Formation Of Adaptive Response Research Articles

Involvement of ROS and calcium ions in developing heat resistance and inducing antioxidant system of wheat seedlings under melatonin's effects.

The stress-protective effect of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) on plant cells is mediated by key signaling mediators, in particular calcium ions and reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the links between changes in calcium and redox homeostasis and the formation of adaptive responses of cultivated cereals (including wheat) to the action of high temperatures have not yet been studied. In the present study, we investigated the possible involvement of ROS and calcium ions as signaling mediators in developing heat resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings and activating their antioxidant system. Treatment of 3-day-old etiolated seedlings with melatonin solutions at concentrations 0.01-10µM increased their survival after exposure to 45°C for 10min. The most significant stress-protective effect was exerted by melatonin treatment at 1µM concentration. Under the influence of melatonin, a transient enhancement of superoxide anion radical (O2•-) generation and an increase in hydrogen peroxide content were observed in roots, with a maximum at 1h. Four hours after treatment with melatonin, the activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase increased in roots, while the activity of superoxide dismutase did not change significantly. After exposure to 45°C, the activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase was higher in the roots of melatonin-treated wheat seedlings, and the indices of ROS generation, content of the lipid peroxidation product malonic dialdehyde, and cell membrane damage were lower than in control seedlings. Melatonin-induced changes in root ROS generation and antioxidant enzyme activities were eliminated by pretreatment with the hydrogen peroxide scavenger dimethylthiourea (DMTU), NADPH oxidase inhibitor imidazole, and calcium antagonists (the extracellular calcium chelator EGTA and phospholipase C inhibitor neomycin). Treatment with DMTU, imidazole, EGTA, and neomycin also abolished the melatonin-induced increase in survival of wheat seedlings after heat stress. The role of calcium ions and ROS, generated with the participation of NADPH oxidase, as signaling mediators in the melatonin-induced antioxidant system and heat stress resistance of wheat seedlings have been demonstrated.

The Effect of Retinol Acetate on Liver Fibrosis Depends on the Temporal Features of the Development of Pathology

The effect of vitamin A on the manifestations of liver fibrosis is controversial and establishing the causes of its multidirectional influence is an urgent problem. In the work, the functional characteristics of the liver with Cu-induced fibrosis were determined after the restoration of vitamin A to the control level at the F0/F1 stage. In animals with liver fibrosis, classical indicators of physiology, functional activity of the liver, histological, and hematological characteristics were determined; the content of calcium and ROS was determined in bone marrow cells. It was shown that in the liver with Cu-induced fibrosis, the restoration of vitamin A content to control values after per os injections of a retinol acetate solution at a dose of 0.10mg (300 IU)/100g of body weight in the early stages of this pathology development (Fо/F1) was accompanied by: a decrease in the number of immunocompetent cells in the bloodstream to control values; normalization of the amount of calcium ions and ROS in bone marrow cells; restoration to the control level of activity of alkaline phosphatase; an increase in the number of binuclear hepatocytes; and restoration of the dynamics of body weight growth in experimental animals, even against the background of the ongoing action of the hepatotoxic factor. We came to the conclusion that the multidirectional action of vitamin A, which occurs in liver fibrosis, depends not only on the concentration of vitamin A in the liverbut also on temporal characteristics of cellular and metabolic links involved in the adaptive response formation. It was suggested that knowledge of the initial temporal metabolic characteristics and the amount of vitamin A in the liver, taking into account the stages of fibrosis development, can be an effective way to restore the altered homeostatic parameters of the body.

