no-go) related and unrelated comparisons, respectively. One advantage of S-MTS is that both sample and comparisons can be auditory. Thus, the purpose of Experiment 1 was to establish three 3-member auditory equivalence classes using familiar dictated words. After training AB and AC relations, 16 out of 16 participants met emergence criterion for symmetry (BA/CA), 12 out of 16 for transitivity/equivalence (BC/CB), and 9 out of 16 for intraverbals, for which testing involved vocalizing relations among auditory stimuli. The purpose of Experiment 2 was to assess the potential influence of stimulus topography on equivalence class formation and the emergence of intraverbal behavior. After training AB and AC relations with unfamiliar stimuli, 16 out of 16 participants met emergence criterion for symmetry (BA/CA), 13 out of 16 for transitivity/equivalence (BC/CB), and 8 out of 16 for intraverbals. Results suggest that the S-MTS procedure may serve as an alternative to simultaneous MTS in the development of auditory equivalence classes.

The Extension of IFC For Supporting 3D Cadastre LADM Geometry

The growth of densely populated urban areas has caused traditional cadastral registration systems to face many difficulties in representing complex and multilevel property situations on 2D maps. These challenges, combined with the rapid development of 3D technologies, have forced the research and progress of 3D cadastre systems. The aim of this study is to investigate how a Building Information Model (BIM) can be used as a data source for the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) based 3D cadastre system, and how that process can be improved. The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format and the LADM-based model were selected because both are international open standards that have a significant impact in their own domain. The data sample for the 3D cadastre system was extracted from a BIM model. The paper proposes an IFC format extension which makes it possible to define 3D geometry according to the LADM standard. In order to demonstrate this extension, the West 65 residential and business complex, Belgrade, was selected as a case study. The IFC format extension presented here is a step towards data harmonization between BIM in the IFC format and 3D cadastre systems; it should provide more suitable data in the current IFC schema and enable easy data flow between BIM projects and 3D cadastral data.

Using a Flipped Classroom to Increase Understanding, Retention and Engagement in a Virtual Anatomy and Physiology Course

In Fall 2020, in order to maximize student understanding and retention of material in my online undergraduate combined Anatomy and Physiology course, I decided to alter my traditional method of lecture delivery and to flip the class. I also intended that this method would allow for increased student engagement in the virtual class and a more discussion based synchronous class would allow a sense of community to develop, which I saw as especially important while the class was geographically distant during the pandemic. Students were required to watch two or three short videos up to 20 minutes each, before attending each virtual class that met twice weekly. During our synchronous class, students completed activities such as small group work on case studies, answering short answer questions, polls, reviewing material and asking open questions. Mid-way through the semester I reviewed the class format, the students’ preparedness for class, their understanding of the material and satisfaction with the format. I found that the flipped class format allowing for increased small group work in class and content discussion, helped to create a sense of community in the virtual class, however by week 6 of the semester the number of students that were not viewing the content videos before class was increasing and their preparedness was falling. Results from a mid-semester survey indicated that 40% of students were happy with the flipped classroom, whereas 48% of the students preferred a hybrid format, requiring them to watch a single video up to 20 minutes before attending class and covering more content in lecture format in our virtual class. Just 11% of students indicated a preference for changing to a traditional synchronous lecture format. I learned that 48% of students reported the flipped format increased their understanding of the material with 25% of students being neutral and 76% of students reported the flipped method improved their retention of the material. In response to the mid-semester survey, I opted to complete the second half of the semester using the hybrid model, in which the students watched up to 20 minutes of pre-recorded material before our virtual class and in class we completed a mixture of lecture and small group and individual activities. With this hybrid model students continued to be engaged in the virtual class and mastered the content. In conclusion, I found that the flipped classroom was helpful in promoting student understanding, retention and allowed for a greater sense of community in an online setting. However, the students found it difficult to review all of the lecture material before attending class and were missing content with the flipped model, therefore a hybrid model was more popular and ultimately successful.

Market and Social Transformations as a Condition of Sustainable Development at the Regional Level: Small and Medium Business and ITManagement

Regional planning is an important element of the mechanism of market transformation in the economy of the region based on information technology management. The content of the plans is largely determined by the scenario of its development. However, it is necessary to determine the specifics of organizational support and the choice of a scenario for market transformation at the mesoscale. The objective of the research is to determine the specifics of organizational support and choose a scenario for market transformation at the mesoscale. Based on a study of the results of the implementation of the scenario of economic development, the main causes and trends of the regional economy are identified, and regulatory measures in the region are proposed. On the example of the regions of Ukraine, three possible scenarios of the scenario were formed in the near future: innovative, raw, paternalistic. The main criteria for all scenarios is the development of energy-saving technologies; the formation of a middle class that will ensure the modernization of social infrastructure, the development of education and health care, the improvement of the environment, the creation of an effective housing and communal economy and the beginning of the movement towards civil society.

The Frontier of Race in Mimetic Theory: American Lynchings and Racial Violence

Research Article| May 01 2021 The Frontier of Race in Mimetic Theory: American Lynchings and Racial Violence Julia Robinson Moore Julia Robinson Moore University of North Carolina at Charlotte JULIA ROBINSON MOORE (PhD, Michigan State University) is an associate professor in the Department of Religious Studies at UNC Charlotte. She teaches courses in African American religion, religions of the African Diaspora, and racial violence in America. Her first book, Race, Religion, and the Pulpit: Reverend Robert L. Bradby and the Making of Urban Detroit (2015), explores how Second Baptist Church of Detroit’s nineteenth minister became the catalyst for economic empowerment, community-building, and the formation of an urban African American working class in Detroit. Trained as a historian and religious studies scholar, her work focuses on the intersections of racism, religion, and racial violence in order to unearth strategies for justice, healing, and societal reform. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Contagion: Journal of Violence Mimesis and Culture (2021) 28: 1–31. https://doi.org/10.14321/contagion.28.2021.0001 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Julia Robinson Moore; The Frontier of Race in Mimetic Theory: American Lynchings and Racial Violence. Contagion: Journal of Violence Mimesis and Culture 1 May 2021; 28 1–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.14321/contagion.28.2021.0001 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveMichigan State University PressContagion: Journal of Violence Mimesis and Culture Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. © Michigan State University Board of Trustees Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.