Arteriovenous Fistula Formation Research Articles

The association of overhydration with megafistulas in hemodialysis patients

Objectives: Diffuse enlargements of arteriovenous dialysis fistulas customarily attributed to either excessive arterial inflow or central outflow stenosis. The relationship between volume status and clinically enlarged (arteriovenous) fistula (CEF) formation in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients is not well understood.Methods: We assessed the pre-dialysis bioimpedance spectroscopy-measured percentage of overhydration (OH%) in 13 prevalent dialysis patients with CEF development and negative angiography and compared the results with those of 52 control dialysis patients (CONTR). All patients were prevalent ESRD patients receiving thrice-weekly maintenance hemodiafiltration at an academic outpatient dialysis unit.Results: 10/13 CEF patients had OH% ≥15% as compared to 20/52 control patients (Chi square p: .02). The degree of OH% was 20.2 ± 7.4% among the CEF vs. 14.4 ± 7.1% in the control group (Student’s t-test p: .01), representing 4.2 ± 3.2 vs. 2.8 ± 1.6 L of excess fluid pre-dialysis (p: .03). Patients with CEF development took an average of 1.7 ± 1.4 vs. 0.8 ± 0.8 (p: .002) antihypertensive medications compared to the CONTR patients, yet their blood pressure was higher: 156/91 vs. 141/78 mmHg (systolic/diastolic p: .03<.0001). We found no difference in fistula vintage, body mass index, age, diabetes status, or diuretic use. The odds ratio of having a CEF in patients with ≥15% OH status was 5.3 (95% CI: 1.3–21.7; p: .01), the Number Needed to Harm with overhydration was 4.Conclusions: There is an association between bioimpedance spectroscopy-measured overhydrated clinical state and the presence of CEF; either as an increased volume capacitance or as a potential cause.

A new approach to vascular access for hemodialysis in patients with nonfunctioning arteriovenous fistulas

To present anexperience of arteriovenous fistula formation for hemodialysis in patients with multiple previous formations of vascular access. Original technique of permanent vascular access was applied in 33 patients. Surgical procedure implies transposition of great saphenous vein from lower leg to thigh and formation of 2 fistulous veins for hemodialysis. Patients are under observation for 8-12 months after surgery. There were no cases of thrombosis within this period.

Preoperative factors predicting the outcomes of arteriovenous fistula surgery

Purpose: The aim is to study the preoperative factors predicting the outcome of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Successful AVF formation is vital to the success of hemodialysis treatment. The factors leading to failure of AVF maturation are still ill defined and there is a limited ability to predict surgical vascular outcomes. In part, this is due to the heterogeneity of end-stage renal disease populations. Methods: A prospective observational study was under taken on CKD patients requiring vascular access surgery for a period of 2 years were from November 2015 to October 2017. Informed consent was obtained. Demographic, clinical factors, comorbidities including age, gender, site, laterality, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease, vessel caliber, type of anastomosis, flow across vein, and anastomosis were noted. The patient's vessel status recorded preoperatively by a Doppler ultrasound. Postoperative assessment of AVF was performed with Doppler 4 weeks after surgery. Data were analyzed to assess the risk factors predicting AVF outcomes. Results: A total of 330 cases of AV fistula were enrolled in the study. Of these 330 cases, they were categorized and evaluated separately according to the site of fistula creation. 180 underwent radio-cephalic fistulas, 100 brachio-cephalic and 50 had brachio-basilic fistulas. All the fistulas were separately categorized and evaluated for the factors predicting their outcome. Conclusions: In this study, the outflow vein diameter, arterial diameter and flow rate in the vein and across the anastomosis were the predominant factor determining the success of the proximal and distal arm fistulas.