ANXIETY IN CHILDREN AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE BAD HABITS DEVELOPMENT

Abstract. Due to the presence of war in Ukraine, children have an increased level of anxiety. Оn the other hand it is a difficult stage in life of young people who lose the ability to communicate offline, especially during distance learning. It is difficult for children to adapt to the constant stay at home, to communicate with classmates and friends online, to adapt to the new rhythm of life and the dynamics of learning.. The modern educational system has changed so much in the last two years that the student must constantly adapt to new learning platforms and innovations. And the inability to clearly see and do laboratory classes in many subjects, self-study, even physical education classes leads to chronic stress.
 The study of the problem of anxiety and social emotional chronic stress on the formation of disorders on the part of the maxillofacial system is relevant. Stress is becoming an increasingly global problem, especially among children, because it negatively affects their lives and health, the progression of bad habits, and in turn, disorders of the dental system. Therefore, it is important to study the problem of social emotional chronic stress in the educational activities of students in terms of distance learning and its impact on the formation of disorders of the dental system.
 To reduce the impact of stressors, children use oral habits: sucking fingers, biting nails, pencils or pens, sitting in front of a monitor with his mouth open, despite a positive breath test, in the same position resting his head on his hands, causing chronic injury in this area. According to many studies, this may be the result of a person's adaptation to existing chronic stress.
 The article is based on a quantitative study conducted among school-aged patients with oral by means of a secret questionnaire. The level of anxiety was determined using the STAI (State-TrateAnxiety-Inventory) scale. We determined personal and situational anxiety. High levels of anxiety turn into stress, which is becoming a more global problem, especially among children. It has a negative impact on their life and health, on the progression of oral habits and, in turn, on the appearance of acquired dental and maxillomandibular anomalies. Therefore, it is relevant to study the problem of anxiety in children, social emotional chronic stress on the appearance of oral habits and, as a result, on the development of maxillomandibular anomalies.
 The article presents the results of an anonymous survey of 120 patients with existing maxillomandibular anomalies, which includes the periods of anxiety, various stress factors, the progression of chronic oral habits, and their influence on the development of maxillomandibular anomalies. Our results of a secret survey indicate the state of chronic stress of students, their being in a state of social stress due to new living conditions in the war period in Ukrine; frequent changes between periods of live communication and distance learning; psychological problems in the family; emotional relief during the habit. Due to the fact that children live in conditions of chronic stress, they lose motivation to learn. They do not get pleasure from it, but in turn seek help in habits that, according to our patients, help reduce the impact of stress on quality of life and their own emotional state. The results of the study explain the formation of adaptive responses of the body to the stress and confirm the relationship between chronic oral habits in children under influence of anxiety and social stress.

Features of the cytokine profile under its modification with technogenic factors in conditions of experiment in vitro (on the example of benz(a)pyrene and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antigen)

Introduction. The immune system plays the key role in the formation of adaptive responses and is the most sensitive to environmental exposures. An immune response under exposure to viruses or other factors is induced by toll-like receptors stimulating production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Simultaneous exposure to exogenous chemical pollutants in ambient air modifies the adaptation process.
 Materials and methods. An in vitro experiment was accomplished on samples of peripheral blood. The study focused on a mixed population of immune-competent cells (n=64 samples). Effects produced by exogenous factors (benz(a)pyrene, SARS-CoV-2) and managing elements (interleukin-1β, cortisol) were considered influencing factors. All the lymphocyte cultures were incubated for 72 hours; after that, the quantitative content of cytokines in the samples was determined by the ELISA tests.
 Results. The inhibition of cytokines was experimentally demonstrated when the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antigen was introduced into cell culture in combination with cortisol and an immunomodulator (IL-6, IL-10), and a significant decrease in the level of INF-gamma in samples with the addition of IL-1β was also noted. Benz(a)pyrene exerted a catalytic effect on the cytokine-producing function of immunocompetent cells with an increase in the production of IL-6 and IFN-gamma relative to spontaneous production. Suppression of cytokines (IL-6, IFN-gamma, and IL-10) was observed in samples containing vaccine antigens SARS-CoV-2, compared with the spontaneous level, which suggests the formation of possible mechanisms of post-vaccination complications.
 Limitations. The study has no limitations associated with the use of the selected methods or characteristics of the research objects.
 Conclusions. Experimental modelling in vitro made it possible to estimate the additive effects of the mixed action of benz(a)pyrene and SARS-CoV-2 (vaccine antigen) on protein molecules and hyperproduction of inflammatory modulators was evaluated. The study aimed to facilitate investigation of the examined mechanism and development of relevant programs for preventing risks of negative effects produced on health by chemical and biological factors.

The role of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in regulation of redox homeostasis at extreme temperatures in plants.

Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, as important signaling molecules (gasotransmitters), are involved in many functions of plant organism, including adaptation to stress factors of various natures. As redox-active molecules, NO and H2S are involved in redox regulation of functional activity of many proteins. They are also involved in maintaining cell redox homeostasis due to their ability to interact directly and indirectly (functionally) with ROS, thiols, and other molecules. The review considers the involvement of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in plant responses to low and high temperatures. Particular attention is paid to the role of gasotransmitters interaction with other signaling mediators (in particular, with Ca2+ ions and ROS) in the formation of adaptive responses to extreme temperatures. Pathways of stress-induced enhancement of NO and H2S synthesis in plants are considered. Mechanisms of the NO and H2S effect on the activity of some proteins of the signaling system, as well as on the state of antioxidant and osmoprotective systems during adaptation to stress temperatures, were analyzed. Possibilities of practical use of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide donors as inductors of plant adaptive responses are discussed.

FEATURES OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM REACTION UNDER MENTAL LOAD AND ACTIVE ORTHOSTASIS IN STUDENTS

The adaptation of the body to the action of various environmental factors is based on the redistribution of the activity of the structures of the autonomic nervous system, accompanied by a change in heart rate variability. It is relevant to study the manifestations of the adaptive response during mental stress in comparison with the effect of other factors. The aim of the study is to compare the response of the autonomic nervous system under cognitive load and active orthostasis in students. Cognitive load was modeled using a correction test. To assess the state of the autonomic nervous system, statistical, spectral and geometric indicators of the heart rate were recorded using the Poly-Spectrum software and hardware complex. The transition of the body from a horizontal to a vertical position and mental activity lead to a shift in the autonomic balance towards the predominance of the influence of the sympathetic circuit of the autonomic nervous system. In orthostasis, this is mainly achieved by reducing the activity of the parasympathetic cardiac center. The formation of adaptive responses under mental stress leads to a pronounced predominance of sympathetic influences, which indicates a significant tension of the central regulatory mechanisms associated with the activation of sympathetic autonomic structures.

Влияние гипоксии на состояние хромосомного аппарата дрозофилы в условиях накопления 3-гидроксикинуренина

M. E. Lobashev and V. B. Savvateev’s research laid the foundation for studying the relationship between neuroplasticity and reaction to extreme conditions. Common mechanisms underlying adaptive reactions and learning have been proven to exist. Hypoxia is one of the most common damaging factors in various adverse external and internal effects. Severe forms of hypoxia suppress neuroplasticity and cause learning and memory disorders. Chromatin remodelling and expression of genes involved in memory formation and learning may require double-stranded DNA breaks because they accompany intense matrix processes in neurogenesis and serve as indicators of physiological neuronal activity. Stimulation of regulatory cascades involved in learning has an impact on adaptive response formation. For instance, metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism affect the synaptic plasticity processes that regulate memory formation and learning. This article studies the effect of hypoxia on the state of chromosomal apparatus in Drosophila cd mutant (accumulation of 3-hydroxykynurenine). We discover interlinear differences in the frequency of double-stranded DNA breaks following exposure to hypoxia in mutant cd and wild-type CS strain. Obtained data are discussed in terms of the relationship between neuroplasticity processes, circadian rhythm regulation, and mechanisms for adapting to extreme conditions.

SOCIAL STRESS IN CHILDREN AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BAD HABITS

Learning for children is a necessary stage in the development of personality, which helps the child to more easily acquire the necessary knowledge to further establish the individual. Оn the other hand it is a difficult stage in life of young people who lose the ability to communicate offline, especially during distance learning. It is difficult for children to adapt to the constant stay at home, to communicate with classmates and friends online, to adapt to the new rhythm of life and the dynamics of learning. Staying more than half of the time at the computer with a layer of psychological difficulties in the conditions of distance learning leads to constant stress and chronic stress. The modern educational system has changed so much in the last two years that the student must constantly adapt to new learning platforms and innovations. And the inability to clearly see and do laboratory classes in many subjects, self-study, even physical education classes leads to chronic stress.
 Stress is becoming an increasingly global problem, especially among children, because it negatively affects their lives and health, the progression of bad habits, and in turn, disorders of the dental system. Therefore, it is important to study the problem of social emotional chronic stress in the educational activities of students in terms of distance learning and its impact on the formation of disorders of the dental system.
 To reduce the impact of stressors, children use bad habits: sucking fingers, biting nails, pencils or pens, sitting in front of a monitor with his mouth open, despite a positive breath test (presence of nasal breathing), in the same position resting his head on his hands, causing chronic injury in this area. According to many studies, this may be the result of a person's adaptation to existing chronic stress.
 Our study was based on a quantitative study conducted among school-age patients who have bad habits (sucking a finger or other objects, breathing through their mouths, resting their heads on their hands while listening to an online lesson) through a secret questionnaire that collected information on the most stressful areas of life and distance learning under quarantine.
 The article presents the results of an anonymous survey of 60 patients, which includes periods of onset and progression of a chronic habit, the presence of various stressors, the reasons for poor performance. Our results of a secret survey indicate the state of chronic stress of students, their being in a state of social stress due to new living conditions, frequent changes between periods of live communication and distance learning, psychological problems in the family, emotional relief during the habit. Due to the fact that children live in conditions of chronic stress, they lose motivation to learn. They do not get pleasure from it, but in turn seek help in habits that, according to our patients, help reduce the impact of stress on quality of life and their own emotional state. The results of the study explain the formation of adaptive responses of the body to the stress factor (E. Gelgorn, W. Canon) and confirm the relationship between chronic bad habits in children under social stress.