Preoperative factors predicting the outcomes of arteriovenous fistula surgery

Purpose: The aim is to study the preoperative factors predicting the outcome of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Successful AVF formation is vital to the success of hemodialysis treatment. The factors leading to failure of AVF maturation are still ill defined and there is a limited ability to predict surgical vascular outcomes. In part, this is due to the heterogeneity of end-stage renal disease populations. Methods: A prospective observational study was under taken on CKD patients requiring vascular access surgery for a period of 2 years were from November 2015 to October 2017. Informed consent was obtained. Demographic, clinical factors, comorbidities including age, gender, site, laterality, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease, vessel caliber, type of anastomosis, flow across vein, and anastomosis were noted. The patient's vessel status recorded preoperatively by a Doppler ultrasound. Postoperative assessment of AVF was performed with Doppler 4 weeks after surgery. Data were analyzed to assess the risk factors predicting AVF outcomes. Results: A total of 330 cases of AV fistula were enrolled in the study. Of these 330 cases, they were categorized and evaluated separately according to the site of fistula creation. 180 underwent radio-cephalic fistulas, 100 brachio-cephalic and 50 had brachio-basilic fistulas. All the fistulas were separately categorized and evaluated for the factors predicting their outcome. Conclusions: In this study, the outflow vein diameter, arterial diameter and flow rate in the vein and across the anastomosis were the predominant factor determining the success of the proximal and distal arm fistulas.

Diameter Criteria Have Limited Value for Prediction of Functional Dialysis Use of Arteriovenous Fistulas

To determine the value of diameter measurements for prediction of functional dialysis use (FDU) of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF). Review of access operations and dialysis databases from January 1, 2007 to August 1, 2015. Follow up until July 1, 2016. FDU defined as six consecutive dialysis sessions with two needles on the AVF. Artery and vein diameters measured by portable ultrasound in access clinic. Contribution of diameter to predict FDU assessed with logistic regression. Diagnostic accuracy assessed by sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). 803 AVF operations were analysed: 507 (63%) radiocephalic fistulas (RCAVF), 237 (30%) brachiocephalic fistulas (BCAVF), and 59 (7%) brachiobasilic fistulas (BBAVF). Women had lower FDU in RCAVF (0.65, 95% CI 0.58–0.72 vs 0.86, 95% CI 0.81–0.89; p < .0001), but not in BCAVF (0.83, 95% CI 0.75–0.89 vs 0.81, 95% CI 0.73–0.88; p = .75). Female gender was an independent negative predictor of FDU in RCAVF (OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.20–0.49). Vascular kidney disease was an independent negative predictor for FDU in RCAVF (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.17–0.64) and BCAVF (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.09–0.57) in multivariable analysis. Artery and vein diameter did not improve the model for RCAVF. Vein diameter as categorical variable improved the model for BCAVF. Diameter cut off of radial artery ≥ 2 mm has 96% sensitivity, 86% PPV, 9% specificity, and 29% NPV in men. Radial artery diameter ≥2 mm had 96% sensitivity, 67% PPV but 13% specificity and 62% NPV in women. Diameter is a poor predictor of FDU of AVF. Arterial diameter measurements add no diagnostic value for BCAVF. Poor specificity suggests a diameter under 2 mm at the wrist should not preclude AVF formation. Vascular kidney disease is an independent negative predictor for FDU in all AVF.

Preoperative ultrasound improves patency and cost effectiveness in arteriovenous fistula surgery

ObjectiveWe aimed to compare routine preoperative color-coded duplex ultrasound (DUS) to clinical examination (CE) alone in surgery for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) with special emphasis on long-term outcomes and cost effectiveness. MethodsAll patients undergoing an AVF formation or revision between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2016, at our tertiary referral center were subject to analysis. Routine DUS was performed in 114 patients and CE alone in 217 patients. Primary and secondary patency, the need for revision or reintervention to obtain patency, and individual as well as overall costs were analyzed. ResultsPrimary patency rate was higher in AVF after DUS compared with CE alone at 62% vs 26% (P < .05), respectively. Patients receiving DUS had significantly lower rates of revision and revisions per patient when compared with CE (25.4% vs 59.4% [P < .0001]; 0.36 ± 0.71 vs 1.06 ± 1.55 [P < .0001], respectively). Costs per patient were significantly lower in the DUS group compared with CE at 4074€ vs 6078€ (P < .0001). ConclusionsWe were able to show that patients receiving preoperative DUS showed higher patency rates and needed fewer revisions. Standard preoperative ultrasound examination is an easy tool to improve outcomes and cost effectiveness in AVF surgery.