Proteomics

Proteomics is a branch of molecular biology that deals with the identification and quantification of proteins in living objects, as well as the analysis of protein functions and their interactions.
 Proteomics is studied by proteins that are expressed in a given cell, tissue or organism over a period of time (under certain conditions).
 It is known that information about the primary structure of a protein (the sequence of amino acid residues in a protein) is contained in a structural gene in the form of a codon sequence (genetic code). On the other hand, less than 10% of genes are functionally active (expressed) in the somatic cells of our body. Moreover, a distinct tissue-specific expression of genes is observed. This, in turn, leads to the peculiarities of the qualitative composition of the synthesized proteins in various tissues. No less important is the fact that the total amount of proteins synthesized by our tissues is much greater than the total number of structural genes containing information about their original structure. This phenomenon is explained by the activity of such mechanisms as alternative splicing and a wide variety of post-translational peptide processing pathways (covalent modification of a polypeptide synthesized on the ribosome) in health and disease. Thus, even a brief review of the semantic content of the term "proteomics" indicates an extremely complex system of protein molecules in our body, which plays a fundamental role in maintaining homeostasis and is involved in the formation of adaptive responses in response to adverse changes in the internal and external environment.

Formation of adaptive responses of grapes to the action of abiotic stressors of the winter period

The purpose of this work is to study the formation of adaptive reactions of grapes to the action of stressors of the winter period, by physiological and biochemical parameters, to identify varieties that have increased adaptive abilities for use in breeding. Objects of research are grape varieties of different origins: Kristall (control), Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Aligote, Zarif. It was revealed that the increased resistance to winter stress conditions in the varieties Kristall, Dostoyny is achieved by a decrease in the water content of the buds by 9.09-10.40 %. In the varieties Vostorg, Dostoyny, Krasnostop AZOS adaptive resistance is achieved by increasing the starch content in the tissues of the shoots by 2.81-5.50 times in the pre-winter period. In varieties Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg an important contribution to the formation of adaptive processes was made by water-soluble sugars, the content of which increased 2.82 and 2.89 times as a result of starch hydrolysis. An increase in the activity of peroxidase (2.49-2.75 times) indicated the instability of varieties Zarif, Aligote. Varieties Vostorg, Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS have increased adaptive abilities in comparison with other studied varieties and are recommended for use in the breeding process.

Modeling of Molecular Mechanisms of Radiation Adaptive Response Formation

The phenomenon of adaptive response is expressed in the increase of resistance of a biological object to high doses of mutagens under the conditions of previous exposure to these (or other) mutagens in low doses. Low doses of mutagen activate a number of protective mechanisms in a living object, which are called hormetic. Thus, the adaptive response and hormesis are links in the same chain. Radiation hormesis refers to the generally positive effect of low doses of low LET radiation on biological objects. The phenomenology of radiation-induced adaptive response and radiation hormesis for biological objects of different levels of organization is considered; the review of existing theories describing the dose-effect relationship has been reviewed. The hypothesis proposing one of the mechanisms of formation of radiation adaptive response of cells taking into account the conformational structure of chromatin has been submitted. The analysis of modern concepts of the phenomenon of hormesis on the basis of modeling of molecular mechanisms of formation of hormetic reactions to low-dose low LET radiation has been carried out. The parameters that can be used for quantitative and graphical evaluation of the phenomenon of hormesis was considered, and a formula for calculating the coefficient of radiation-induced adaptive response has been proposed. A review of mathematical models describing the radiation relative risk of gene mutations and neoplastic transformations at low-dose irradiation of cohorts has been performed. The following conclusions have been made: radiation hormesis and adaptive response are generally recognized as real and reproducible biological phenomena, which should be considered as very important phenomena of evolutionarily formed biological protection of living organisms from ionizing radiation. The hormesis model of dose-response relationship makes much more accurate predictions of a living object's response to radiation (or other stressors) in the low-dose range than the linear threshold (LNT) model does. The LNT model can adequately describe reactions only in the region of high doses of radiation, and, therefore, extrapolation modeling of biological object’s reactions from the zone of high doses to low doses is not correct.

ДО ПИТАНЬ ВПЛИВУ ПОЄДНАНОЇ ДІЇ ЕЛЕКТРОМАГНІТНОГО ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯ ТА ШУМУ НА СТАН МОРФОЛОГІЧНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ КРОВІ

The aim. Study of hematological parameters under conditions of combined action on the body of experimental animals. Subject and methods. The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the state of morphological elements of the blood. Hematological, statistical methods. Results. A two-month experiment was performed on white rats exposed to EMR at the levels of 100, 500 and 2500 μW/cm2 and acoustic noise of 85 dBA. The structure of the leukogram changed due to changes in the absolute number of leukocytes (increase), lymphocytes (decrease), monocytes (decrease) and granulocytes (decrease). Since lymphocytes belong to immunocompetent cells and assessing the nature of their changes during 60 days of the experiment, we can assume that there is an increase in regenerative processes in the lymphocyte population and activation of the immune system by damaging factor, followed by gradual depletion of compensatory mechanisms and suppression of suppressor mechanisms. Decreased hemoglobin levels and a decrease in the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes may indicate low blood O2 saturation and the development of anemia, with the subsequent development of dysfunction of all organs and systems of the body. Conclusions. The nature of changes in hematological parameters during the experiment may be a manifestation of mobilization of functional systems and the formation of adaptive responses aimed at maintaining the stability of homeostasis in the studied factors with possible prolongation of their further disruption, suppression of regenerative processes in the blood and depletion of compensators, or the development of various reparation reactions that provide protective - restorative functional systems to maintain the dynamic balance of the organism with the environment.

Participation of nitric oxide in induction of heat resistance of wheat seedlings by putrescine

Polyamines are stress plant metabolites involved in the formation of adaptive responses. Recently, they have been considered as compounds that are involved in signaling processes. However, the possible role of nitric oxide (NO) and its functional interaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the realization of stress-protective effects of polyamines has been very poorly studied. The participation of NO as a signaling mediator in the induction of the heat resistance of wheat seedlings by the exogenous diamine putrescine is studied. Incubation of intact seedling roots on a 1 mM putrescine solution caused an increase in the activity of diamine oxidase and a transient increase in the content of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, with peaks at 1 and 2 hours from the start of the treatment. The increase in the NO content was eliminated by the action of aminoguanidine (an inhibitor of diamine oxidase and NO synthase), but not sodium tungstate (an inhibitor of nitrate reductase). Treatment of seedlings with a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide with dimethylthiourea (DMTU) reduced the effect of increasing the NO content in roots caused by putrescine. At the same time, scavenger NO PTIO (2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) almost completely eliminated the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the roots, which occurred under the action of putrescine. The increase in the heat resistance of seedlings induced by the treatment with putrescine was completely eliminated under the influence of the NO PTIO scavenger, an inhibitor of diamine oxidase and NO synthase aminoguanidine, and the antioxidant DMTU. It is concluded about the functional interaction of ROS and NO as a signal intermediaries, providing the induction of protective responses and the development of plants of heat-resistance in the processing of putrescine.

Mesodiencephalic modulation in complex therapy of diabetic polyneuropathy

The effect of mesodiencephalic modulation on the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, insulin and cortisol secretion, the severity of neurological disorders and pain syndrome has been studied in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. It has been established that the addition of a standard therapeutic complex with MDM-therapy reduces the neurological symptoms of the disease and the severity of the pain syndrome by half, as well as significantly improves the insulin regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It has been proven that MDM-therapy reduces the body’s insulin resistance, which makes it possible to recommend this physical factor for the treatment of diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. The hypothesis of the systemic nature of MDM-therapy and its effect on the formation of adaptive responses is considered.