Assessing changes in tissue oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy following brachial plexus block for arteriovenous fistula surgery: A prospective observational pilot study.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used to measure tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) in different sites and in a wide range of clinical scenarios. Peripheral regional anaesthesia induces vascular changes causing increased arterial blood flow and venodilatation, but its effect on StO2 is still under debate. This is especially so for patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula surgery, wherein latest data suggest an improved outcome under brachial plexus block (BPB) compared with local anaesthesia, but no data are available. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in StO2 following BPB prior to arteriovenous fistula surgery using NIRS. A prospective observational study. A secondary teaching hospital from August 2016 to March 2017. Fifteen patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula surgery. Ultrasound-guided BPB in 15 patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula surgery. StO2 at baseline and compared with baseline and the contralateral arm following BPB measured using NIRS of the thenar eminence (NIRSth). Baseline values of StO2 assessed by NIRSth were 42.6 ± 7.7% in the arteriovenous fistula arm and 42.7 ± 9.7% in the contralateral arm. There was no significant difference between the two. Five minutes after BPB, there was a significant increase in StO2 of the blocked arm, compared with the control arm expressed as difference of absolute values (7.1 ± 9.7%). At 60 min, an absolute difference of 21.0 ± 13.5% was reached. The absolute increase in StO2 of the blocked arm compared with baseline reached significance after 5 min (8.8 ± 4.6%) and increased up to 23.2 ± 8.2% after 60 min. NIRSth indicates that BPB significantly increases StO2 of the arteriovenous fistula arm in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03044496.

An Ilio-iliac Arteriovenous Fistula Following Spontaneous Rupture of a Right Common Iliac Artery Aneurysm

The formation of an ilio-iliac arteriovenous fistula is a potentially lethal complication of common iliac artery aneurysm presentations. Whilst trauma predominantly accounts for the majority, spontaneous rupture of a common iliac artery aneurysm into an adjacent venous structure accounts for a small subset of patients. Urgent surgical intervention is warranted with the aim to restore arterial continuity and ideally, closure of the fistula. This case study describes the endovascular management of a spontaneous ilio-iliac arteriovenous fistula following rupture of a common iliac artery aneurysm into an adjacent vein.

Diameter Criteria Have Limited Value for Prediction of Functional Dialysis Use of Arteriovenous Fistulas

To determine the value of diameter measurements for prediction of functional dialysis use (FDU) of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF). Review of access operations and dialysis databases from January 1, 2007 to August 1, 2015. Follow up until July 1, 2016. FDU defined as six consecutive dialysis sessions with two needles on the AVF. Artery and vein diameters measured by portable ultrasound in access clinic. Contribution of diameter to predict FDU assessed with logistic regression. Diagnostic accuracy assessed by sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). 803 AVF operations were analysed: 507 (63%) radiocephalic fistulas (RCAVF), 237 (30%) brachiocephalic fistulas (BCAVF), and 59 (7%) brachiobasilic fistulas (BBAVF). Women had lower FDU in RCAVF (0.65, 95% CI 0.58-0.72 vs. 0.86, 95% CI 0.81-0.89; p<.0001), but not in BCAVF (0.83, 95% CI 0.75-0.89 vs. 0.81, 95% CI 0.73-0.88; p=.75). Female gender was an independent negative predictor of FDU in RCAVF (OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.20-0.49). Vascular kidney disease was an independent negative predictor for FDU in RCAVF (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.17-0.64) and BCAVF (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.09-0.57) in multivariable analysis. Artery and vein diameter did not improve the model for RCAVF. Vein diameter as categorical variable improved the model for BCAVF. Diameter cut off of radial artery ≥ 2mm has 96% sensitivity, 86% PPV, 9% specificity, and 29% NPV in men. Radial artery diameter ≥2mm had 96% sensitivity, 67% PPV but 13% specificity and 62% NPV in women. Diameter is a poor predictor of FDU of AVF. Arterial diameter measurements add no diagnostic value for BCAVF. Poor specificity suggests a diameter under 2mmat the wrist should not preclude AVF formation. Vascular kidney disease is an independent negative predictor for FDU in all AVF.

Comparison of the Early-Term Complications and Patency Rates of the Standard (Parachute) and Diamond-Shaped End-To-Side Anastomosis Techniques in Arteriovenous Fistulas Created for Hemodialysis.

To compare the early-term patency and complication rates of the end-to-side anastomosis techniques parachute and diamond-shaped techniques in arteriovenous fistulas. Prospective randomised study. Department of General Surgery, Adana Baskent University Application and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey, between October 2014 and January 2015. Patients with end stage renal disease who underwent arteriovenous fistula creation for hemodialysis were grouped into two according to the anastomosis technique performed. Group 1 was composed of the patients undergoing the standard parachute technique and Group 2 consisted of the patients operated with the diamond-shaped anastomosis technique. The two groups were compared with each other with respect to clinical and demographic data, operative and postoperative variables, and complication and patency rates. A total of 56 patients underwent arteriovenous fistula creation. The overall complication rate was 12.5%. The early-term patency rate was higher in the diamond-shaped anastomosis technique than the standard parachute end- to-side anastomosis technique. Effective dialysis was established after 4 weeks in 48 (85.7%) patients in the overall study group, 23 (82.1%) in Group 1, and 25 (89.2%) in Group 2. However, there was no significant difference between both the techniques with respect to effectiveness of dialysis. Both end-to-side anastomosis techniques have their own advantages and disadvantages. Using a patient- specific suitable technique rather than a standard technique would be more appropriate in arteriovenous fistulas formation.

Effect of monitored anesthesia care using dexmedetomidine on stress hormones and interleukin-6 in patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula formation

Effect of monitored anesthesia care using dexmedetomidine on stress hormones and interleukin-6 in patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula formation

Endovascular Management of Iatrogenic Internal Jugular Vein-Subclavian Artery Fistula Formed by Inadvertently Misplaced Hemodialysis Catheter: A Case Report

: Right internal jugular vein catheterization is a way to establish a temporary dialysis vascular access. Arterial injuries including inadvertent arterial cannulation and/or arteriovenous fistula formation are one of the most clinically important complications of hemodialysis catheter placement. Endovascular management of these conditions is a promising treatment option, especially for aged and co-morbid patients. This report represents a case of internal jugular vein-subclavian artery fistula formed by inadvertently misplaced double lumen tunneled cuffed central venous catheter that was treated successfully with covered stent graft placement.

Femoral pseudoaneurysm closure by direct access: To stick or not to stick?

Femoral artery pseudoaneurysms are usually the result of femoral artery cannulation for percutaneous cardiac or endovascular procedures. It causes compression of surrounding structures, may cause distal embolization, arteriovenous fistula formation, or might rupture. Most close spontaneously by thrombosis, and the remainder need intervention, either percutaneous or surgical repair. We describe a unique case of femoral pseudoaneurysm that was repaired percutaneously by excluding it via stenting and simultaneous closure of residual aneurysm by direct access and coil embolization.

Venae comitantes fistulae: an option in patients with difficult hemodialysis access.

To evaluate the outcome of use of venae comitantes vessels in the formation of arterio-venous fistulae as vascular access for hemodialysis, in patients with limited venous anatomy. Twenty patients who underwent arterio-venous anastomosis between brachial artery and venae comitantes were identified (2002 - 2005) and the notes reviewed. There was early failure in two (10%) patients (immediate postoperative period) and a further four (20%) failed late (mean 26 weeks, range 7-60). One patient developed a steal syndrome with radial nerve dysfunction requiring ligation of the fistula. Six (30%) patients utilised their fistulae for dialysis successfully without additional surgery and a further 6(30%) required surgical intervention to exteriorise the fistulae by the use of interposition grafts to allow successful use. Venae Comitantes arterial fistulae offer an option in patients with limited venous anatomy for standard reconstruction. If access surgery utilizes such veins second stage procedures are often required with overall 70% use.