Carotenoid Content and Antioxidant Status in Tissues of the Eurybiontic Bivalve Mollusk Cerastoderma glaucum (Cardiidae)

The relationship between the total carotenoid content and the state of the antioxidant (AO) complex was studied in tissues of the eurybiontic Black Sea bivalve mollusk Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguiere, 1789) from natural habitats, which has a high oxidative stress tolerance. In the hepatopancreas, gills and foot, the total carotenoid content, glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, as well as the level of reduced glutathione (G-SH) and TBA-reactive products were determined. A direct correlation was established between the total carotenoid content and the GSH level (R 2 = 0.98) and GP activity (R 2 = 0.84). This correlation reflects a possible synergistic interaction between these systems when performing AO functions. An inverse relationship was found between the total carotenoid content and SOD and catalase activities (R 2 = 0.97 and 0.98, respectively), which may be due to a possible competitive interrelationship of these two systems. The revealed correlations reflect specific interrelationships between carotenoids and the AO complex in the clam C. glaucum, as well as their role in the formation of adaptive responses of the mollusk to oxidative stress. They can also serve a starting point for further research aimed at obtaining biologically active substances with antioxidant properties from mollusk tissues.

Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster reproduction and preadult mortality after the influence of microwave radiation

A new type of anthropogenic impact – low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequencies (EHF EMR) demonstrates various genetic effects. The questions of the organism adaptive response formation to short-term exposure of EMR that depends on the individual’s genotype are of particular interest. The objective of this study was to analyze the reproductive ability and preadult mortality in Drosophila melanogaster with whiteapticot mutation after the influence of microwave radiation. We used D. melanogaster stocks that carry whiteapticot mutation, but differ in the genetic background on which this mutation is located: wa(C-S), wa(Or) and wa. Virgin flies were irradiated. The parameters of the external influence were power flux density W=10 μW/cm2, frequency F=65 GHz, exposure time t=5 minutes. The stages of embryo death, number of adult offspring, and mortality rate at the pupal stage were analyzed. The results of the study showed that the effect of electromagnetic radiation on virgin imagoes of Drosophila with an impaired tryptophan metabolism modifies the survival rate of the offspring at the preimaginal stages of ontogenesis. In the offspring of young flies (at the age of 3–8 days) the frequency of embryonic mortality decreases during the 0–5.5 hours period (initial stages of cleavage and blastoderm formation) and 5.5–17 hours period (stage of gastrulation and embryo segmentation, histogenesis) of embryogenesis. The total number of offspring at the adult stage does not differ from the control values; the mortality rate at the pupal stage also does not change in the offspring of young parents after exposure to EMR. An increase in the age of parental couples that were exposed to short-term EMR on the first day after eclosion from pupae (20–25 days aged) leads to a decrease in the embryonic mortality rate of offspring during the 17–22 hours of embryogenesis (organogenesis stage and larval exit from chorion). The total embryonic mortality rate is determined solely by the age of the parents. The strength of this factor for the stocks is h2wa=69.7 %, h2wa(C-S)=52.2 % and h2wa(Or)=64.9 % respectively. The impact of EMR affects the embryonic mortality rate only for the wa(Or) (h2EMR=18.3 %). External exposure does not change the number of imago offspring in individuals aged 0–5 days; the number of adult offspring increased by 1,2 times in individuals aged 20–25 days in the stock wa(C-S). A decrease in the number of dead individuals at the pupal stage in the descendants of 20–25-day-old parents after exposure to EMR EHF on average by three times was shown.

ПРИГНІЧЕННЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ ШЛУНКОВИХ ВИРАЗОК ПРИ ІМОБІЛІЗАЦІЙНОМУ ВОДОІМЕРСІЙНОМУ СТРЕСІ ПОПЕРЕДНЬОЮ ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦІЄЮ МУЛЬТИПОТЕНТНИХ СТРОМАЛЬНИХ КЛІТИН