A successful scheme for reducing waiting times for arteriovenous fistula formation

In a bid to reduce waiting times for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) formation we introduced a scheme whereby nephrologists were able to place patients directly on the waiting list for surgery. This study evaluated the quality of these direct referrals and assessed the reduction in waiting times. Fifty consecutive patients referred directly to the waiting list were compared with 50 patients placed on the waiting list after being assessed in our vascular access clinic. Forty-nine patients from the direct group and 47 patients from the clinic group underwent surgery. In the direct group 39 patients (80%) underwent the same procedure as they had been originally listed for, compared with 39 patients (83%) in the clinic group (p=0.80). A fistula suitable for needling was created in 37 patients (76%) of the direct group and 38 patients (81%) of the clinic group (p=0.62). The median wait from referral to surgery in the direct group was significantly lower than in the clinic group (62 vs.141 days; p<0.0001). This study demonstrates that nephrologists are able to effectively assess select patients for AVF formation. This significantly reduces waiting times for surgery, without an increase in cancelled operations, or a reduction in technical success.

Neovasculature can be induced by patching an arterial graft into a vein: A novel in vivo model of spontaneous arteriovenous fistula formation

Arteriovenous malformations consist of tangles of arteries and veins that are often connected by a fistula. The causes and mechanisms of these clinical entities are not fully understood. We discovered that suturing an arterial patch into the common jugular vein of rabbits led to spontaneous neovascularization, the formation of an arteriovenous fistula and the development of an arteriovenous shunt. An arterial patch excised from the common carotid artery was sutured into the common jugular vein. Within a month, a dense nidus-like neovasculature formed around the patch. Angiography and pulse-oximeter analyses showed that the blood flowing into the neovasculature was arterial blood. This indicated that an arteriovenous shunt had formed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a Y chromosome probe in female rabbits that received an arterial patch from male rabbits showed that the vessels close to the graft bore the Y chromosome, whereas the vessels further away did not. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and cDNA microarray analysis showed that multiple angiogenic factors were upregulated after patch transplantation. This is the first in vivo model of spontaneous arteriovenous fistula formation. Further research on these differences may help to improve understanding of human vascular anomaly diseases and the basic principles underlying vasculogenesis and/or angiogenesis.

Safety and efficacy of ulnar artery approach for percutaneous cardiac catheterization: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Trans-radial access has rapidly become the standard for percutaneous coronary procedures in the last decade. As proceduralists overcome the learning curve and become more competent in trans-radial access, alternative safe access sites such as the ulnar artery have been increasingly used for emergent and elective procedures. The aim of this study was to synthesize the best available evidence of the impact on major adverse cardiac events (MACE) of ulnar artery compared to radial artery cardiac catheterization. This review considered randomized controlled trials that included adult patients who had a percutaneous coronary procedure via the radial or ulnar artery. The intervention of interest was the use of ulnar compared to radial artery for cardiac catheterization. An extensive search was undertaken for published and unpublished trials up to May 2017. Methodological quality was assessed independently by two reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) checklist. Data were analyzed using Review Manager. A total of six trials were included in the review. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of MACE between patients who underwent trans-ulnar or trans-radial artery catheterization (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.65-1.25). Complications associated with access including hematoma formation, (n = 6 trials) pseudo-aneurysm, and arterio-venous fistulae formation (n = 5 trials), were investigated in a total of 5,276 patients, with no difference in these complications noted between the two groups. There were no differences in arterial access time, fluoroscopy time, and contrast load between the two groups. There is evidence to support safe use of the ulnar artery as an alternative to the radial artery for access for cardiac catheterization.

Артериовенозная фистула после удаления вестибулярной шванномы

Артериовенозная фистула после удаления вестибулярной шванномы

Arterial stiffness alone does not explain arteriovenous fistula outcomes.

Marked arterial adaptation is critical in permitting and sustaining the increased blood flow within an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). The aim of this investigation was to evaluate markers of arterial disease and their association with the early post-operative AVF outcomes. We included all patients in whom an AVF had been performed after enrolment to the Renal Impairment In Secondary Care (RIISC) study. Primary AVF failure (PFL) was defined as thrombosis at six-week review. All patients underwent BP Tru and Vicorder pulse wave analysis assessments and also had assays of advanced glycation end-products prior to AVF formation. These were correlated with the short-term AVF outcomes. One hundred and eight AVFs were created in 86 patients. The primary patency (PPT) group were found to have significantly higher body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.01). Intraluminal vein diameter was significantly greater in the PPT group than the PFL group (p≤0.01). Mean augmentation index and augmentation index 75 was significantly higher in the PPT group than the PFL group (p = 0.03 and 0.03, respectively). Aortic pulse wave velocity was slower in the PPT group at 10.2 m/s than the PFL group at 10.8 m/s (p = 0.32). Advanced glycation end-product measurements did not vary significantly between the PPT and PFL groups (p = 0.4). Logistic regression analysis provided a predictive model, which demonstrated a predictive value of 78.1% for AVF patency at 6 weeks. All patients in this end-stage renal disease cohort have significant aortic stiffness. The results for pulse wave velocity were slower in the PPT group suggesting a tendency towards stiffer vessels and PFL.

Outcomes Following Placement of Venous Stents for Treatment of Thrombotic Venous Disease

BackgroundEndovenous stenting is a method to overcome venous outflow obstruction in the treatment of patients with acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or in those with symptomatic post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). These treatments allow maximal luminal expansion of the caval and/or iliac venous segment leading to a reduction in venous hypertension. While there is growing enthusiasm for their use, particularly as conventional treatments usually with anticoagulation are not always effective there is however little clinical data regarding efficacy in improving clinical outcome.ObjectivesTo determine the outcomes in patients following placement of venous stents for treatment of obstruction in acute venous thrombotic and post-thrombotic syndrome.MethodsConsecutive patients with a history of DVT in whom a venous stent was inserted at two UK specialist tertiary referral centres between 2012-2015 were included. ‘Acute’ patients consisted of those with a fresh symptomatic iliofemoral DVT; chronic patients were those with recalcitrant PTS unresponsive to conventional therapy. Patients planned for intervention were discussed by a multidisciplinary team made up from Haematology, Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery.Stents were placed under general anaesthesia. Venous access was obtained using ultrasound guidance. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was used to size the stent and to ensure it was fully expanded. Endophlebectomy with arterio-venous fistula formation was carried out in selected patients. All patients were given therapeutic dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) post procedure before transition to oral anticoagulation.Ultrasound surveillance commenced the day after the procedure and at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and annually thereafter. Clinical follow-up was at 6 weeks, 6 monthly thereafter. Primary patency was defined as a patent stent with <50% diameter reduction. Primary-assisted patency was defined as a stent that had not occluded, but had required a re-intervention to maintain patency, based on imaging findings and/or symptoms. Secondary patency included stents that had blocked and were successfully re-opened. Ulcer healing or changes in Villalta Score were used as measures of clinical outcome following intervention.Results379 venous stents were placed in 148 patients. The median age of patients was 42yrs (range: 18-81yrs), and 86 (58%) patients were female. Symptoms in the left leg were most common (116 patients, 78%).There were 60 (41%) patients who had a venous stent placed to treat an underlying stenosis following catheter directed thrombolysis of an acute iliofemoral DVT. 88 (58%) patients had stent placement to treat a post-thrombotic obstruction considered pathological for PTS.Primary, primary-assisted and secondary patency was 67%, 85% and 88% respectively at one-year in the acute DVT group (figure 1) and 64%, 86% and 86% respectively for the PTS group (figure 2). The median Villata score was 0 (range 0-14), 12 months after stenting, though new ulceration was noted in three patients in the acute DVT group. Median Villalta scores in patients without ulceration decreased from 15 (range 6-23) to 5 (range 1-22) one-year following the procedure (P<0.0001) in the PTS group with the greatest improvement in Villalta score in patients with a patent stent (P<0.0001). Ulcer healing occurred in 6 of 13 patients during follow-up. Four patients with severe pre-operative PTS developed an ulcer six-months following intervention.There was one death from cancer during follow-up, but no stent related mortality or major bleeding complications.ConclusionsThis is the largest reported series of outcomes of venous stents placed in patients with acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis or severe post-thrombotic syndrome. Patients had a minimum follow-up of one year Venous stenting offer potential for the treatment of patients with obstruction related to thrombotic venous disease with good clinical outcomes at one year. Further study on patient selection, outcomes and optimal anticoagulation is required. [Display omitted] DisclosuresBreen:Veniti: Speakers Bureau. Cohen:Bayer Healthcare: Employment, Speakers Bureau. Uprichard:Bayer Healthcare: Speakers Bureau. Black:Veniti: Speakers Bureau.