To investigate the effect of pre-transplantation of multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) of bone marrow on gastric ulcer formation and the state of the immune system in conditions of acute and prolonged stress. Wistar rats reproduced immobilizing water-immersion stress of 2 types: acute and prolonged. Investigated the number and area of stress ulcers, thymus and spleen, as well as hematologic parameters, proliferative and cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, splenocytes and cells of lymph nodes, determined the absorption activity of neutrophils. With prolonged stress as a result of MSC transplantation, the number and area of ulcers significantly decreased, indicating the adaptive protective effect of cells. With acute stress, the introduction of MSC had virtually no effect on ulcer formation. With prolonged stress, there was a decrease in thymus, spleen and leukocyte counts in the blood. Under the influence of transplanted MSCs, the number of all mobilized cells was normalized with the exception of lymphocytes. The natural cytotoxicity and proliferative activity of splenocytes, cells of lymph nodes and peripheral blood in acute and prolonged stress as a result of the introduction of MSC did not change significantly. The introduction of bone marrow MSС 24 h before the last reproduction of stress responses in the model of prolonged stress significantly reduced the number and area of ulcers, which generally indicates the anti-ulcer effect of cells, and normalized the stress-induced quantitative cellular changes in the immune system. Transplantation of bone marrow MSCs to rats prior to reproduction of stress enhances the adaptive antistress mechanisms that develop during prolonged stress, leading to suppression of gastric ulcer formation and significantly altering immune system activity. It can be assumed that one of the mechanisms of action on the body of MSCs is to promote the formation of adaptive responses.

Фізіолого-біохімічні реакції в насінні та рослинах гороху посівного (Pisum sativum L.) на початкових етапах онтогенезу за дії біопрепаратів і регуляторів росту рослин

The purpose. To probe physiological-biochemical responses in seeds, roots and shoots of pease at initial stages of ontogenesis at use of biological products and growth regulators of plants. Methods. Seeds of pease (Pisum sativum L.) of grade Glians were treated with working solutions of growth regulator of plants AKM and microbial specimen Rizobofit. Seeds were germinated in containers with sand in a thermostat at temperature of 20±2°C. Intensity of peroxide oxidation of lipids in tissues of germinating seeds, young plantlets and roots was evaluated according to the content of malonic dial (MD) which was determined with the help of spectrophotometric method and recalculation for dry matter (DM). That index, and also mass of dry matters was determined at different stages of growth of pease BBCH (00, 03, 05, 08, 12, 13, 14, 15) according to practical standards. Results. It is determined that presowing treatment of seeds with growth regulator of plants AKM and its mixture with microbial specimen Rizobofit during heterotrophic nutrition makes active metabolic processes in mericarp, stimulates germination, increases dry mass of roots by 23 and 37% and decreases intensity of POL processes by 37,5 and 24% in comparison to the control. With transfer to autotrophic type of feed the dry mass of seed-lobe intensely drops at treating with AKM and its mixture with Rizobofit. That process is accompanied by activation of growth processes in roots and plantlets, and increase in their mass. POL intensity in roots drops, that testifies to formation of adaptive response to physiological and chemical stresses at germination and formation of nodules. Conclusions. It is proved that these specimens manifest phyto-stimulating and adaptogenic effect on the processes of germination of seeds and initial propagation of roots and shoots of pease (Pisum sativum L.).

Preserved antiviral adaptive immunity following polyclonal antibody immunotherapy for severe murine influenza infection.

Passive immunotherapy may have particular benefits for the treatment of severe influenza infection in at-risk populations, however little is known of the impact of passive immunotherapy on the formation of memory responses to the virus. Ideally, passive immunotherapy should attenuate the severity of infection while still allowing the formation of adaptive responses to confer protection from future exposure. In this study, we sought to determine if administration of influenza-specific ovine polyclonal antibodies could inhibit adaptive immune responses in a murine model of lethal influenza infection. Ovine polyclonal antibodies generated against recombinant PR8 (H1N1) hemagglutinin exhibited potent prophylactic capacity and reduced lethality in an established influenza infection, particularly when administered intranasally. Surviving mice were also protected against reinfection and generated normal antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to the virus. The longevity of ovine polyclonal antibodies was explored with a half-life of over two weeks following a single antibody administration. These findings support the development of an ovine passive polyclonal antibody therapy for treatment of severe influenza infection which does not affect the formation of subsequent acquired immunity to the virus.

Effect of Acute Emotional Stress on Proteomic Profile of Selected Brain Areas and Lysosomal Proteolysis in Rats with Different Behavioral Activity.

We compared proteome profiles of selected brain areas (cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and reticular formation) and measured cathepsins B and D activity in liver lysosomal fraction in rats with different behavioral activity under conditions of emotional stress. In passive rats, the expression of some proteins in various brain regions was changed and baseline cathepsin B activity was higher than in active animals. Taken together, the results attest to differences in the adaptive response formation in rats, depending on behavioral features.